Settling North Settling North AmericaAmerica

ColumbusColumbus 1492, Columbus arrives in the 1492, Columbus arrives in the

CaribbeanCaribbean Spain sets up colony in HispaniolaSpain sets up colony in Hispaniola Disease begins to wipe out Native Disease begins to wipe out Native

AmericansAmericans Spain begins domination of Spain begins domination of

AmericasAmericas How do you think the Native How do you think the Native

American reacted?American reacted?

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

The Europeans, led by the Spanish, The Europeans, led by the Spanish, begin an exchange of goods begin an exchange of goods between the Americas, Europe, and between the Americas, Europe, and AfricaAfrica

Ships took plants and animals from Ships took plants and animals from the Americas back to Europe and to the Americas back to Europe and to Africa and brought items from the Africa and brought items from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

Squash Squash AvocadoAvocado PeppersPeppers Sweet PotatoesSweet Potatoes

TurkeyTurkey PumpkinPumpkin TobaccoTobacco QuinineQuinine

CocoaCocoa PineapplePineapple CassavaCassava POTATOPOTATO

PeanutPeanut TOMATOTOMATO VanillaVanilla MAIZEMAIZE

SyphilisSyphilis

OliveOlive COFFEE BEANCOFFEE BEAN BananaBanana RiceRice

OnionOnion TurnipTurnip HoneybeeHoneybee BarleyBarley

GrapeGrape PeachPeach SUGAR CANESUGAR CANE OatsOats

Citrus FruitsCitrus Fruits PearPear WheatWheat HORSEHORSE

CattleCattle SheepSheep PigsPigs SmallpoxSmallpox

FluFlu TyphusTyphus MeaslesMeasles MalariaMalaria

DiptheriaDiptheria Whooping CoughWhooping Cough

TrinketsTrinkets

LiquorLiquor

GUNSGUNS

ConquistadorsConquistadors

Conquistadors began Conquistadors began conquering Native peoples in conquering Native peoples in the name of the Spanish the name of the Spanish crown and richescrown and riches

Motivation for the ConquistadorsMotivation for the Conquistadors

GodGodGoldGoldGloryGlory

St. AugustineSt. Augustine

1565, Spanish build a fortress at 1565, Spanish build a fortress at St. Augustine to protect shipping St. Augustine to protect shipping lanes and to provide an outpost lanes and to provide an outpost for Spanish Armadafor Spanish Armada

St. AugustineSt. Augustine

The Planting of English The Planting of English AmericaAmerica

Roanoke ColonyRoanoke Colony

Set up by Sir Walter RaleighSet up by Sir Walter RaleighFirst attempt at British First attempt at British

settlementsettlementColonists disappeared under Colonists disappeared under

mysterious circumstances mysterious circumstances

Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh

Roanoke ColonyRoanoke Colony

15881588

British defeat the Spanish British defeat the Spanish ArmadaArmada

Opened the door for Britain to Opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic cross the Atlantic

Britain gained the lead in Britain gained the lead in colonization colonization

The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to Guaranteed to

colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.

Colonists felt that, even in the Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!Englishmen!

English ColonizationEnglish Colonization

Joint Stock CompanyJoint Stock Company

Investors put in money a venture in Investors put in money a venture in hopes of yielding high returnshopes of yielding high returns

Virginia Company received a charter Virginia Company received a charter to establish a new settlement on the to establish a new settlement on the Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

It would be called Jamestown and It would be called Jamestown and settlers were given the same rights settlers were given the same rights as British citizensas British citizens

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Jamestown (Problems)Jamestown (Problems)

Settlement was in a swampy Settlement was in a swampy area with mosquitoes causing area with mosquitoes causing diseasedisease

Settlers had poor drinking waterSettlers had poor drinking waterMen wasted time looking for gold Men wasted time looking for gold

rather than planting crops and rather than planting crops and digging wellsdigging wells

There were zero women There were zero women

JamestownJamestown

JamestownJamestown

JamestownJamestown

John SmithJohn Smith

Took over settlement and Took over settlement and provided order and disciplineprovided order and discipline

Highlighted by his “no work, no Highlighted by his “no work, no food” policyfood” policy

John SmithJohn Smith

Starving WinterStarving Winter

1609, only 60 out of 400 settlers 1609, only 60 out of 400 settlers survivedsurvived

Colonists ate dogs, cats, rats, Colonists ate dogs, cats, rats, and even other humansand even other humans

Cultural ClashCultural Clash

Powhatan Indians dominated the Powhatan Indians dominated the region around Jamestownregion around Jamestown

Relationships between Powhatan Relationships between Powhatan and settlers erupted into war on and settlers erupted into war on numerous occasionsnumerous occasions

Pocahontas was most famous Pocahontas was most famous PowhatanPowhatan

Pocahontas Pocahontas

John RolfeJohn Rolfe

Saves Jamestown by cultivating Saves Jamestown by cultivating tobaccotobacco

Jamestown began to thrive Jamestown began to thrive because of tobacco farmingbecause of tobacco farming

Married Pocahontas Married Pocahontas

John RolfeJohn Rolfe

Chief PowhatanChief Powhatan

• Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

• Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

• The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

• Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.control other Indian tribes in the region.

Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Headright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.person whose passage they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!indentured contracts!

• Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

• Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

• Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

• Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

• Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

• Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

Labeling the 13 ColoniesLabeling the 13 Colonies Color the colonies according to their Color the colonies according to their

location: location: – SouthernSouthern– MiddleMiddle– New EnglandNew England

Use one color to shade in each groupUse one color to shade in each group Label each colonyLabel each colony Create a key that represents each section Create a key that represents each section

of colonies (Southern, Middle, and New of colonies (Southern, Middle, and New England)England)

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

• The House of Burgesses established in The House of Burgesses established in 16191619 & began to assume the role of the & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandHouse of Commons in England

• Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

• By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was able to , H of B was able to initiate legislation.initiate legislation.

• A Council appointed by royal governorA Council appointed by royal governor

• Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

• Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

• High death rates ensured rapid turnover of High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

• James I grew hostile to James I grew hostile to VirginiaVirginia

• He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

• He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

• 1624 1624 he revoked the charter he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.of the bankrupt VA Company.

• Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct controlunder the king’s direct control!!

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

English Tobacco LabelEnglish Tobacco LabelEnglish Tobacco LabelEnglish Tobacco Label

• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

• Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servantsslaves, perhaps indentured servants..

• Slavery not that important until the end of the Slavery not that important until the end of the 1717cc..

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

• As the number of slaves increased, As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.down perceived racial threat.

• Slavery transformed from economic to Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.economic and racial institution.

• Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

• By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants.servants.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

• Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

• Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

• In some colonies, it was a crime to teach In some colonies, it was a crime to teach

a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

• Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

• Late 1600s Late 1600s large large numbers of young, poor, numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the discontented men in the Chesapeake area.Chesapeake area.

• Little access to land or Little access to land or women for marriage.women for marriage.

• 1670 1670 The Virginia The Virginia Assembly Assembly disenfranchised most disenfranchised most landless men!landless men!

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

• Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

• Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.relations with Indians.

• Berkeley monopolized Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the the fur trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

• Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernorGovernorWilliam William

BerkeleyBerkeley

• Rebels attacked Indians, Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or whether they were friendly or not to whites.not to whites.

• Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

• They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

• Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

• Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

• Berkeley brutallyBerkeley brutally crushed the crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebelsrebellion and hanged 20 rebels..

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

• It exposed resentments It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants and landless former servants against gentry on coastal against gentry on coastal plantations.plantations.

• Upper class planters searched Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebelfor laborers less likely to rebel

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

• A royal charter A royal charter waswasgranted to granted to GeorgeGeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord BaltimoreBaltimore,,in 1632.in 1632.

• A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.

• A healthier A healthier locationlocationthan Jamestown.than Jamestown.

The Settlement of MarylandThe Settlement of MarylandThe Settlement of MarylandThe Settlement of Maryland

Colonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of Maryland

• Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.

• Toleration Act of 1649• Guaranteed toleration to all

CHRISTIANS.

• Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

CarolinaCarolina

Established in 1670Established in 1670Flourished as a trading post with Flourished as a trading post with

the West Indiesthe West IndiesDeveloped rice plantations and Developed rice plantations and

produced indigoproduced indigoSplit in to North and South in Split in to North and South in

17121712

North CarolinaNorth Carolina

North CarolinaNorth Carolina

Settlers were poor farmers who Settlers were poor farmers who were repelled by aristocratic were repelled by aristocratic Virginia and South CarolinaVirginia and South Carolina

Did not have much respect for Did not have much respect for authority and became a haven authority and became a haven for piratesfor pirates

One of the most independent One of the most independent and least aristocratic coloniesand least aristocratic colonies

GeorgiaGeorgia

Founded by James Oglethorpe Founded by James Oglethorpe Meant to be a buffer colony Meant to be a buffer colony

between the Carolinas and between the Carolinas and FloridaFlorida

Settlers were mostly debtors who Settlers were mostly debtors who were offered a chance to start were offered a chance to start overover

James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe