SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF TOWN (VARANASI)

Jagjeet B23Abhishek A05Gurshan B40Urvesh Desai B31

CONTENT

CITY PROFILELOCATION AND LINKAGEHISTORICAL BACKGROUNDPHYSICAL GROWTH OF CITY

LOCATION AND LINKAGES

Varanasi, also known as Benares or Kashi , is a city on the banks of the river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh

Varanasi is located797 km of New Delhi,320 km southeast of Lucknow, 121 km east of Allahabad.

Source: Census of India 2001 & 2011

ACTIVITES ON THE GHATSDue to high concentration of pilgrims and tourists the ghat area is a highly active and dynamic area. One can see lot of religious, traditional and commercial activities on the Ghats. “Appropriation of space”

Source: //www.google.com

HISTORICAL TIMELINE 2nd CENTURY BC: traditional core of the city is established. 10-11th CENTURY AD: period of golden age. 12th CENTURY AD: city is bought under rule of Muslim nawabs. 1585 AD: the traditional core is brought under Akbar's Mughal empire. 1725 AD : the kashiraj dynasty establishes ramnagar. 1775 AD: British gain political control over the city. 1794 AD: the cantonment is established. 1862 AD: the first railway link between Calcutta and Banaras is established. 1916 AD: Banaras Hindu University is established. 1950 AD : the first master plan for the city was prepared. 1974 AD: Varanasi Development Authority was formed. 1991 AD: “Draft Master Plan 2001” was prepared.

SPATIAL CHARACTERSTICS OF THE TRADITIONAL CORE

The city's topographyConsists of threeMounds resembling lord Shiva's trishul.These are recognized as three sacred cores.

Areas located in the proximity of the river assume greater socialsignificance.

SPATIAL CHARACTERSTICS OF THE TRADITIONAL CORE

PHYSICAL GROWTH OF THE CITY

SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTION FROM 1830-1880

In the later half of the nineteenth century, the most significant change is the -increase in the pakka mahal which rapidly encroached upon the kachcha houses.

Also all vacant spaces in the immediate neighborhood of the Ganga were filled in by Pakka houses.

The two ill-drained areas, formerly occupied by the Godaulia Nala and the Misra Pokhra Jhil in the south and the Maidagin and Machhodari tank in the north disappeared. The site of the Maidagin tank gradually came to be replaced by the Company garden, north of the present a center of the city. The Machhodari tank was drained into the Ganga though an underground channel.

RAMNAGAR Ramnagar was founded by the Kashiraj dynasty in 1752. It is located on the eastern bank of the river ganga. Ramnagar comprises a continuous linear edge of civic

buildings enclosing an avenue. The built form is generally 2 to 3 stories high. The civic spine connect the fort at the western end to

the city gate at the eastern end. Strategic location of ramnagar Plan of ramnagar Ramnagar fort

COLONIAL SETTLEMENT

The colonial settlement was located in proximity to river varna, 4miles from the traditional core.

The British had political control over Varanasi from 1775 until 1947.

The settlement comprises of cantonment, a civil station and administrative quarters.

Each component of the colonial settlement was located around an independent focus and comprised of a mix of institutional and residential uses.

The settlement has characteristic wide open spaces.

The buildings are 1 to 2 stories high. Map of colonial settlement Colonial bungalow

BENARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY

The university was founded in 1916. It is located on the south western banks of the river ganga. It is defined by it’s composite semi-circular pattern. The character is based on forms derived from western

principles and stylized by traditional Indian motifs. BHU Plan of the university. University road Residential building in the university

EVOLUTION OF THE GHATS

There are presently 84 Ghats along the edge of the river, but there are five ghat (panchtirth)which are considered most sacred among all the Ghats. These include: • Assi Ghat • Dasashwamedh ghat • Manikarnika ghat • Panchganga ghat • Adikeshav ghat Aarti at Assi ghat

SPATIAL CHARACTERSTICS OF THE COLONIAL SETTLEMENT

Location of the colonial settlement w.r.t the traditional core Street networks in the colonial settlement Factors affecting location: • Traditional core considered

“dangerous/unhygienic” • Less investment

Proximity to river Factors resulting in deformed street pattern:• Existing features • Topography • “ Green villages “ in London

CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT

The organization principles of the contemporary settlements are based on formalized zoning codes. • The buildings can be distinguished from one another on the basis of functional

differences. • The housing typologies range from plotted and group housing to squatters.

Residential development

STASTICAL DATA

Longitude 83.0 Latitude:25.20 Geographical 1535 Sq. Km. Area(2001)

Population (2011) 3,682,194 (1) Male (2011) 1,928,641 (2) Female (2011) 1,753,553 (3) Rural (2001) 1878100 (4) Urban (2001) 1260570 (5) Scheduled Caste 435540 (6) Scheduled Tribes 770 (7) Sex Ratio 909 (8) Population Density 2399 per.sq.km. • Literacy 77.05 % (1) Male 85.12 % (2) Female 68.20 % • No. of Tehsil 3

No. of Block 8 No. of Nyay Panchayats 108 No. of Gram Panchayats 702 No. of Villages 1327 (1) Inhabited 1289 (2) Uninhabited 38 Town/Group of towns (2001) 4(1) Nagar Nigam 1 (2) Nagar Palika Parishad 1 (3) Nagar Panchayat 1(4) Cantonment Board 1 No. of Police Stations 25 (3) Rural 8(4) Urban 17

Source: Census of India(2001&2011)

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