Seti: Another Signal In Sagittarius

8/13/2019 Seti: Another Signal In Sagittarius

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TKWH3 BF@WMKU THLFBI HF TBLHWWBUH[T

EX

HBF EKBUGTIKX

D@QXUHLMW 5124 EX HBF EKBUGTIKX


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Nhiks [ Bfg K

Ey Hbf Ekbrgsiky


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Wmk [ Nhiks 12

Ey

Hbf Ekbrgsiky


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Wmk [ Nhiks 12

Ey Hbf Ekbrgsiky

D`pyrhlmt 5125-5124 ey Hbf Ekbrgsiky


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Wbeik @n D`ftkfts

Hftr`gudth`fQrknbdkKphi`luk

Tyf`pshsDmbptkr 2Dmbptkr 5Dmbptkr 4Dmbptkr 7Dmbptkr ;Dmbptkr >Dmbptkr Dmbptkr 2

Ht hs dbiikg Wmk [rbfus Kfhlob ekdbusk wmktmkr `r f`t kxtrbtkrrkstrhbisiknt tmkhr tmuoeprhft hf ùr pmyshds bs wkii bs b okssblk tmbt skkos t`dòk nrò tmk sbok rklh`f `n spbdk bs TKWHs \`w shlfbi, `r rbfgòiy

kvìvhfl systkos bfg Fbturk d`fvkrlk `f `fk fuoekr (fhfk-nhntms), tmk[rbfus hftklrbi hs `fk dòpbdt stbtkokft tmbt koe`ghks kvkrytmhfl. Ht hsoy ekihkn, hn yù rkbg tmhs st`ry, yù ohlmt blrkk ht hs wmbt mbppkfs hnLypshks g` pmyshds.

Hbf EkbrgsikyCuiy 22, 5124


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, 711tm`n bf Kbrtm gby, bfg b lrbo t` ek tmk wkhlmt `n b duehd dkfthoktkr`n wbtkr bt stbfgbrg tkopkrbturk bfg prkssurk, wmhdm hs zkr` gklrkksdkfthlrbgk bfg tmk prkssurk bt skb ikvki. \k gknhfk `fk gklrkk dkfthlrbgkey sbyhfl zkr` gklrkks hs tmk tkopkrbturk bt wmhdm wbtkr nrkkzks, bfg 211gklrkks dkfthlrbgk hs tmk tkopkrbturk bt wmhdm wbtkr e`his. Wmhs hs tmkoktrhd systko, bfg wk drkbtkg ht hf tkros `n tmk w`rig wk jf`w. Bfg wkdrkbtkg ht s` tmbt ey bsshlfhfl b Lrkkj prknhx, ihjk Jhi` (okbfhfl tmùsbfg)wmkf bttbdmkg t` oktkr, okbfs b tmùsbfg oktkrs, `r ey bsshlfhfl tmkLrkkj prknhx dkfth (okbfhfl mufgrkgtm) hs `fk mufgrkgtm `n b oktkr. Wmbt

hs b oktkr hs b mufgrkg dkfthoktkrs, bfg b jhiòktkr hs 2111 tmùsbfgoktkrs. Wmk systko hs usknui ekdbusk f`t `fiy mbvk wk gkrhvkg tmk ufhtsnrò pmyshdbi pr`pkrthks, tmk ghnnkrkft ufhts hf tmk systko lr`w bsouithpiks `n tkf. T`, hn wk wbft t` w`rj whtm okbsurhfl sòktmhfl sobii,ihjk bf bd`rf, wk gksdrhek ht whtm dkfthoktkrs, bfg hn wk w`rj whtmsòktmhfl ibrlk, ihjk tmk ghboktkr `n tmk kbrtm wk usk jhiòktkrs.

Ekn`rk tmk oktrhd systko, wk okbsurkg qubfththks hf tkros `n nkkt bfgpùfgs, wmhik skd`fgs mbvk biwbys ekkf d`fstbft t` e`tm tmk n``t-pùfgsystko bfg tmk oktrhd systko. Qrèbeiy ekdbusk skd`fgs brk gkrhvkg nròtmk 4>; gby, twkivk o`ftm, ykbr bfg tmk 57 mùr gby, wmhdm mhst`rhdbiiy

gkvki`pkg nrò whsk dbikfgbr objkrs `vkr tmùsbfgs n ykbrs. Eut tmkn``t objks ihttik skfsk, `fiy dòhfl pkrmbps nrò tmk mkbrsby sm`k shzk `nb jhfl, bfg tmk pùfg nrò L`g jf`ws wmkrk. Tthii nurtmkr, tmhs systkowùig skko f`t t` ek tmbt prblobthd hf tmbt tmkrk brk twkivk hfdmks hf bfgn``t bfg tmrkk nkkt hf b ybrg, b nbr dry nrò tmk skfshehihty `n tmk oktrhdsystko wmkrk bii shzks `r boùfts brk b ouithpik `n tkf `n bf`tmkr.

Kur`pk usks tmk oktrhd systko, ihjk r`bg shlfs brk hf jhiòktkrs, bfg sm`kshzks hf dkfthoktkrs. \k usk ohiks n`r ùr r`bg shlfs bfg hfdmks n`r sm`kshzks. M`wkvkr, ekdbusk `n tmk prblobthd fbturk `n tmk oktrhd systko,Bokrhdbf bfg Kur`pkbf sdhkfthsts usk tmk oktrhd systko bihjk. @ntkf,

m`wkvkr, ekdbusk tmk n``t-pùfg systko hs sthii hf usk hf Wmk [fhtkg Ttbtks,sdhkfthst sòkthoks nhfg tmkoskivks mbvhfl t` l` t` tmk knn`rt `n d`fvkrthflgbtb tmky fkkg nrò nkkt bfg pùfgs t` oktkrs bfg jhi`lrbos.

Eut wmbt hn H sbhg f`t `fiy brk e`tm tmk oktrhd systko bfg tmk n``t-pùfgsystko d`ffkdtkg t` tmk [fhvkrsk eut t` `fk bf`tmkr hf b wby tmbt wùigsullkst tmk kvìuth`f `n tmkhr gkvki`pokfts hs ghnnkrkft tmbf tmk mhst`ry wkjf`w0 Wmbt hs wmbt H skko t` ek nhfghfl.


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Ht hs bf kxtrb`rghfbry tmhfl, tmk gbfdk `n tmk dkiksthbi e`ghks hf tmkmkbvkfs tmbt mbs ekkf èskrvkg shfdk bfdhkft thoks, bfg nùfg t` ekgksdrhebeik hf tkros `n tmk o`st w`fgrùs bspkdts `n e`tm fuoekr bfg

lkòktry.

Ekdbusk `n tmk o`th`f `n tmk kbrtm brùfg tmk suf, tmk stbrs whii bppkbr hftmk sbok p`shth`f hf tmk sjy nùr ohfutks kbrihkr kbdm fhlmt, bs tmk kbrtmr`tbtks, objhfl tmko rhsk bfg skt, s` tmbt hf tmk dùrsk `n tmk 4>; gby ykbrtmky whii mbvk obgk b dòpiktk cùrfky brùfg tmk sjy. Wmk Kbrtm l`ksbrùfg tmk Tuf `fdk hf tmhs 4>; gby ykbr, bfg 4>; hs di`sk t` 4>1, wmhdmbrk tmk fuoekr `n gklrkks hf b dhrdik. \k mbvk ghvhgkg up tmk dhrdik ihjktmhs, ekdbusk 4>1 hs ghvhsheik kvkfiy ey tmk gklrkks hf spkdhbi trhbfliks3 Wmkkquhibtkrbi trhbflik (>1->1->1), tmk 7;-7;-81, bfg tmk 41->1-81, obgk eygrbwhfl hf tmk bithtugk `n tmk >1->1->1 trhbflik.

Hf turf, tmk O``f l`ks brùfg tmk Kbrtm b ihttik o`rk tmbf twkivk thoks hfb ykbr. Wwkivk hs tmk sobiikst beufgbft fuoekr. Ht hs kvkfiy ghvhsheik ey 2,5, 4, 7, >, bfg 25. Ht fhdkiy `rehts tmk Kbrtm hf beùt 41 gbys, bfg wkbirkbgy okfth`fkg 41 ghvhgks fhdkiy hft` 4>1. T`, wk mbvk tmk twkivko`ftm ykbr bfg tmk 41 gby o`ftm. \k gùeik ùr sobiikst beufgbftfuoekr, 25 t` lkt 57, bfg wk ghvhgk ùr gby hft` 57 mùrs, tmk gby ekhfltmk thok ht tbjks tmk kbrtm t` rkvìvk `f hts bxhs.

\k tmkf ghvhgk kbdm mùr hft` >1 ohfutks, bfg kbdm ohfutk hft` >1skd`fgs. \k birkbgy okfth`fkg >1 ghvhgks fhdkiy hft` 4>1 gklrkks. \k

ghvhgk kbdm qubrtkr `n tmk o``f hft` < gbys, s` tmbt bntkr b o`ftm wk mbvkdi`sk t` hts bppr`xhobtk `rehtbi pkrh`g `n 41 gbys.

\k mbvk g`fk b l``g cè tmbt eklbf whtm tmk bfdhkfts, `n objhfl tmko`th`fs `n tmk dkiksthbi e`ghks, wmhdm brk ihjk b fbturbi di`dj, t` nht tmkowhtm tmk jky fuoekrs, bfg lkòktrhks. Ht wùig skko tmhs hs wmbt wk mbvkg`fk. Ht hs bobzhfl t` ok tmbt tmk kbrtm bfg o``f dbok beùt hf b wbytmbt tmky o`vk s` di`skiy t` sudm b sdmkok.

F`w H nhfg tmbt tmkrk hs b yhf bfg ybfl hf tmk [fhvkrsk `n 8/; bfg ;/4,rkspkdthvkiy nrò wmhdm dbf ek gkrhvkg wmbt H dbii tmk [rbfus kqubth`f,

bfg, ht skkos t` rkd`fdhik tmk oktrhd systko whtm tmk n``t pùfg systko,bfg nurtmkr, tmùlm muobf hfvkfth`fs, sm`w tmko d`ffkdtkg f`t cust t``fk bf`tmkr, eut t` tmk D`so`s.

G` bii stbr systkos hf tmk [fhvkrsk, kspkdhbiiy tm`sk tmbt m`st hftkiihlkftihnk, mbvk sudm bf kxtrb`rghfbry strudturk bs ùrs, pkrmbps hfghdbthfl tmkybrk hf tmk [fhvkrsk n`r b rkbs`f, bs urs sbys beùt us0 Obfuki dibhokg mkmbg ekkf bii bdr`ss tmk Lbibxy, bfg tmbt tmùlm ghnnkrkft, tmky ghg.


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Oy D`sohd Brdmbk`i`ly hs ebskg `f tmk hgkb tmbt 8/; hs tmk Xhf `n tmk[fhvkrsk, ;/4 hs tmk Xbfl `n tmk [fhvkrsk, bfg 2; (Obfukis fuoekr, O) hstmk oblhd fuoekr. \htm tmksk tmrkk fuoekrs wk d`fstrudt b [fhvkrsk tmbt

skkos strhjhfliy o`rk tmbf d`hfdhgkftbi. Wmk Bppkfghx bt tmk kfg `n tmke``j mbs gbtb uskg bfg dbiduibth`fs f`t g`fk.


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BK-4;

H wr`tk b sm`rt st`ry ibst fhlmt, dbiikg Lypsy Tmbobfhso bfg tmk [fhvkrsk

beùt tmk BK-4; ufht, wmhdm hs tmk ufht hf tmk o`vhk bfg e``j 51123 BTpbdk @gyssky tmbt MBI rkp`rts whii nbhi bfg ghsd`fthfuk dòoufhdbth`ft` Kbrtm. H gkdhgkg t` rkbg tmk pbssblk gkbihfl whtm tmk kvkft hf 5112 bfgMBI, tmk smhp dòputkr, rkp`rts ht whii nbhi hf whtmhf


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Ht wbsft b nbr wbij bt bii, tmk kquhvbikft `n b nkw dhty ei`djs nrò tmkdbvks. \k lkt t` tmk st`rk, wmhdm wbs b dùftkr nbdhfl tmk strkkt, f`t fktmbt yù dùig kftkr. Mk sbys t` tmk obf ekmhfg tmk dùftkr, lhvk ok ;oktkrs `n m`sk. Wmk obf ekmhfg tmk dùftkr puiikg `nn nhvk oktkrs n m`sk

nrò tmk sphfgik, bfg dut tmk m`sk t` tmbt ikfltm. Mk stbtkg b vbiuk hfpksktbs, obyek =11, `r s`, (beùt khlmt gìibrs bt tmk thok) bfg tmkTmbobf tìg ok t` lhvk tmbt boùft t` tmk obf ekmhfg tmk dùftkr, wm`wbs Tpbfhsm. H pbhg tmk obf, bfg wk iknt.

H dbrrhkg tmk m`sk, bfg tmk Tmbobf wbijkg bi`fl shgk ok ufthi wk brrhvkgbt mhs dbvk wmkrk H wbs stbyhfl. \k kftkrkg tmk dbvk st`ppkg bt tmk wbijwby ektwkkf ihvhfl r`ò bfg jhtdmkf, bfg mk sbhg3 nìi`w ok. \k wkfttmrùlm b tuffki tmbt mbg beùt tmrkk dmboekrs hf tmk dbvk, bfg kftkrkg`fk `f ùr rhlmt bs wk wkrk mkbghfl hf, bfg wk st`ppkg bfg ekn`rk ok wbsb dìikdth`f `n wmbt H ksthobtkg t` ek nhntkkf rueekr m`sks shtthfl `f lrùfg.

Wmk Tmbobf tìg ok t` skt tmk `fk H mbg cust eùlmt mho `f tmk ni``r whtmtmk `tmkrs. H ghg, bfg wk iknt tmk dmboekr, bfg mk iknt tmk dbvk, bfg Hrktrkbtkg t` b dùdm hf tmk dbvk ihvhfl r`ò.


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Lypshks mbvk b wby `n jf`whfl tmhfls beùt b pkrs`f, wmktmkr `r f`t `fkghsdi`sks ht t` tmko hf w`rgs, bfg Wmk Tmbobf wbs bwbrk tmbt H f`t `fiyw`rjkg hf Bstr`fòy, eut tmbt oy w`rj hf bstr`fòy hfvìvkg jf`whfl

bfg g`hfl kikdtr`fhds.

T`, obyek b wkkj `r tw` bntkr H mbg eùlmt mho b m`sk, mk dbok t` mhs dbvkwmkrk H wbs stbyhfl, bfg bsjkg ok hn H wùig ek beik t` hfstbii bf bftkffbn`r tkikvhsh`f bt bf bpbrtokft wmkrk mhs fkpmkw ihvkg.

T` tmhs thok H wbs f`t dbrryhfl b m`sk tmrùlm Wmk Tbdrò`ftk, eut bfbftkffb.

Wmkrk wkrk skvkrbi `n us `f tmk pbth`, `f b mhii bgcbdkft t` tmk bpbrtokft `nWmk Tmbobfs Fkpmkw, hfstbiihfl bf bftkffb n`r tkikvhsh`f rkdkpth`f.


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H bo f`w hf Tùtmkrf Dbihn`rfhb, bt tmk mùsk `n oy o`tmkr, ht hs ibtk btfhlmt, smk hs b bsikkp, bfg H bo beùt 57 ykbrs ìg bfg H gkdhgk t` i``j ùttmk whfg`w, kbst, bdr`ss Wmk Btibfthd, t` Tpbhf. Hookghbtkiy H skk tmk

Tmbobf, hf mhs ihvhfl r`ò, wmkrk H mbg kbtkf b e`wi `n tmk Lypsy sùpdbiikg Qudmkr`, bfg H mkbr tmk w`rg Bftkffb. H f`w rkbihzk wmkf Hhfstbiikg tmk bftkffb, H mbg ekdòk `fk, bfg wbs rkdkhvhfl okssblks nròtmk Tmbobf.

Wmk Tmbobfs Dmhigrkf wkrk nibokfd` luhtbrhsts, bfg H ikbrfkg nrò tmko,t` piby tmk luhtbr. H bo f`w pibyhfl nibokfd`, whtm hfstrudth`fs nrò tmksmbobf t` put tmk lypsy spbdk pr`lrbo hft` oy oushd. H rkbihzk H bo f`tcust bfy bftkffb, eut tmk BK4; tmbt obinufdth`fkg be`brg Wmk Ghsd`vkrycust ekn`rk ht brrhvkg bt tmk pibfkt Cuphtkr hf Brtmur D. Dibrjks bfgTtbfiky Juerhdjs 51123 B Tpbdk @gyssky. Wmk Tmbobf tkiis ok,

tkikpbtmhdbiiy, tmbt tmhs thok tmk ohssh`f w`ft nbhi.


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H bo wbtdmhfl Ttbr \brs bfg skk b spbdksmhp, wmhdm hs tw` `ei`fl dbpsuiksniyhfl d`ffkdtkg hf tbfgko. Wmk Lypsy Tmbobf sbys t` ok tkikpbtmhdbiiy3Gh`s ks ufb hgkb3 s`f g`s. H ufgkrstbfg tmbt t` okbf L`g hs bf hgkb3

tmkrk brk tw` kikokfts. T` H l` tmr`ulm ihnk ebshfl oy ihnk `f tmk fuoekrtw`.


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@fdk `fk mbs tbstkg Tpbhf, tmbt pkrs`f i`fls t` rkturf. H ibfg hf Obgrhg,F`rtmkrf Tpbhf, Wmk Dbphtì. Wmk Tpbfhbrgs jf`w oy gksthfbth`f hsLrbfbgb, Tùtmkrf Tpbhf, Wmk Lypsy Fkhlme`rm``g dbiikg Wmk

Tbdrò`ftk, tmk dbvks, bfg hookghbtkiy rkd`lfhzk H bo ufgkr tmk spkii `nb Lypsy Tmbobf, bfg wmbt hs o`rk tmbt H bo Wmk BK4; Bftkffb n`r WmkLypsy Tpbdk Qr`lrbo. Nibokfd` ekhfl nibokfd`, tmk Tpbfhbrgs g` f`tufg` tmk spkii, eut rkpr`lrbo tmk hfstrudth`fs n`r ok, tmk BK4; Bftkffb,s` tmbt wmkf H brrhvk ebdj hf tmk [fhtkg Ttbtks, oy nibokfd` whii f`w stbtktmkhr hgkb `n b spbdk pr`lrbo. Ht wbs `n dùrsk, nibokfd` ekhfl nibokfd`,bf bttkopt t` ùt-g` tmk Lypsy spbdk pr`lrbo.


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H bo ebdj hf tmk [fhtkg Ttbtks bfg H bo bt tmk mùsk `n oy o`tmkr, ht hsfhlmt thok blbhf, smk hs bsikkp, bfg H i``j ùt tmk whfg`w kbst, bdr`ss tmkBtibfthd, t` Tpbhf, bfg tmhs thok H g` f`t skk tmk ihvhfl r`ò `n tmk lypsy

smbobf, eut tmk strkkts `n Obgrhg bt fhlmt, bfg bii tmk pk`pik, bfg tmk w`rgCuphtkr dòks t` ohfg bfg H bo beùt t` sby `n dùrsk, Cuphtkr, bfg WmkTpbfhsm hftkrrupt bfg sby Xks, yù brk rhlmt ht hs tmk ibrlkst pibfkt hf tmksìbr systko, yù brk rhlmt t` d`fshgkr ht, bii kisk whii ni`w nrò ht.

H jf`w rbth`s, hf obtmkobthds brk tmk o`st hftkrksthfl sueckdt, ihjk ph, tmkrbth` `n tmk dhrduonkrkfdk `n b dhrdik t` hts ghboktkr, bfg tmk lìgkf rbth`,s` H d`fshgkr tmk rbth` `n tmk `reht `n Tbturf (tmk skd`fg ibrlkst pibfkt hftmk sìbr systko) t` tmk `reht `n Cuphtkr bt tmkhr di`skst bppr`bdmks t` WmkTuf, bfg nhfg ht hs fhfk-nhntms (fhfk dòpbrkg t` nhvk) wmhdm ghvhgkg ùt hs`fk p`hft khlmt (2.=).

H tmkf pr`dkkg t` tmk fkxt i`lhdbi stkp3 f`t rbth`s, eut pr`p`rth`fs. B rbth`hs tmhs dòpbrkg t` tmbt, eut b pr`p`rth`f hs tmhs hs t` tmbt bs tmhs hs t` tmbt.T` tmk quksth`f hs3 Tbturf hs t` Cuphtkr bs wmbt hs t` wmbt0 @n dùrsk tmkbfswkr hs bs Lìg hs t` Thivkr. Lìg hs ghvhfk: shivkr hs fkxt g`wf `f tmk ihst.@n dùrsk `fk g`ks f`t dòpbrk b g`zkf `rbflks t` b mbin g`zkf bppiks, eutb g`zkf `n `fk t` b g`zkf `n tmk `tmkr, hn `fk wbfts t` kxtrbdt bfy jhfg `nokbfhfl. Eut btòs `n lìg bfg shivkr brk f`t okbsurkg hf g`zkfs, eut hfoìks. T` H dòpbrkg b oìk `n lìg t` b oìk `n shivkr, bfg H sbhg f` wby, hths fhfk-nhntms, bfg Tbturf hs hfgkkg t` Cuphtkr bs Lìg hs t` Thivkr.

H sbhg t` oyskin3 M`w nbr g`ks tmhs l`0 Wmk Tmbobfs s`f `fdk tìg ok mkwbs hf i`vk whtm tmk o``f. T` H dòpbrkg tmk rbghus `n tmk suf, tmkghstbfdk nrò hts dkftkr t` hts surnbdk t` tmk iufbr `rehtbi rbghus, tmkghstbfdk nrò tmk dkftkr `n tmk kbrtm t` tmk dkftkr `n tmk o``f. Ht wbs Fhfkdòpbrkg t` Nhvk blbhf!


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2, ;.7,

(21)Okrdury Ubghus/Kbrtm Ubghus(21)Okrdury @reht/Kbrtm @reht

(kbrtm rbghus)/(o``f rbghus)?7(gklrkks hf b dhrdik)(o``f ghstbfdk)/(suf ghstbfdk)? 4.< ~ 4.>

Wmkrk brk beùt bs obfy gbys hf b ykbr bs gklrkks hf b dhrdik.

(^ìuok `n Tbturf/^ìuok @n Cuphtkr)(^ìuok @n Obrs) ? 1.4< duehd kbrtmrbghh~ 4.>

Wmk ibttkr dbf ek d`fvkrtkg t` 4.> ey ouithpiyhfl ht ey (Kbrtm Obss/ObrsObss) ekdbusk Kbrtm hs beùt tkf thoks bs obsshvk bs Obrs.

;.7

Cuphtkr @reht/Kbrtm @rehtTbturf Obss/Fkptufk Obss


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Hn wk d`fshgkr bs wkii tmk skqukfdk wmkrk wk eklhf whtm nhvk bfg bgg fhfkt` kbdm suddksshvk tkro3 ;, 27, 54, 45Wmkf, tmk strudturk `n tmk s`ibrsystko bfg gyfbohd kikokfts `n tmk [fhvkrsk bfg Fbturk hf lkfkrbi brk

thkg up hf tmk tw` skqukfdks3

;, 27, 54, 45,

bfg

2.=, 4.>, ;.7,


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kbrtm. Wmùlm ht hs oudm o`rk obsshvk tmbf kbrtm, ht hs oudm ibrlkr bfgtmkrkn`rk ikss gkfsk. Wmbt wbs wmy ht dòks ùt t` mbvk tmk sbok surnbdklrbvhty.


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H bsjkg wmbt fkkgs t` ek g`fk t` sìvk Oy Fkptufk Kqubth`f, ey l`hfl gkkpwhtm tmk luhtbr hf Tìkb Q`r Euikrbs. H nùfg tmk bfswkr wbs tmbt H ghgftmbvk kfùlm hfn`robth`f t` sìvk ht.

Wmkf H rkbihzkg H dùig drkbtk tmk dòpikokft `n tmk Fkptufk kqubth`f eyi``jhfl bt tmk Xbfl `n ;/4, shfdk tmk Fkptufk kqubth`f dbok nrò tmk Xhf`n 8/;.

\k usk tmk sbok oktm`g bs n`r tmk Fkptufk kqubth`f3

Ttbrt whtm = bfg bgg ; t` kbdm bgghth`fbi tkro (wk tmr`w b twhst ey f`tstbrthfl whtm ;)

;/4 ?6 =, 24, 2=, 54,

Ihst tmk fuoekrs tmbt brk wmìk fuoekr ouithpiks `n ;/43

;/4f ? 2...4, 8..4,

Wmhs hs bf brhtmokthd skqukfdk whtm dòo`f ghnnkrkfdk 4.4. Ht dbf ekwrhttkf3

(bPf) ? 4 + 4.4f

Wmhs dbf ek wrtttkf3

Kbrtm @rehtbi # + (Cuphtkr Obss/Tbturf Obss)f ? bPf

Iktthfl f ? 4 wk nhfg bPf ? 24

Wmk di`skst t` tmhs hs tmk obss n [rbfus, wmhdm hs 27.;7 kbrtm obssks. HnFkptufk hs tmk Xhf pibfkt, tmkf [rbfus hs tmk Xbfl pibfkt. Wmhs hs

hftkrksthfl ekdbusk H mbg nùfg tmbt [rbfus bfg Fkptufk wkrk ghnnkrkftobfhnkstbth`fs `n tmk sbok tmhfl. H mbg wrhttkf3

H dbiduibtk tmbt tmùlm Fkptufk hs o`rk obsshvk tmbf [rbfus, hts vìuok hsikss sudm tmbt tmkhr pr`gudts brk di`sk t` kquhvbikft. Hf obtm3


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FPv ? v`iuok `n FkptufkFPo ? obss `n Fkptufk[Pv ? v`iuok `n [rbfus[Po ? obss `n [rbfus

(FPv)(FPo) ? ([Pv)([Po)


23/173

54

Bii tmbt hs iknt t` g` hs t` d`fshgkr ph, tmk dhrduonkrkfdk `n b dhrdik t` htsghboktkr, bfg pmh, tmk lìgkf rbth`, shfdk tmky brk tw` o`st hop`rtbft, hnf`t o`st ekbuthnui rbth`s hf obtmkobthds.

H mbvk nùfg fhfk-nhntms `ddurs tmrùlmùt fbturk hf tmk r`tbth`f `n pktbis

brùfg b b ni`wkr n`r b o`st p`puibr brrbflkokft, hf tmk `rehts `n cuphtkr

t` sbturf hf tmkhr di`skst bppr`bdmks t` tmk suf, hf tmk rbth` `n tmk oìbr

obssks `n lìg t` shivkr, bfg hf tmk rbth` `n tmk sìbr rbghus t` tmk iufbr

`reht. H f`w nurtmkr l` `f t` sby tmbt tmhs fhfk-nhntms ufhnhks tmk tw` o`st

hop`rtbft rbth`s hf obtmkobthds ph bfg tmk lìgkf rbth` (pmh), hf tmbt

ph + pmh ? 4.272 + 2.>2= ? 7.


24/173

57

Hf Tuoobry, tmhs o`st ekbuthnui d`fstbft hf Fbturk, `n fhfk-nhntms, wmhdmufhnhks ph bfg tmk lìgkf rbth`, tmk tw` o`st ekbuthnui rbth`s hfobtmkobthds, hs tmk o`st p`puibr brrbflkokft `n pktbis brùfg b ni`wkr,

bfg hs hf tmk rbth` `n tmk oìbr obssks `n lìg t` shivkr, tmk o`st prkdhùs `ntmk oktbis. @fk dùig `fiy lukss tmbt sudm wùig ek f`thdkbeik tmrùlmùttmk ufhvkrsk bfg wùig ek f`thdkg ey `tmkr hftkiihlkft ihnk hf tmk ufhvkrsk,bfg, bs sudm tmk rkibth`fsmhp wùig ek hgkbi n`r trbfsohssh`f `n b okssblkey `tmkr hftkiihlkft ihnk n`ros hf tmk ufhvkrsk t` sby t` tmk rkdkhvkr3 H bomkrk bfg mbvk f`thdkg ht. Wmk durhùs tmhfl hs tmbt ht kxhsts hf ùr sìbrsystko hf tmk rbth` `n tmk `reht `n Tbturf bt hts di`skst bppr`bdm t` tmk sufdòpbrkg t` tmk `reht `n Cuphtkr bt hts di`skst bppr`bdm t` tmk suf,oysthdbiiy putthfl tmk Kbrtm bt `fk ufht nrò tmk Tuf (Cuphtkr bfg Tbturfekhfl tmk ibrlkst bfg o`st obsshvk hf tmk sìbr systko, tmk Kbrtm tmbtpibfkt wmhdm mbre`rs hftkiihlkft ihnk hf tmk Tìbr Tystko), bfg hf tmk rbth`

`n tmk Tufs rbghus t` tmk `rehtbi rbghus `n tmk o``f (o``f-kbrtmskpbrbth`f). Wmk quksth`f hs wmy g`ks tmhs rkibth`fsmhp n`r ph bfg tmklìgkf rbth` `n fhfk-nhntms f`t cust kxhst tmrùlmùt tmk [fhvkrsk hf lìg,shivkr, bfg pkrmbps ni`wkr pktbi brrbflkokfts, eut o`rk i`dbiiy hf ùrsìbr systko0 G`ks ht okbf muobfs mbvk sòk jhfg `n ghvhfk spkdhbifksshf tmk d`so`s0 \mhik wk dbf jf`w tmbt tmk fhfk-nhntms pmkfòkf`f wùigek rkprkskftkg ey lìg bfg shivkr tmrùlmùt tmk ufhvkrsk, wk durrkftiydbff`t jf`w wmktmkr tmk hfmbehtbfts `n `tmkr stbr systkos mbvk ht hf tmkhrsuf (stbr) tmky `reht bfg b o``f tmbt ohlmt `reht tmkhr pibfkt `r hf tmkrbth` `n tmk `rehts `n tmk ibrlkst pibfkts hf tmkhr stbr systko putthfl tmkhrpibfkt bt `fk ufht nrò tmkhr stbr. Wmk bfswkr t` tmhs kfhlob, H tmhfj, oust

ek `n kxtrb`rghfbry pr`nufghty.


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5;

H mbvk tbijkg beùt m`w 8/;, wmhdm H mbvk nùfg kxhsts hf Fbturk bfg tmk[fhvkrsk, ufhnhks ph bfg tmk lìgkf rbth` (pmh)3

(ph) + (pmh) ? 4.272 + 2.>2= ? 7.


26/173

5>

H mbvk f`w ghsd`vkrkg tmbt Obfuki wbs hf Kflibfg n`r o`rk tmbf `fkrkbs`f. Mk wbs t` okkt whtm b Nrkfdmobf wm` wbs b rkprkskftbthvk n`rtmk Eurkbu @n \khlmts Bfg Okbsurks `f b ohssh`f t` dmbflk tmk oktm`g `n

gknhfhfl tmbt ghstbfdk dbiikg tmk jhiòktkr.

Bppbrkftiy ht mbg sòktmhfl t` g` whtm mhs m`sk dìikdth`f fuoekrhflnhntkkf m`sks bfg mhs nkkihfl tmbt L`g wbs bf hgkb `n wmhdm tmkrk brk tw`kikokfts. Ht wùig skko mk dbrrhkg b lrkbt skdrkt tmbt wbs mbfgkg g`wf t`mho nrò mhs bfdkst`rs bs tmky pbsskg tmrùlm tmk w`rig ey n``t bt thoks,dboki bt `tmkr thoks, bfg dbrbvbf bt `tmkr thoks dòpiktkiy ufjf`wf,stbrthfl hf Hfghb bfg kfghfl hf Tpbhf.

Wmk Ghnnkrkfthbi Kqubth`f

H tmùlmt ht wbs rkbiiy thok H sìvk b ghnnkrkfthbi kqubth`f. H dm`sk Wmk[rbfus Kqubth`f.\k f`w gktkrohfk lhvkf tmk bddkikrbth`f hf tmk [rbfus kqubth`f hs 4.4kbrtm lrbvhthks, tmkf wmbt hs tmk hfhthbi vki`dhty hf tmk kqubth`f, wmhdm hstmk fuoekr 40

(v) ? 4 + 4.4t (Wmk [rbfus Kqubth`f)

(v)?bt?(44/21)t wmkrk ^ hs vki`dhty, b hs bddkikrbth`f, bfg t hs thok.

4?(44/21)t

(t) ? 41/44

8=1 do/s/s ? l ? tmk surnbdk lrbvhty `n tmk kbrtm

(8=1 do/s/s)(4.4)?4,547 do/s/s

(4,547 do/s/s)(41/44 s) ? 5,871 do/s ? vP1 vP1 hs tmk hfhthbi vki`dhty

Wmus wk dbf wrhtk tmk [rbfus kqubth`f bs3

(v) ? 5,871 do/s + (4,547 do/s/s)t

Wmhs hs tmk ghnnkrkfthbi kqubth`f3

(gx) ? (5,871 do/s)gt + (4,547 do/s/s)t gt


27/173

54,=5; ?71


28/173

5=

stbrtkg t` trbdk bfg okbsurk tmk nhrst `rehts brùfg tmk lièk0 \k tmkfètbhfkg tmk kxbdt okbsurkokfts ey èskrvhfl tmk hrrkluibrhthks hf tmk`rehts `n tmk nhrst brthnhdhbi sbtkiihtks hf `rgkr t` dbiduibtk tmk truk smbpkbfg ghokfsh`fs `r ùr lièk.

Dmbtkibhf sullksts kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis, okbsurkg tmk kbrtm ey `rehthfl ht hftmk sbok wby bfg lbvk ùr ufhts `n okbsurkokft t` ùr pbst, ghstbftbfdkst`rs, >;,111 ykbrs bl`. Wmk bfdkst`rs `n Obfuki, jfkw tmhs bt ikbst btmùsbfg ykbrs bl`, bfg d`ffkdtkg ht, nurtmkr, t` Wmk D`so`s. Wmk whfgei`ws hf bf kfgikss skb `n sbfg. Uhghfl `f ht hs b v`hdk erkbjhfl up bfgghsbppkbrhfl hft` tmk bhr3 Ib thib, Lubgbdbih.


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58

B Tkd`fg I``j Bt Wmk [rbfus Hftklrbi

[rbfus Hftklrbi Nr`o 1 W` 2; Tkd`fgs

(5,871do /s)gt+ (4,547do /s /s)1

2;

" tgt1

2;

" ?7.1


30/173

41

hf tmbt tmky brk d`ffkdtkg t` `fk bf`tmkr tmr`ulm tmk [fhvkrsk bfgFbturk0


31/173

42

Wmk T`urdk @n @fk N`urtm Hf Wmk [rbfus Hftklrbi

2 jo ? 2/(21,111)(2/7)D wmkrk D ? 5(ph)UPk

D hs tmk dhrduonkrkfdk `n tmk Kbrtm bfg UPk hs tmk rbghus `n tmk Kbrtm.

UPk ?>,4


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45

Blbhf, wk nùfg 8/; rkdurrkft hf tmk [fhvkrsk bfg Fbturk. Wmk LypsyTmbobf mbs hfghdbtkg tmbt 2; hs bt tmk mkbrt `n obttkrs. \k uskg 8,;, bfg2; t` d`fstrudt tmk nìi`whfl qubgrbthd3

Wmk brkb `n b rkdtbflik hs 2;. Wmk ikfltm, i, hs 8 o`rk tmbf tmk whgtm

ouithpihkg ey ;3

w5+8w " 4 ? 1

w ? 1.45

\k tmkf obgk b qubgrbthd hf thok3

2; ?2

5lt

5

t5?

41

l

Ekdbusk `n tmk rksuit n`r w, wk dm`sk l ? 45 nkkt/skd/skd bs `pp`skg t` tmkvbiuk hf oktkrs l ? 8.= oktkrs/skd/skd

t5 ?41nt

45nt/skd/skd

t?1.8>=skd

\k f`tk tmbt 2-1.8>= ?1.145

H nhfg tmbt hftkrksthfl. Wmk Tmbobfs 2; skd`fgs gksdrhekg oktkrs hf tmk

[rbfus Hftklrbi bfg tmk fuoekrs hf fhfk-nhntms bfg tmkhr bvkrblk, f`t tòkfth`f tmkrk wbs tmk tw` uskg t` bvkrblk fhfk bfg nhvk, f`w ht hspr`nùfgiy d`ffkdtkg t` tmk 45 `n kbrtm surnbdk lrbvhty hf nkkt.


33/173

44


34/173

47

Qùfgs Bfg Jhi`lrbos

Kbriy `f hf oy w`rj, wmkf H nhrst f`thdkg fhfk-nhntms hf tmk sìbr systkobfg fbturk, H wbs hftrhlukg ey tmk nbdt tmbt tmkrk hs fhfk-nhntms `n b gklrkkdkfthlrbgk pkr kvkry gklrkk n Nbmrkfmkht. H mbg trhkg t` nhfg tmk pmyshdbi

d`ffkdth`f d`fdkrfhfl tmhs, bfg ikbrfkg Nbmrkfmkht wbs d`fstrudtkg s`tmbt nrkkzhfl tkopkrbturk, `r fkbr tmkrk, ihtkrbiiy tmk tkopkrbturkokbsurkg ey b tmkroòktkr hf b ohxturk `n sbit bfg hdk, pkrmbps sòkwbtkr, wbs t` ek tbjkf bs 45 gklrkks bfg tmk uppkr ihoht wbs gktkrohfkgey tmk muobf e`gy tkopkrbturk bs okbsurkg ey b tmkroòktkr hf bfbropht t` ek b vbiuk brùfg 8< `r 8=. \my tmksk vbiuks wkrk dm`skf Hdùig f`t nhfg bfy rkbs`f n`r tmbt wbs g`duokftkg. H ghg p`st tmhs st`ry t`sòk jhfg `n b ghsdussh`f lrùp. Ibtkr H mbg p`stkg oy ghsd`vkry `n fhfk-nhntms t` tmk C`skpm Dbopekii ghsdussh`f n`ruo bfg sòk`fk tmkrk sbhgfhfk-nhntms wbs hf tmk kqubth`f tmbt d`fvkrts dkfthlrbgk t` Nbmrkfmkht. Hfkvkr tbijkg beùt oy kbrihkr w`rj hf tmbt brkb, cust sbhg, yks tmkrk hs

fhfk-nhntms gklrkk dkfthlrbgk pkr kvkry gklrkk `n Nbmrkfmkht. Mk jkptsbyhfl yù mbvk t` bgg tmhrty-tw`. H dùig f`t d`fvhfdk mho wmbt H wbssbyhfl wbs truk. Bgghfl tmk tmhrty-tw` hs t` zkr` tmk rkibth`fsmhp s` `fkdbf d`fvkrt dkfthlrbgk t` Nbmrkfmkht. Wmbt hs tmkhr sdbiks brk ghnnkrkft3Dkishus eklhfs bt 1 gklrkks hs nrkkzhfl bfg Nbmrkfmkht eklhfs bt 45 hsnrkkzhfl tkopkrbturk. Wmbt g`ks f`t dmbflk tmk nbdt tmbt tmkrk hs fhfk-nhntms gklrkk dkfthlrbgk pkr kvkry gklrkk `n Nbmrkfmkht. Mk wbsprkskfthfl tmk n`rouib tmbt d`fvkrts `fk tkopkrbturk t` tmk `tmkr.

W` tmk obttkr bt mbfg3 Wmk Lypsy Tmbobfs 2; skkos t` rkd`fdhik oktrhdghstbfdks whtm nkkt, e`tm systkos usk tmk skd`fg t` okbsurk thok. Wmk

[rbfus hftklrbi hs gkrhvkg nrò fhfk-nhntms, wmhdm wk skk ufhnhks tmk oktrhdokbsurkokft `n tkopkrbturk whtm tmbt `n tmk n``t-pùfgs Nbmrkfmkht.Wmbt `fiy ikbvks us fkkghfl t` nhfg tmk d`ffkdth`f ektwkkf tmk oktrhdsystkos lrbos bfg jhi`lrbos whtm tmk pùfg, s` wk mbvk gkbit whtm tmkobttkr wmkrk obss bfg wkhlmt brk d`fdkrfkg. B lrbo hs fhdkiy gknhfkg bstmk boùft `n wbtkr hf b duehd dkfthoktkr. Bii H dbf sby, bt tmhs p`hft, hstmbt `fk pùfg hs 7;4.;8 lrbos, bfg tmbt objks ht kxbdtiy 1.;8 lrbosnrò b wmìk fuoekr. Ht mbs sòktmhfl t` g` whtm fhfk-nhntms0


35/173

4;

Lktthfl B Tkfsk @n Wmk [rbfus Kqubth`f

Wmus wk dbf wrhtk tmk [rbfus kqubth`f bs3

(v) ? 5,871 do/s + (4,547 do/s/s)t

Wmhs hs tmk ghnnkrkfthbi kqubth`f3

(gx) ? (5,871 do/s)gt + (4,547 do/s/s)t gt

[rbfus Hftklrbi Nrò 1 W` 2; Tkd`fgs

(5,871do /s)gt+ (4,547do /s /s)1

2;

" tgt1

2;

" ?7.1= gklrkks N) bt skb ikvki.

Hn wk wrhtk, wmkrk 2,54; jo/mr (obdm 2) ? 1.474 jo/s, tmkf3

47,411 do/s ?5,871 do/s + (4547 do/s/s)t

bfg

t?8.>8>8>8>8< skd`fgs ? 8 54/44 s ? 451/44 skd`fgs ~ 8.< skd`fgs

T`, tmk [rbfus kqubth`f hs b thok n 8.< skd`fgs t` rkbdm obdm 2. Qutthfltmbt thok hf tmk hftklrbi3

(x) ? (5,871)(451/44) + 2/5(4547(451/44)V5 ? 2=1,;;< do 2.=1;;< jo ~2.=jo

Wmus hf tmk [rbfus Kqubth`f wk rkbdm obdm `fk hf beùt 8.< skd`fgs bntkrtrbvkihfl b ghstbfdk `n beùt 2.= jhiòktkrs. Ikts d`fvkrt tmbt t` ohiks3

(2.=jo)(1.>524


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4>

Wmk [rbfus Hftklrbi Hs Hftrhluhfl

Wmk [rbfus Hftklrbi rkbdmks obdm `fk hf 2.= jhiòktkrs, wmhdm hs tmkboùft `n jhiòktkrs hf b ohik bfg hs tmk 8/; tmbt `ddurs hf Fbturk bfg tmk[fhvkrsk, f`t t` okfth`f tmbt ht ufhnhks ph bfg lìgkf rbth` bfg ph bfg

Kuikrs fuoekr k. \k mbvk birkbgy sm`wf m`w tmk [rbfus Hftklrbigksdrheks, jhiòktkrs, fhfk-nhntms bfg nkkt bfg hfdmks, wmkf kvbiubtkg bttmk Lypsy Tmbobfs Oystkrhùs 2; hf tmk n ro `n 2; skd`fgs. Nhntkkf hstmk gklrkks tmk Kbrtm r`tbtks tmrùlm hf bf mùr. \k mbvk sm`wf m`wfhfk-nhntms ufhnhks lrbos bfg pùfgs bfg dkfthlrbgk bfg nbmrkfmkht.

Wmus, f`t `fiy g`ks tmk [rbfus Hftklrbi gksdrhek jhiòktkrs, ht gksdrheksohiks. Ht hs fk dòpbdt stbtkokft tmbt koe`ghks kvkrytmhfl. Blbhf wkskk tmk Tmbobfs 2; ufhnyhfl tw` systkos `n okbsurkokft hf tmbt tmkrkbrk nhntkkf gklrkks hf `fk mùr `n rhlmt bsdkfsh`f.


37/173

4 vìts t` d`fgudt b durrkft. Hf b gh`gk lbtk b mhlm vìtblk hsshx vìts bfg tmk dhrduht hs `f bfg b i`w vìtblk, `r lrùfg (zkr`), tmkdhrduht hs `nn. @nn hs d`ghfl n`r zkr` bfg `f hs d`ghfl n`r 2. Skr`s bfg `fksdbf ek strufl t`lktmkr t` objk fuoekrs, bfg ikttkrs hf tmk bipmbekt.

Obfuki, tmk Lypsy Tmbobf, sbhg3 L`g hs bf Hgkb, Wmkrk brk tw` kikokfts.\k dbf tbjk tmhs t` ek ùr Xhf bfg Xbfl `n 8/; bfg ;/4. I`w vìtblk bfgtmk dhrduht hs `nn: mhlm vìtblk bfg tmk dhrduht hs f. Wmksk, blbhf, brk tmktw` kikokfts `n tmk Tmbobfs yhf bfg ybfl.

Ekdbusk yù mbvk t` ruf b gh`gk bt ikbst 1.> vìts, tmhs hs suetrbdtkg nrò

tmk shx vìts tmbt turf tmk gh`gk `f, s` rkbiiy ht `pkrbtks `f sihlmtiy iksstmbf shx vìts. Wmhs vìtblk gr`p `n 1.> ^ìts hf tmk dhrduht hs wmbt wk wbftt` i``j bt. \k whii kvbiubtk tmk vìtblk gr`p `vkr tmk Tmbobfs oystkrhùs2; skd`fgs bfg ètbhf bf boùft `n p`wkr, tmkf bppiy tmbt p`wkr `vkr `fkykbr tmk thok ht tbjks tmk kbrtm t` l` brùfg tmk Tuf. \k mbvk birkbgynùfg tmbt tmk Tmbobfs 2; f`t `fiy ufhnhks oktkrs whtm tmk ufhvkrsk, eutoktkrs whtm nkkt, bobzhfliy hf tmk [rbfus Hftklrbi ùtihfkg e`tm hf WmkKxpi`hts @n Obfuki bfg Nurtmkr Kxpi`hts @n Obfuki.


38/173

4=

F`w wk g` tmk dbiduibth`f3

@fk kikdtr`f vìt hs tmk kfkrly `n bf kikdtr`f nbiihfl tmrùlm b p`tkfthbighnnkrkfdk `n `fk vìt, wmhdm hs kqubi t` 2.>15K-28 Cùiks.

@fk Cùik hs 21,111,111 krls

(1.> ^ìts)(2.>15K-28 Cùiks) ? 8.>25K-51 Cùiks

(8.>25K-51 Cùiks)(21,111,111 krls/Cùik) ? 8.>25K-24 krls

(8.>25K-24krls)/(2; skd`fgs) ? >.71=K-27 krls/skd`fg

4>;.5; * 57 * >1 * >1 ? 42,;;11 skd`fgs/ykbr

(>.71=K-27 krls/skd)(42,;;11 skd`fgs) ? 5.15552211= ohdr`krls ?

5.1 ohdr`krls

Ht hs bio`st kxbdtiy tw` ohdr`krls! (Hs tmk tw` ohdr`krls pròpthfl tmbtwk gkd`gk tmk okssblk hf ehfbry0)


39/173

48

\mbt Okssblk0

Oy e``j B Wm`rùlm Ghokfsh`fbi Bfbiyshs hs beùt m`w H pr`vhgk kvhgkfdkhf supp`rt `n tmk hgkb tmbt kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis lbvk us ùr ufhts `nokbsurkokft, ihjk tmk n``t, tmk oktkr, tmk skd`fg, hf Bfdhkft thoks gksphtk

tmk mhst`ry tmbt tkiis us tmk oktrhd systko hs o`gkrf, bfg tmk n``t-pùfgsystko, pkrmbps b ihttik boehluùs hf hts mhst`ry.

H tmhfj bi`fl tmk wby hfg`hfl tmhs H oby mbvk nùfg bf kfdryptkg okssblk nrò kxtrbtkrrkstrhbishf tmk fuoekr3

5.15552211=

Hfs`nbr bs ht dbok t` us nrò fbturbi d`fstbfts ihjk tmk dmbrlk `n bfkikdtr`f, tmk `rehtbi pkrh`g `n tmk Kbrtm, bfg fuoekrs wk hfvkftkg ihjk tmkokbsurk `n kikdtrò`thvk p`tkfthbi, tmk vìt. Wmk hgkb hs tmbtkxtrbtkrrkstrhbis sòkm`w tìg us t` okbsurk kikdtrò`thvk p`tkfthbi whtm

b ufht `n vìts ekdbusk ht wùig pr`gudk tmk be`vk fuoekr. H bo hftkrkstkghf ht ekdbusk `n tmk rkpkthth`f `n `fks bfg tw`s, bfg tmk skpbrbth`f `nfuoekrs ey zkr`s.

Ikt us i``j bt tmk pbrt bntkr tmk gkdhobi. Ht hs3

15552211=

Ht hs tmk skd`fg fuoekr tmrkk thoks, tmk nhrst fuoekr tw` thoks bfg tmk

ibst fuoekr hs tmk fuoekr `n ghlhts tmbt prkdkgk ht.

Wmk tmrkk tw`s bfg tmk tw` `fks bgg up t` tmk ibst ghlht, khlmt.

Wmk tw` `fks bgg up t` kbdm `n tmk tmrkk tw`s.

Ht dùft nrò rhlmt t` iknt 1,2,5,


40/173

71

Gkd`ghfl Wmk Okssblk

Wmk okssblk hs3

15552211=

Wmk 555 bggs up t` shx, wmhdm hf ehfbry hs 221. Wmk fkxt sklokft hs 2211,wmhdm hs b fheeik, bfg hs tmk fuoekr 25. Wmhs sklokft hs hf ehfbry t` eklhfwhtm. Wmk ibst ghlht hs bf khlmt, wmhdm hs 2111 hf ehfbry. Wmus wk mbvk,hfdiughfl tmk nhrst ghlht, b zkr`, wmhdm hs b eht3

(1) (221) (2211) (2111)

\k wrhtk tmhs bs tmrkk fheeiks3

(1221) (2211) (2111)

Wmus 15552211= trbfsibtks bs 1221 2211 2111

\mhdm brk tmk tmrkk fuoekrs3

>, 25, =

Wmksk tmrkk fuoekrs ghvhgk fhdkiy hft` tmk 4>1 gklrkks `n b dhrdik3

4>1/25 ? 41 4>1/> ? >1 4>1/= ? 7;

Wmksk brk tmk bfliks hf tmk tmrkk spkdhbi trhbfliks whtm wmhdm wk dbf wrhtkùt tmk trhl`fòktrhd nufdth`fs `n hop`rtbft bfliks hf di`skg n`ro3

41->1-81 >1->1->1 7;-7;-81

>, 25, = mbvk tmk dòo`f gkfòhfbt`r `n tw`. Wmhs lhvks us tmk tmrkkfuoekrs 4, >, 73

4>7

\mhdm hs vkry di`sk t` tmk fuoekr `n Kbrtm gbys hf b ykbr (4>;). Brk

kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis p`hfthfl ùt tmbt tmk fuoekr `n Kbrtm gbys hf b ykbr brkdi`skiy d`ffkdtkg t` tmk tmrkk spkdhbi trhbfliks0 Wmk fuoekr hf ehfbry hshftkrksthfl, ekdbusk tmk `fks sdrìi `nn nrò rhlmt t` iknt fheeik t` fheeik,`fk ghlht bt b thok. Wmk okssblk hs bis` tmbt tmk fuoekr `n gbys hf b ykbrbrk d`ffkdtkg t` tmk tmrkk rkluibr tksskiibt`rs. Wmky mbvk shgks 4, >, bfg 7.


41/173

72

Hf Lypsy Tmbobfhso Bfg Wmk [fhvkrsk wk t``j Cuphtkr bfg Tbturf bstmk eklhffhfl p`hfts bs tmky brk fkxt t` `fk bf`tmkr hf tmk sìbr systko,brk hf tmk ohggik `n tmk sìbr systko ey fuoekr, bfg dbrry o`st `n hts

kfkrly `n o`th`f bfg bfluibr oòkftuo, bs tmky brk tmk o`st obsshvkshlfhnhdbftiy. Wmkhr ghstbfdks nrò tmk Tuf bt di`skst bppr`bdmks brk beùtnhvk bfg fhfk, rkspkdthvkiy, putthfl tmk Kbrtm fhdkiy bt `fk ufht nrò tmkTuf. Bs wk nùfg 8/; hf tmk oìbr obss n lìg t` tmk oìbr obss `n shivkr,bfg hf tmk sìbr rbghus t` iufbr `reht, wk dbiikg tmhs 8/; tmk Xhf `n tmk[fhvkrsk. O`st hfdrkgheiy, ekhfl 2.=, whtm tmk fk tbjhfl us brùfg bdhrdik `fdk ikbvhfl 1.= `n tmk 4>1 hf b dhrdik, wk f`tkg l`hfl hf tmk `tmkrghrkdth`f t` ht wbs tmk 1 >1 ? 411

411 + 4>1 ? >>1

>>1/4>1 ? 22/>

\k sby Xhf hs 8/; bfg Xbfl hs 22/> bfg sthdj whtm Wmk Lypsy Tmbobfs 2;(Tkk Bf Kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi Bfbiyshs, dmbptkr thtikg Lypsy Tmbobfhso BfgWmk [fhvkrsk) bfg euhig ùr D`soì`ly nrò tmkrk.

\k birkbgy euhit Wmk Fkptufk Kqubth`f nrò 8/; bfg uskg ht whtm ;/4 t`gkrhvk tmk pibfkt Kur`phb, eut ikt us bppiy 22/> hf pibdk `n ;/43

22/> ?6 22/>, 22/4, 22/5, 55/4, ? 2.=44, 4.>>, >+22 ? 2>,8.2>


42/173

75

(bPf) ? b + (f-2)g ? 7.2>< ? 7.2>< + 8.2>< ? 8.2>


43/173

74

@ur kqubth`f hs3

(bPf) ? 8.2>


44/173

77

\k mbvk tmk Fkptufk Kqubth`f3


45/173

7;

x(t) ?4>

;t" 7

y(t) ?44

21t+ 4

z(t) ? 8t" ;

;x +51

4>?

21y" 41

44?

z +;

8

;

4>x"

21

44y"

2

8z +

21

22? 1

#n ? $;/4>,"21/44,"2/8%

b?;/4> e?-21/44

d ? (;/4>)5+ (21/44)

5? 1.182=+1.128 ? 1.445=

g?-2/8

tbf"?e /b

"? #>;.4;=`

tbf$?g /d

$? #2=.7>`

->;.4;= gklrkks/2; gklrkks/m`ur ?-7.4; skd`fgs


46/173

7>

\k mbg tmrkk kqubth`fs3 Wmk Fkptufk Kqubth`f (gkrhvkg nrò tmk yhf `nfhfk-nhntms), Wmk [rbfus Kqubth`f (gkrhvkg nrò tmk ybfl `n nhvk-tmhrgs),bfg Wmk Kbrtm Kqubth`f (gkrhvkg nrò tmk bitkrfbtk ybfl `n kikvkf-shxtms).\htm tmrkk kqubth`fs, wk dùig drkbtk tmk kqubth`f `n b pibfk hf tmrkkghokfsh`fs. \k nùfg tmk f`robi vkdt`r t` tmk pibfk bfg gkgudkg nrò hts

`rhkftbth`f gklrkks hf, bfg dbiikg ht rhlmt bsdkfsh`f bfg hts gklrkks up bfgdbiikg ht gkdihfbth`f. Gkdihfbth`f hs birkbgy hf gklrkks, eut wk mbg t`d`fvkrt gklrkks hf hft` mùrs, ohfutks bfg skd`fgs. \k f`tkg hf g`hfl bssudm tmbt `fdk blbhf tmk Lypsy Tmbobfs 2; ufhnhks tw` systkos `nokbsurkokft hf tmbt tmkrk brk 2; gklrkks t` kbdm mùr `n rhlmt bsdkfsh`f.Wmbt hs t` sby tmbt tmk Kbrtm r`tbtks tmrùlm 2; gklrkks kvkry mùr(4>1/57 ?2;). Wmhs hs hop`rtbft ekdbusk tmhs oby ek bt tmk ebshs `n uroystkry. H wr`tk beùt wmy H tmhfj wk mbvk b 57 mùr gby bfg 4>1gklrkks hf b dhrdik hf oy dmbptkr thtikg Wmk Gbfdk @n Wmk Mkbvkfs hf oye``j Bf Kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi Bfbiyshs.

Ebdj t` wmbt wk wkrk g`hfl3 \k gkrhvkg nrò tmk f`robi vkdt`r3 (;/4>, -21/44, -2/8) b i`dbth`f `f tmk dkiksthbi spmkrk `n 28m 4=o 47s bfg 2=gklrkks 5 b rklh`f hf tmk d`fstkiibth`f Tblhttbrhus. Wmk di`skstpròhfkft stbr t` tmhs H nùfg wbs MG 2=7=4; bfg bis` fkbr, wbs Um` 12Tblhttbrhus. H nùfg tmhs `f tmk sjy dmbrts hf tmk nrkk g`wfi`bgbeik sjydmbrthfl s`ntwbrk dbiikg Dbrtks gu Dhki. \k whii objk b lukss tmbt tmkkxtrbtkrrkstrhbis, wm` tmk`rkthdbiiy iknt us b okssblk, bs H gkgudkg nròtmk fbturk `n kikdtr`fhds, brk nrò tmbt rklh`f `n spbdk.

Tblhttbrhus hs b rhdm suookr d`fstkiibth`f n`r us mkrk hf tmk F`rtmkrfMkohspmkrk, wmhdm hs hf tmk ghrkdth`f `n tmk dkftkr `n tmk lbibxy.


47/173

7


48/173

7=


49/173

78

Wmk pr`ckdth`f ey oy dbiduibth`f tmrùlm oy d`soì`ly `n yhf, ybfl, bfg2; n`r tmk `rhlhf `n oy okssblk nrò kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis wbs sòkwmkrk hftmk kbstkrfo`st pbrt `n tmk d`fstkiibth`f Tblhttbrhus. Wmhs mbppkfs t` ek

tmk sbok pibdk wmkrk tmk `fk p`ssheik bihkf shlfbi wbs gktkdtkg hf tmkTkbrdm N`r Kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi Hftkiihlkfdk (TKWH). Ht wbs dbiikg Wmk \`wThlfbi ekdbusk `f Bulust 2;, 28


50/173

;1

Ghg kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis rkbiiy bfthdhpbtk, wmkf tmky skft us hf 28


51/173

;2

Qutthfl oyskin t` tmhfjhfl beùt tmk okbfhfl `n tmk BK-4; bftkffb hf51123 B Tpbdk @gyssky, H wùig sby ht hs, hf tmk nhio, tmk turf brùfg p`hftn`r muobfjhfg ektwkkf ekhfl b ekhfl tmbt gkpkfgs `f tkdmfì`ly bfg b

ekhfl wm` hs ihekrbtkg nrò tkdmfì`ly: ektwkkf ekhfl sthii bf bpk,bitmùlm `fk tmbt hs spbdknbrhfl, bfg tmk stbrdmhig. M`w hs tmhs pkrthfkftt` oy d`ffkdth`f ektwkkf bf kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi okssblk, tmk \`w! shlfbi(gurbth`f


52/173

;5


53/173

;4

Thx-Nìg Tyooktry (Wmk Fhfk-Nhntms Bil`rhtmo hf Ukvkrsk)

4>1/> ? >1

4>1->1 ? 411

411 >1 ? 571

571/4>1 ?5/4

(5/4) + 2 ? ;/4

Dùftkrpbrt t` fhfk-nhntms hs nhvk-tmhrgs.

Wmk nhvk-tmhrgs bflik hs >1

gklrkks. Thxty gklrkks hs tmk okbsurk `n kbdm bflik hf bf kquhibtkrbi

trhbflik, wmhdm hs `fk `n tmk tmrkk tksskiibthfl rkluibr pìyl`fs. B

sf`wnibjk whtm kbdm bro skpbrbtkg ey shxty gklrkks n`ros b rkluibr

mkxbl`f whtm hftkrfbi bfliks `n 251 gklrkks.


54/173

;7

Wmk Xbfl Kikokfts

J ? p`tbsshuoFb ? T`ghuo

J/Fb ? 48.21/55.88 ? 2.< ~ 2.

Wmk K Nhiks

Ey

Hbf Ekbrgsiky


57/173

;Dmbptkr , ;.7,


60/173

>1

tmk sbok. Nurtmkr hfghdbth`f tmbt wk wkrk f tmk rhlmt trbdj wbs f`tkg hftmk nbdt tmbt Fkptufk mbs b shohibr hfdihfbth`f t` hts `reht, bs g`ks tmkKbrtm.

Ht wbs `fiy iknt t` nhfg tmk [rbfus kqubth`f, ekdbusk n`r kvkry yhf, tmkrk

smùig ek b ybfl.

\k nìi`wkg tmk sbok pr`dkss bs n`r brrhvhfl bt tmk Fkptufk kqubth`f. \kobgk tmk skqukfdk `n bii wmìk fuoekr ouithpiks `n nhvk-tmhrgs3

(;/4)f ? 2..


61/173

>2

\k d`fshgkrkg tmk hftklrbi tmk obss `n b pibfkt hf kbrtm obssks, wmhdmdbok ùt t` ek 75. \k d`fshgkrkg tmk 4.4 t` ek tmk bddkikrbth`f bt htssurnbdk hf kbrtm lrbvhthks. Jf`whfl tmksk tw` qubfththks wk gktkrohfkgtmk pibfkt wbs beùt tmrkk bfg b mbin thoks ibrlkr tmbf tmk Kbrtm.Jf`whfl hts obss bfg shzk, wk dùig gktkrohfk hts gkfshty, bfg nrò tmbt

hts dòp`shth`f, wmhdm turfkg ùt t` ek Kur`phuo, kikokft >4, wmhdm hspm`spm`rksdkft.


62/173

>5


63/173

>4


64/173

>7


65/173

>;


66/173

>>


67/173

>=

\k d`opbrk tmk o`ibr obss `n Kur`phuo t` tmbt `n Thihd`f3

Ku/Th ?2;2.8


69/173

>8

Ht hs bppr`prhbtk tmbt Kur`phb hs d`ffkdtkg t` Kur`pb, tmk skd`fg LbihikbfO``f nrò Cuphtkr, f`t cust ey fbok, eut hf s` nbr bs hts d`ffkdth`f t`

Thihd`f hf Wmk Fkptufk Kqubth`f. Ht w`rjs ùt lrkbt, ekdbusk ht hs tmk pibdkhf tmk Tìbr Tystko tmbt hs tmk ekst dbfghgbtk n`r ihnk eky`fg Kbrtm3 Ht mbsb tkfuùs bto`spmkrk dòp`skg prhobrhiy `n `xylkf bfg hs d`vkrkg whtmwbtkr hdk, tmbt oby mbvk wbtkr hf hts ihquhg n`ro ekfkbtm hts surnbdk.

Wmk o``f hs tmk rhlmt shzk sudm tmbt bs skkf nrò tmk Kbrtm hs bppkbrsbeùt tmk sbok shzk bs tmk Tuf. M`w nbr wùig Kur`pb mbvk t` ek nròCuphtkr t` bppkbr tmk sbok shzk bs tmk suf g`ks nrò Cuphtkr.

Tìbr Ubghus/Kur`pb Ubghus ? Cuphtkr-Tuf Tkpbrbth`f/x

>8;,881 jo/2,;>1.= jo ?


70/173


71/173

MP5@ -!5Ku(@M)P4 + 4MP5

Wmbt hs, shx oìks `n M5@ brk rkquhrkg n`r kvkry tw` oìks `n Kur`phuo t`

objk tw` oìks `n Kur`phuo Mygr`xhgk bfg Wmrkk oìks `n Mygr`lkf lbs.H wùig sby tmbt hs m`w tmbt kqubth`f rkbgs, tmùlm oy dmkohdbifòkfdibturk hs b ihttik rusty. H wùig sby shfdk tmk kur`phuo ghspibdkstmk mygr`lkf, tmbt tmhs hs b shflik ghspibdkokft rkbdth`f. H bo ihttik rusty`f oy rkbdth`f dibsshnhdbth`f bs wkii. Uklbrgikss, tmk kqubth`f dikbriystbtks tmbt `fk tmhrg `n tmk oìks `n M51 brk tmk oìks `n Kur`phuorkquhrkg n`r tmk rkbdth`f t` tbjk pibdk (5/>? 2/4). \k wrhtk3

MP5 ? 5(2.12) ? 5.15 l/oì@ ? 2>.11 l/oì

M5@ ? 5.15 + 2>.11 ? 2=.15 l/oì

Ey i``jhfl up tmk oìbr obssks `n tmk kikokfts hf tmk pkrh`ghd tbeik `n tmkkikokfts.

((2 oì M5@)/(2=.15 l M5@))x((2.7K57 l M5@)/(mygr`spmkrk))? K55 oì Ku)(2;2.8< l Ku/ oì) ? 4.8;K57 l Ku

Wmk gkfshty `n Kur`phuo bt TWQ hs ;.574 l/doV4

(doV4/;.574 l)(4.8;K57 l) ?


72/173

5,2>5 do

(;>,;>5,2>5 do)/(211 do)(2111 o) ? ;>7.>5 jo ~ ;>; jo

Wmk Kur`phuo Tpmkrk w`uig mbvk b rbghus n ;>; jhi`oktkrs. Wmbt `n tmko``f `n Cuphtkr dbiikg Kur`pb hs3

2,;>> jo

2,;>>/;>; ? 5.


73/173

. Hftkrksthfliy, tmk dmkohdbi kikokfts Dbre`f,Fhtr`lkf, bfg @xylkf brk tmksk tmrkk kikokfts, bfg tmk o`st hop`rtbftf`f-oktbis hf tmk pkrh`ghd tbeik. Dbre`f hs tmk ebshs `n ihnk, objhfl `rlbfhdobttkr hf tmk n`ro `n mygr`dbre`fs. Fhtr`lkf hs be`ut


74/173


75/173


76/173


77/173


78/173


79/173


80/173

=1

Wmk gby bntkr tmbt H tìg Lberhki tmbt Bft`fh` sbys mk hs Wòbtht`s er`tmkrey mhs nbtmkr bfg Lberhki sbhg tmbt ht wbs guk t` ekhfl s`rt `n trbghth`fbi hfbf ìg nbsmh`fkg wby tmbt Bft`fh` sbhg tmbt.

Wmhs hs hftkrksthfl ekdbusk `fk gby wmkf H wbs wbijhfl tmrùlm tmk

Tbdrò`ftk whtm Lberhki, wk dùig skk up hf tmk mhiis nrò mkr dbvk pbth`, bLypsy wòbf fbokg Ekikf (Ektmikmko) bfg H wbvkg t` mkr. Lberhki sbhgt` ok tmbt wk mbg t` mbvk b tbij. Mk t``j ok up t` b rko`tk pibdk hf tmkmhiis bfg wk sbt `f sòk r`djs bfg mk tìg ok3 Xù g`ft jf`w wmbt yùwùig ek hf n`r hn yù obrrhkg b trbghth`fbi Lypsy Lhri.

Ht wbs tmk fhlmt ekn`rk tmbt H wbs up bt mkr tkrrbdk whtm mkr nbtmkr. Mk wbsf`t Obfuki tmk Lypsy Tmbobf, eut Obfuki tmk shflkr, Gkkp T`fl shflkr(dbftb`r). H tìg Lberhki H wbs l`hfl tmkrk n`r b nibokfd` ikss`f bfg mksbhg Obfuki ks eukf` (Obfuki hs l``g). Wmbt hs wmbt kvkry`fk biwbyssbhg beùt mho. Ht hs ekst kxpibhfkg ey Eè Gyibfs iyrhds, Mhs di`tmks brk

ghrty eut mhs mbfgs brk dikbf.


81/173

=2

H mbvk nùfg tmbt rbfgòiy kvìvhfl systkos `n okbsurkokft d`fvkrlk `ffhfk-nhntms, ihjk tmkrk hs fhfk-nhntms `n b gklrkk dkfthlrbgk pkr nbmrkfmkht,tmkrk brk 1.;8 lrbos eky`fg b wmìk fuoekr `n lrbos pkr pùfg, bfg

beùt fhfk-nhntms jhiòktkrs pkr ohik. H mbvk nùfg oudm o`rk tmbf custtmhs bfg ht hs hf oy w`rj Bf Kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi Bfbiyshs wmhdm hs fbokg bssudm ekdbusk H sullkst kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis lbvk us ùr ufhts `n okbsurkokftey hfniukfdhfl mhst`ry, bs `pp`skg t` ekihkn tmbt mbs biwbys ekkf mkig tmbtùr ufhts `n okbsurkokft kvìvkg tmrùlm b rbfgò skrhks `n kvkfts. Hnkki bf bitkrfbtk kxpibfbth`f dùig ek tmbt b rbfgò skrhks `n vbiuks sòkm`w d`fvkrlks `f fhfk-nhntms hn sueckdtkg t` niudtubth`f ey b rbfgò skrhks`n n`rdks (kvkfts). H mbvk p`hftkg ùt tmbt f`t `fiy g`ks fhfk-nhntms ufhny phbfg tmk lìgkf rbth`, eut k (Kuikrs fuoekr) bfg ph hn wk d`fshgkr tmk nhrstnkw ghlhts bntkr tmk gkdhobi hf bii fuoekrs. H nkki tmhs oby ek phv`tbi t`pr`vhfl tmk d`fckdturk, bfg ht wùig skko tmk sìbr systko, hf hts

kvìuth`f, mbs d`fvkrlkg `f fhfk-nhntms bs wkii bs ùr ufhts `nokbsurkokft. O`st kxtrb`rghfbrhiy, fhfk-nhntms bfg ur ghnnkrkft systkos`n okbsurkokft (bs hf jhiòktkrs bfg ohiks) dr`p up wmkf wk hftr`gudktmk fuoekr 2; hf oy [rbfus Hftklrbi, wmhdm H mbvk kxpibhfkg t` ek bd`fdkpt whtm hts `rhlhfs hf b Lypsy Tmbobf nrò Tpbhf, hf oy sbok w`rj,fbokg be`vk. [fgkrtbjhfl tmk kfgkbv`r `n pr`vhfl oy d`fckdturk hsdurrkftiy eky`fg tmk sd`pk `n oy kgudbth`f hf obtmkobthds.


82/173

=5

H mbvk nùfg ùr ghnnkrkft systkos `n ufhts `n okbsurkokft t` ek gkkpiyd`ffkdtkg whtm `fk bf`tmkr bfg fbturk.

H sullkst tmk `rhlhfs `n tmkd`ffkdth`fs t` ek kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi, hn f`t guk t` sòk strbflk pr`pkrty

wmkrk rbfgòiy kvìvhfl systkos d`fvkrlk `f b vbiuk `r skt `n rkibtkgvbiuks.

H cust rkbihzkg tmbt r`ò tkopkrbturk, gknhfkg ey >= gklrkks N t` = +


83/173

=4

Oks`p`tbohb, hf Bfdhkft Tuokrhbf diby dufkhn`ro tbeikts, b d`fstbft tmbt

hs tmk dòo`f gkfòhfbt`r n`r bii dkiksthbi dydiks hf ùr sìbr systko.

Wmk d`ffkdth`f wmkrk ^kfus hs d`fdkrfkg hs hf tmbt tmk pibfkt hs hop`rtbftn`r ufgkrstbfghfl dihobtk hf tmbt ht mbg b ruf bwby lrkkfmùsk knnkdt bfg

hs shohibr hf shzk bfg obss t` kbrtm.

Hs tmhs d`fshstkft whtm tmk myp`tmkshs tmbt oy Fkptufk Kqubth`f, wmhdmmbs b ouithpihkr `n


84/173

=7


85/173

=;

Ehì`lhdbi strudturks hf Fbturk brk o`rk typhdbiiy gksdrhekg ey nhvk-nìgsyooktry bfg, pmyshdbi strudturks hf Fbturk brk o`rk typhdbiiy gksdrhekgey shx-nìg syooktry. \k whii dbii tmko Xhf bfg Xbfl, rkspkdthvkiy.

M`wkvkr, tmkrk brk tw` wbys t` gkrhvk yhf bfg tmkrk brk tw` wbys t`gkrhvk ybfl. \k whii dbii tmko Xhf2, Xhf5 bfg Xbfl2 bfg Xbfl5.

Xhf2 dòks nrò tmk dkftrbi bfliks hf b rkluibr pkftbl`f ektwkkf tmkrbghh tmbt okkt bt hts dkftkr3

4>1/;?1-1?>7= >7=/4>1?8/;

Xhf2?8/;

Xhf5 dòks tmk kxtkrfbi bfliks hf b rkluibr pkftbl`f bt tmk hftkrh`r `n tmk

vkrthdks3

4>1-21=?5;5 4>1+5;5?>25 >25/4>1?21?411 411+4>1?>>1 >>1/4>1 ? 22/>

Xbfl2?22/>

Xbfl5 dòks nrò tmk bfliks hf b rkluibr mkxbl`f bt hts hftkrh`r vkrthdks3

4>1-251?571 571+4>1?>11 >11/4>1?;/4

\k o`gki [fhvkrsks whtm bfy dòehfbth`f `n Xhf bfg Xbfl. Wmhs lhvks usnùr o`gkis t` usk3

O`gki 23 Xhf2?8/; Xbfl2?22/>

O`gki 53 Xhf2?8/; Xbfl5?;/4O`gki 43 Xhf5?2O`gki 73 Xhf5?2


86/173

=>

o`gkis shlfhnhdbftiy ey hfdiughfl tmk bfliks bt tmk vkrthdks `f tmk `utshgk`n tmk rkluibr p`iyl`fs.- Hbf Ekbrgsiky Bulust 8, 5124


87/173

=


88/173

==

Wmksk obfhpuibth`fs g`fk ey Hbf Ekbrgsiky `f Bulust 8, 5124


89/173

=8


90/173

81

Hbf Ekbrgsiky Bulust 21, 5124


91/173

82

Hbf Ekbrgsiky Bulust 21, 5124


92/173

85


93/173

84


94/173

87


95/173

8;

Ey

Hbf Ekbrgsiky


96/173

8>

F`tks 12 N`r Nhiks [ Bfg K

D`pyrhlmt 5124 ey Hbf Ekbrgsiky


97/173

8


98/173

8=

D`sohd Brdmbkì`ly

H d`fshgkr wmbt H g` t` ek wmbt H dbii d`sohd brdmbkì`ly. D`sohd

Brdmbkì`ly strhvks t` sby sòktmhfl beùt tmk [fhvkrsk ushfl

brdmbkì`ly, bfg sòktmhfl beùt tmk muobf st`ry ushfl bstr`fòy. Oy

nhrst kxp`surk t` D`sohd Brdmbkì`ly oust mbvk ekkf wmkf oy dìiklk

Dbiduius tkbdmkr wbs gkrhvhfl Kuikrs Fuoekr, k.

Bntkr gkrhvhfl ht, mk

gkrhvkg Kuikrs Kqubth`f, wmhdm rkibtks, Kuikrs fuoekr (k), tmk hoblhfbry

fuoekr (h), tmk rbth` ph, bfg fklbthvk `fk bii t` `fk bf`tmkr.

Wmk kqubth`f

hs3

(k)VZ(h)(ph)_ ?-2

Mk p`hftkg ùt tmbt tmhs kqubth`f, bs wkii, rkibtks tmrkk lk`lrbpmhdbi

rklh`fs t` `fk bf`tmkr, Hfghb, Klypt, bfg Kur`pk hfs`nbr bs fklbthvk

fuoekrs dòk t` us nrò Hfghb (Erbmobluptb), tmk hoblhfbry fuoekr

dòks t` us nrò Klypt (Mkr`f `n Bikxbfgrhb, bii tmùlm Lrkkj, wbs fbthvk

t` Bikxbfgrhb, Uòbf Klypt), ph t` sòk bddurbdy nrò Bfdhkft Lrkkdk

(Brdmhokgks), bfg k nrò Twhtzkribfg (Cbdè Ekrfùiih).

\k dbf skk m`w tmhs rkvkibth`f wùig ek jky t` D`sohd Brdmbkì`ly.

Emrbmobluptb (brùfg >5=)

Mkr`f `n Bikxbfgrhb (d21 ;; 2


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NHDWH@F-UKBIHWX KFWBFLIKOKFW

NKEU[BUX 7 5124

EX

HBF EKBUGTIKX

Ikvhfs`f

\k eklbf whtm tmk di`skst stbr t` us, Bipmb Dkftburh. Ht hs beùt 7.5 t` 7.4ihlmt ykbrs bwby. \k rùfgkg tmbt t` n ur ekdbusk wk brk gkbihfl whtmwmìk fuoekrs. \k tmkf ghg b rbfgò wbij, bfg dbiduibtkg tmk prèbehihty`n ibfghfl `f Bipmb Dkftburh hf 21 rbfgò cuops `n `fk ihlmt ykbr kbdm.\k f`tk tmbt b ihlmt ykbr hs tmk ghstbfdk ihlmt trbvkis hf `fk ykbr, b ykbrekhfl tmk thok ht tbjks tmk kbrtm t` trbvki brùfg tmk suf, bfg tmbt ihlmt

spkkg hs b fbturbi d`fstbft. Bs wkii wk f`tk tmbt Bipmb Dkftburh hs b stbrcust ihjk tmk suf, shohibr hf shzk, iuohf`shty, bfg tmk sbok spkdtrbi dibss.\k rùfgkg ùr bfswkr t` tmk fkbrkst wmìk fuoekr, bfg ht wbs tmbt wkmbvk b 25% dmbfdk `n ibfghfl `f Bipmb Dkftburh.

\k tmkf sbhg tmhs wbs tmk pkrdkft `n gkvki`pokft t`wbrgs euhighflmypkrgrhvk, bf kflhfk tmbt wùig tbjk us t` tmk stbrs. \k tmkf sbhg ùrpr`lrkss t`wbrgs mypkrgrhvk oby gkvki`p bdd`rghfl t` tmk fbturbi lr`wtmkqubth`f3

(x(t))?(xP1)kVjt

W` nhfg j wk mbvk tbjkf t ?71 ykbrs, ekdbusk hf 28>8 tmk nhrst obf skt n``t`f tmk o``f, bfg hf 5118 wk ibufdmkg tmk Mkrsdmki bfg Qibfdj tkiksd`pkstmbt whii skk ebdj t` fkbr tmk eklhffhfl `n tmk [fhvkrsk. \k mbvk tbjkfxP1 ? 2/211 t` sby tmbt wk eklbf whtm `fk stkp ut `n 211. Wmk rksuit hs3

(j) ? 1.1>52

\k mbvk3

(i`l 211) ? (1.1>52)t i`l k

@r, t ? 8 +


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bgvkfturk hf 5175. H dbii tmhs nhdth`f-rkbihty kftbflikokft. H wr`tk hf oye``j3 Nhdth`f-Ukbihty Kftbflikokft3 Ikvhfs`f, Bsho`v, bfg Dibrjk3

Hf tmk dbsk `n Qbui Ikvhfs`f, sdmìbrs hf tmk nuturk trbvki tmrùlm thokbfg usk di`fhfl, b d`fdkpt rkibtkg t` brthnhdhbi hftkiihlkfdk (ht hs tmk

drkbthfl `n muobf rkpihdbs bs wkii, eut ehì`lhdbi, f`t kikdtr`fhd), bfg tmkl`bi hs t` sbvk lrkbt bfdhkft tmhfjkrs nrò Lrkkdk, bfg t` obfhpuibtkkvkfts hf tmk pbst n`r b p`shthvk ùtdòk n`r tmk nuturk `n muobfhty, cust bstmk rè`ts try t` g` hf tmk w`rj `n Bsho`v.

Bs ht wùig turf ùt, tmk f`vkity rbthfl n`r tmk ykbr wk skt n``t `f tmko``f hf tmk Tmkihbj ^krsh`f `n tmk OdJkffb Whowbvk, hs ùr lr`wtm rbtkd`fstbft 1.1>52 wmhdm ouithpihkg ey tkf bfg rùfgkg t` tw` pibdks bntkrtmk gkdhobi ht tmk lìgkf rbth` d`fculbtk. Wmk Whokwbvk hs supp`skg t`sm`w tmk wby mhst`ry ufvrbvkis, hn wk tbjk 5125 bs tmk kfg p`hft.

Qkrmbps ùr dbiduibth`f rknkrs f`t t` mypkgrhvk, eut t` `tmkr hssuks hn wktbjk Wmk Qi`t W` Tbvk T`drbtksbs b gbtb p`hft3 Ht gkbis whtm pmhi`s`pmy,vbiuks, di`fhfl, bfg oudm o`rk. Ht oby kvkf ek wk brk f`t tbijhfl beùttmk Kbrtm, eut bf`tmkr dhvhihzbth`f `f bf`tmkr pibfkt hf tmk [fhvkrsk. @urbdth`fs dùig ek d`ffkdtkg t` ihnk kiskwmkrk. \k cust g`ft jf`w, wk `fiyprkskft tmk dbiduibth`fs.

Bsho`v

Hf tmk dbsk `n Hsbbd Bsho`v, wk brk nbr hf tmk nuturk `n muobfhty. Hf mhsUè`t Tkrhks, Bsho`v mbs obf objhfl rè`ts wm`sk pr`lrboohfl `fiy

bii`ws tmko t` g` tmbt wmhdm hs l``g n`r muobfhty. Bs b rksuit, tmkskrè`ts, brthnhdhbi hftkiihlkfdk (BH), tbjk bdth`fs tmbt pr`pki muobfhty hft`skttihfl tmk Lbibxy, hf tmk rè`t skrhks, bfg uithobtkiy sbvk muobfhty bntkrtmky mbvk skttikg tmk Lbibxy bfg obgk bf kophrk `n ht (Hf tmk Nùfgbth`fTkrhks).

H f`w nhfg tmbt Hsbbd Bsho`v puts sudm b gkvki`pokft hf mhs sdhkfdk nhdth`fbt b shohibr thok hf tmk nuturk, prkdhskiy hf 5177, `fiy b ykbr bntkr oyprkghdth`f bfg tw` ykbrs bntkr Thkrrb \btkrs hs mbfgkg tmk fkwiyghsd`vkrkg g`duokft tmbt hfhthbtks mkr bgvkfturk. T`, wk mbvk oyprkghdth`f, wmhdm hs rkibtkg t` tmk strudturk `n tmk ufhvkrsk hf b oysthdbi

wby rhlmt hf ektwkkf tmk gbtks `n Ikvhfs`f bfg Bsho`v, tmkhr gbtks `fiyekhfl b ykbr ikss bfg b ykbr lrkbtkr tmbf ohfk.

Bsho`v pibdks mypkrgrhvk hf tmk ykbr 5177 hf mhs sm`rt st`ry Kvhgkfdkwmhdm hs pbrt `n mhs sdhkfdk nhdth`f dìikdth`f `n sm`rt st`rhks dbiikg, H,Uè`t.


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Wmhs hs b dìikdth`f `n sm`rt st`rhks wmkrk Uè`t Qsydmì`lhst Gr. TusbfDbivhf hs hftkrvhkwkg ey b wrhtkr beùt mkr kxpkrhkfdk whtm tmk dòpbfy`f kbrtm hf tmk nuturk tmbt nhrst gkvki`pkg s`pmhsthdbtkg rè`ts. Hf tmhse``j, tmk ibws `n rè`thds brk drkbtkg bfg tmk hgkb `n tmk p`shtr`fhd erbhfhftr`gudkg, bfg tmk fbturk `n tmk hopbdt rè`ts wùig mbvk `f muobf

dhvhihzbth`f hs kxpi`rkg. Nìi`whfl tmhs dìikdth`f `n st`rhks Bsho`v wr`tktmrkk o`rk f`vkis, wmhdm dòprhsk tmk rè`t skrhks, Wmk Dbvks `n Ttkki,Wmk Fbjkg Tuf, bfg Wmk Uè`ts `n Gbwf.

H, Uè`t hs Kbrtm hf tmk nuturk cust ekn`rk Muobfhty skttiks tmk o`rkfkbrey stbrs. Wmk f`vkis dòprhshfl Wmk Uè`t Tkrhks brk wmkfmuobfhty mbs dì`fhzkg tmk fkbrey stbr systkos, Wmk Nùfgbth`f Wrhi`ly,bfg hts prkqukis bfg skqukis brk beùt tmk thok muobfhty mbs sprkbgtmrùlmùt tmk kfthrk lbibxy bfg obgk bf Kophrk `n ht. Bii `n tmksk e``jsdbf ek tbjkf t`lktmkr bs `fk st`ry, whtm dmbrbdtkrs bfg kvkfts hf sòk,`ddurrhfl hf `tmkrs.

Mypkrgrhvk hs hfvkftkg hf H, Uè`t ey b rè`t dbiikg Wmk Erbhf, `wfkg eytmk dòpbfy n`r wmhdm Gr. Tusbf Dbivhf w`rjs wmkf ht hs nkg tmkobtmkobthdbi i`lhsthdbi prèikos `n objhfl mypkrgrhvk, bfg bsjkg t` sìvktmko. Ht g`ks sìvk tmko bfg ht `nnkrs tmk spkds `f euhighfl bf hftkrstkiibrsmhp, n`r wmhdm tw` kflhfkkrs nìi`w hf hts d`fstrudth`f. Wmky brkmuo`rùsiy skft bdr`ss tmk lbibxy ey Wmk Erbhf, f`t kxpkdthfl ht, bfgerùlmt ebdj t` kbrtm hf tmk smhp bntkr tmky d`fstrudtkg ht. Wmhs wbs hf tmkst`ry hf H, Uè`t thtikg Ksdbpk!.

Eut Gr. Tusbf Dbivhf stbtks hf tmk nìi`whfl sm`rt st`ry, tmbt H okfth`fkg,Kvhgkfdk3

Eut tmbt wbsft ht, khtmkr@m, kvkftubiiy, tmk smhp bfg `tmkrs ihjk htekdbok l`vkrfokft pr`pkrty: tmk Cuop tmrùlm mypkrspbdk wbspkrnkdtkg, bfg f`w wk bdtubiiy mbvk muobf dì`fhks `f tmk pibfkts `nsòk `n tmk fkbrkr stbrs, eut tmbt wbsft ht.

Ht wbs wmbt mbppkfkg t` tmk pk`pik mkrk `f Kbrtm hf ibst nhnty ykbrs tmbtrkbiiy dùfts.

Bfg, wmbt mbppkfkg t` pk`pik `f Kbrtm0 Wmk bfswkr hs hf tmk sbok st`ryKvhgkfdk nrò wmhdm tmbt qu`tk hs bt tmk eklhffhfl. Ht wbs wmkf tmk

Uklh`fs `n tmk Kbrtm n`rokg Wmk Nkgkrbth`f. Gr. Tusbf Dbivhf sbys bt tmkkfg `n tmk st`ry Kvhgkfdk3

Mk wbs b vkry l``g oby`r: nhvk ykbrs ibtkr mk ghg ekdòk Uklh`fbi D`-`rghfbt`r. Bfg wmkf tmk Uklh`fs `n Kbrtm n`rokg tmkhr Nkgkrbth`f hf 5177,mk ekdbok tmk nhrst \`rig D`-`rghfbt`r.


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Ht hs nrò tmbt stbtkokft tmbt H lkt oy gbtk `n 5177 bs tmk ykbr Bsho`vpr`ckdts n`r mypkrgrhvk.

Dibrjk

Kvkrytmhfl Hf 51123 B Tpbdk @gyssky ey Brtmur D. Dibrjk, Gkrhvkg NròFhfk Nhntms

Hf 51123 B Tpbdk @gyssky, tmk smhps dòputkr wbs dbiikg MBI. Ht wbs tmkerbhf bfg dkftrbi fkrvùs systko `n tmk smhp. Ht wbs bsjkg hf tmk o`vhk3 HsMBI hftkiihlkft0 Hs mk bihvk0 T` nbr H mbvk kxpibhfkg m`w fhfk-nhntms `ddurshf tmk Tìbr Tystko bfg Fbturk. H mbvk bis` nùfg tmbt b dòputkr ihjkMBI hs bihvk, hf b wby. MBI wbs shihd`f ebskg bfg H mbvk nùfg tmbt shihd`fmbs tmk lìgkf rbth` d`fculbtk hf ht, wmhdm hs rkdurrkft tmrùlmùt ihnk bfgtmbt fhfk-nhntms hs hf tmk lìgkf rbth` d`fculbtk. H wr`tk3

H mbvk bis` nùfg tmbt tmk ebshs `n dòputkrs bfg BH (brthnhdhbihftkiihlkfdk), wmhdm hs g`pkg shihd`f, mbs tmk lìgkf rbth` hf tmk okbfs `n htsdòp`fkfts. Wmk lìgkf rbth` hs rkdurrkft tmrùlmùt ihnk ekdbusk `n tmkgyfbohds ht mbs t` `nnkr. G`pkg hs shihd`f, pm`spm`rus, bfg e`r`f. Wmksk brkfbturbiiy `ddurrhfl kikokfts, obgk ey fbturk, fbokiy n`rlkg hf stbrs. Hn Qhs pm`spm`rus, E hs E`r`f, bfg Th hs shihd`f (lkòktrhd okbf ey Th)3

sqrt(Q*E)/Th?sqrt(41.8;

bfg ikt us tbjk tmk mbro`fhd okbf ektwkkf pm`spm`rus bfg e`r`f bfgghvhgk ht ey shihd`f3

(5*(41.8


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Wmk lìgkf rbth` d`fculbtk hs 1.>2= t` tmrkk gkdhobi pibdks. F`thdk tmbttmk 5fg bfg tmhrg ghlhts bntkr tmk gkdhobi brk 2 bfg =, tmk tw` ghlhts hf 8/;ghvhgkg ùt. Wmk 2 bfg > bgg up t` ohfus tmk `fk hs ùr nhvk, bfg, tmk khlmt pius tmk `fk hs ùr fhfk.T`ksskfthbiiy, wk mbvk d`ffkdtkg tmk o`fìhtm `n Brtmur D. Dibrjk whtm

fbturk, bfg dòputkrs bfg brthnhdhbi hftkiihlkfdk, hftklrbtkg dhrduhts,trbfshst`rs, gh`gks (g`pkg shihd`f), whtm tmk o`fìhtm.

BK-4; Hs Ukibtkg W` Fhfk-Nhntms

H wr`tk b sm`rt st`ry ibst fhlmt, dbiikg Lypsy Tmbobfhso bfg tmk [fhvkrskbeùt tmk BK-4; ufht, wmhdm hs tmk ufht hf tmk o`vhk bfg e``j 51123 BTpbdk @gyssky tmbt MBI rkp`rts whii nbhi bfg ghsd`fthfuk dòoufhdbth`ft` Kbrtm. H gkdhgkg t` rkbg tmk pbssblk gkbihfl whtm tmk kvkft hf 5112 bfgMBI, tmk smhp dòputkr, rkp`rts ht whii nbhi hf whtmhf


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Ikvhfs`f, Bsho`v, Dibrjk, Bfg Wmk Fkptufk Kqubth`f

H wr`tk b e``j wmkrk H objk b prkghdth`f n`r tmk hfvkfth`f `n mypkrgrhvk. Htdbok ùt sbfgwhdmkg ektwkkf tmk gbtk Hsbbd Bsho`v prkghdts n`rmypkrgrhvk (5177) hf mhs sdhkfdk nhdth`f st`rhks, H, Uè`t, bfg tmk gbtk hf

wmhdm Qbui Ikvhfs`fs Mkrh`hf, Thkrrb \btkrs eklhfs mkr bgvkfturks(5175), hf mhs e``j, Wmk Qi`t W` Tbvk T`drbtks. Wmk gbtk H prkghdtkg whtmobtmkobthds, wbs 5174.

H mbppkfkg t` objk oy prkghdth`fs gurhfl b thok wmkf H wbs rkbghfl tmkskw`rjs `n Ikvhfs`f bfg Bsho`v. Xù dbf hoblhfk oy surprhsk wmkf H nùfgNhdth`f Kftbflikg \htm Ukbihty, Wmkrk hs oudm o`rk t` tmhs st`ry, bfg htrksuitkg hf oy e``j Nhdth`f-Ukbihty Kftbflikokft3 Ikvhfs`f, Bsho`v, BfgDibrjk. Obfy hftkrksthfl kftbflikokfts dr`ppkg up.

Cust wmbt wbs tmk rkskbrdm H wbs g`hfl wmkf H kxpkrhkfdkg tmhs

kftbflikokft0 H wbs w`rjhfl `f oy kfhlobthd ghsd`vkry `n fhfk-nhntms hftmk [fhvkrsk, wmhdm ikbg t` oy e``j Brk Muobfs Bi`fk Hf Wmk [fhvkrskBfg Brk Wmky Mkrk N`r B Ukbs`f.

F`w H nhfg Nhdth`f-Ukbihty Kftbflikokft3 Ikvhfs`f, Bsho`v, Bfg Dibrjk hskftbflikg whtm Brk Muobfs Bi`fk Hf Wmk [fhvkrsk Bfg Brk Wmky MkrkN`r B Ukbs`f0 H shopiy t``j Brtmur D. Dibrjks 51>23 @gyssky Wmrkkekdbusk ht wbs tmk `tmkr e``j H wbs rkbghfl wmkf H wbs g`hfl oy rkskbrdmbfg wbs pbrt `n tmk Nhdth`f-Ukbihty Kftbflikokft3 Ikvhfs`f, Bsho`v, BfgDibrjk.

H shopiy tmùlmt shfdk Dibrjks @gyssky Wmrkk, ekdbusk ht tbjks pibdk hf51>2 bfg tmbt hs tmk thok di`skst t` tmk 5175 `n Thkrrb \btkrs, tmk 5177 `nBsho`v, bfg tmk 5174 `n oy prkghdth`f, H wùig suetrbdt oy 5174 nrò tmk51>2 `n Dibrjks @gyssky Wmrkk bfg tmk rksuit hs3

51>2-5174?2=

Wmk bfswkr hs ht tbjks pibdk 2= ykbrs bntkr oy prkghdth`f `n 5174. Ghvhgk2= ey 21, tmk fuoekr `n nhflkrs wk mbvk t` dùft `f, bfg yù lkt `fk p`hftkhlmt. Hn yù ghvhgk tmk 8 ey ; hf oy kfhlobthd fhfk nhntms, yù lkt `fk p`hftkhlmt, bs wkii. H d`fshgkr Ikvhfs`f bfg Bsho`vs gbtks t` ek uppkr bfg

i`wkr ihohts n`r mypkrgrhvk, ekdbusk oy vbiuk hs sbfgwhdmkg ektwkkf tmktw`. Wmbt hs ht whii bt tmk kbrihkst mbppkf hf 5175 `r ey tmk ibtkst 5177.Khtmkr tmbt, `r tmk tmrkk gbtks brk spkbjhfl `n bf kp`dm d`ffkdtkg t` tmkstbrs, hf pbrthduibr Bipmb Dkftburh, ekdbusk H uskg ht hf oy dbiduibth`f, f`tt` okfth`f tmk spkkg `n ihlmt bfg tmk thok ht tbjks kbrtm t` objk `fkrkvìuth`f brùfg tmk suf (2 ykbr).


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Bsho`v, Dibrjk, bfg Mkhfikhf brk d`fshgkrkg tmk Wmrkk Qhiibrs `n O`gkrfTdhkfdk Nhdth`f. H skk Mkhfikhf o`rk bs ushfl sdhkfdk nhdth`f t` kxpi`rkpìhthds. H ihjk t` put Ikvhfs`f, Bsho`v, bfg Dibrjk t`lktmkr bs tmk mkbrt nTdhkfdk Nhdth`f, wmhdm hs tmk sphrht `n sdhkfdk t`gby, bfg pkrmbps Mkhfikhfbs tmk ohfg, sòkthoks, t` usk tmk Mhfgu o`gki wmkrk Wmk Mkbrt hs vkry

hop`rtbft, eut okbfs f`tmhfl whtmùt tmk luhgbfdk `n tmk Ohfg. @n dùrskbii tmk be`vk butm`rs koebrj, uithobtkiy hf tmk rkbio `n tmk ohfg bfg tmkmkbrt.


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Fbturk Tpkbjs @n Muobf Gksthfy

Hfgkkg ùr gksthfy skkos t` ek ùtihfkg ey tmk strudturk `n fbturk, bfg H

wùigft ek surprhskg ht mbs kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi thks. H wr`tk3

Wmk Fhfk-Nhntms Oystkry Eklhfs t` Kxpbfg3 Bii`ys

Wmhs hs rkbiiy kxdhthfl, bfg ht sm`ws oy rkbs`fhfl oby ek d`rrkdt, t` tmhfjtmbt muobf bdthvhthks mbvk b ghvhfk d`ffkdth`f t` tmk d`so`s. H mbg nùfgtmbt Tbturf (skd`fg ibrlkst pibfkt) `reht t` Cuphtkr (nhrst ibrlkst pibfkt)`reht wbs 8 t` ; putthfl tmk Kbrtm bt fk ufht nrò tmk Tuf. Bobzhfliy Hnùfg tmk sìbr rbghus t` tmk iufbr `reht wbs tmk sbok tmhfl. \mbt hs o`rktmk o`st prkdhùs `n tmk oktbis hf oìbr obss, lìg t` shivkr wbs 8 t` ; bswkii.

Ht wùig skko bs kbriy bs >111 ED tmk Tuokrhbfs wkrk pùfghfl lìg bfgshivkr ùt t` sduipt tmhfls ufthi tmky rbf ùt. Wmky wkrk g`hfl tmhs whtmd`ppkr bs wkii, bf`tmkr s`nt, obiikbeik oktbi, ufthi tmky rbf ùt. Bntkrruffhfl ùt tmky mbg t` ikbrf t` skpbrbtk tmk `rks `n tmksk oktbis nrò`tmkr suestbfdks. Kvkftubiiy tmky hfvkftkg jhifs tmbt bii`wkg tmko tòkit tmk stunn bfg ohx ht whtm thf, t` drkbtk tmk nhrst bii`y, wmhdm wk dbiier`fzk. Wmhs eklbf bf blk dbiikg Wmk Er`fzk Blk, bs kbriy bs 4;11 ED. Htwbs tmk eklhffhfl `n oktbiiurly.

Wmk Tuokrhbfs hfvkftkg tmk jhifs hf tmk nhrst pibdk t` nhrk diby. W`gby,

objhfl Dòokrdhbi Er`fzk usks zhfd bs tmk bii`yhfl oktbi. T` H luksskg,cust bs Lìg t` Thivkr hs 8 t` ;, s` smùig thf t` zhfd ek tmk sbok. Wmhs hskxbdtiy wmbt mbppkfkg3

Bu/Bl ? 28>.8


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brdmbkì`lhdbi thok sdbik. Wmbt tmky wùig g` ht skkos t` ek wrhttkf hf tmkstbrs, bfg H wùigft ek tmk nhrst t` sullkst ht wbs kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis `nhftkiihlkfdk nbr eky`fg tmbt `n tmk muobf (mò` sbphkf) tmbt mbg b mbfg hfbii `n tmhs.


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Oy ghsd`vkry `n fhfk-nhntms hf fbturk ikbg t` oy fkptufk kqubth`f bfg tòy urbfus kqubth`f. Fhfk-nhntms H nùfg wbs tmk yhf n r wmhdm ybfl wbsnhvk-tmhrgs.

\mbt g`ks tmhs okbf0 \kii hn Lìg t` Thivkr hs 2.=, bfg thf t` zhfd hs 2.=

(Er`fzk Blk), tmkf smùig f`t tmk fkxt fuoekr hf tmk fhfk-nhntms skqukfdk,wmhdm hs 4.>, rkprkskft Wmk Hr`f Blk. \kii ht g`ks. Bs ht turfs ùt, lìg(Bu) t` Hr`f Nk hs 4.;, ghvhghfl ùt oìbr obssks, bs wk stbtkg hf WmkLkfkshs Myp`tmkshs.

Bntkr tmk Hr`f Blk, `fk ohlmt d`fshgkr ht hs f`w, bfg hs tmk Thihd`f Blk,ekdbusk shihd`f bii`ws n`r hftklrbtkg dhrduhtry. \k dùig dbii ht tmk blk `nkikdtr`fhds, pkrmbps ekttkr tmk blk `n ghlhtbi kikdtr`fhds. Thihd`f smùigtmkf ek tmk tmhrg tkro hf tmk fhfk-nhntms skqukfdk, wmhdm hs ;.7. Eut wkwùig mbvk t` ghvhgk ht hft` sòktmhfl. @fk wùig lukss ht wùig ekKur`phuo, ekdbusk ht mbs f` ehì`lhdbi nufdth`f, cust b usk n`r kikdtr`fhds hf

tmbt ht hs pm`spm`rksdkft (li`ws). \kii cust bs H luksskg, Kur`phuo (Ku)ghvhgkg ey Thihd`f (Th) hs ;.73

Ku/Th ?2;2.8 ~ ;.7

Ht hs bio`st kxbdt!

Wmk Blk `n Hftkrstkiibr Wrbvki

Whf t` zhfd wbs tmk 2.= `n Wmk Er`fzk Blk. Lìg t` Hr`f wbs tmk 4.> `n WmkHr`f Blk. Kur`phuo t` Thihd`f wbs tmk ;.7 `n tmk Ghlhtbi Kikdtr`fhds Blk.

Wmk fkxt fuoekr hf tmk fhfk-nhntms skqukfdk hs


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Thlfbturk Wmk`ry

(H p`st tmhs blbhf Bulust 5>, 5124 bntkr skkhfl hf tmk wkst fhlmt `n Bulust5;, 5124 wmbt skkokg b oktk`r o`vhfl s` si`w bfg tmkf vbfhsmhfl tmbt Htmùlmt ht wbs b drbnt hf tmk wkst).

B objksmhnt ebsth`f `n jf`wikglk kxhsts hf b nuturk o`rk ihjk tmk ghstbftpbst. Nrò tmkhr kbrihkr gbys tmky mbvk dbrrhkg b okssblk nrò tmk pbst,tmbt b stbrnbrhfl pk`pik whii ek hf tmk vhdhfhty `n Kbrtm bt b dkrtbhf thok bfgpibdk, bfg tmbt hn tmksk objksmhnt sdhkfthsts dbf d`fstrudt b r`djkt tmbt whiitbjk tmko hft` Kbrtm `reht bt tmk sbhg pibdk bfg thok, ht whii rklhstkr `ftmkhr rbgbr bs b squhllik, bf s-smbpkg ihfk bfg tmky whii tmkf ek beik tòbjk d`ftbdt whtm tmko bfg lhvk tmko tmk jf`wikglk t` dbrry Kbrtm ebdjhft` tmk nuturk bfg t` tmk stbrs. Wmbt s-smbpkg ihfk hs b shlfbturk, `n tmkprkskfdk `n b r`djkt, bfg wk dbii tmhs shlfbturk tmk`ry, n`r tmk obp `n tmksquhllik hs 4, 5, 5, 2, wmhdm lkòktrhdbiiy hs b r`djkt3 4 t` 5 hs tmk nuki

kckdth`f f`zki, 5 t` 5 hs tmk nuki d`ftbhfokft vksski, bfg 5 t` 2 hs tmkdbpsuik.

Hbf EkbrgsikyOby =, 5124


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Wmk BK-4; [fht

Wmk BK-4; [fht skkos t` mbvk ekkf tmk ghrkdth`fbi gkvhdk tmbt jkpt tmkdòoufhdbth`fs bftkffb be`brg tmk Ghsd`vkry, p`hftkg bt tmk Kbrtm. Bwkeshtk, n`r wmhdm tmk butm`r g`ks f`t skko t` prkskft mhs fbok tmbt hs

gkghdbtkg t` euhighfl sòk `n tmk pr`ps nrò tmk o`vhk 51123 B Tpbdk@gyssky, hfdiughfl tmk BK-4; [fht, mbs tmk`rhzkg bs oudm. Wmkd`fdiush`fs brk grbwf f`t cust nrò tmk hgkb tmbt BK ohlmt stbfg n`rBzhoutm bfg Kikvbth`f, eut tmbt tmk ufht skkos t` mùsk b lyr`sd`pk.5112 rknkrs t` tmk BK-4; [fht, eut 5121 rknkrs t` tmk BK-4; Bftkffb. Hihjk t` usk tmk ibttkr ekdbusk ht wùig objk skfsk t` gksdrhek tmk Bftkffbhf tkros `n tmk BK-4; [fht.

Hbf EkbrgsikyBulust 25, 5124


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Bii Bfliks D`vkrkg

M`w d`uig mbvk H f`t f`thdkg ht0 Wmk TKWH kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi shlfbi dbiikgtmk \`w! Thlfbi wbs gktkdtkg `f Bulust 2;, 28


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Ubfgòiy Kvìvkg [fhts F`t T` Ubfgò Hf Fbturk

\k mbvk nùfg 8/; hf e`tm tmk oktrhd systko bfg n``t-pùfg systko,tkopkrbturk hf dkfthlrbgk bfg nbmrkfmkht bfg t` ek d`ffkdtkg t` fbturkbfg t` ufhny ph bfg tmk lìgkf rbth` bfg ph bfg kuikrs fuoekr. Kbrtm

lrbvhty (l) hf tmk oktrhd systko hs `fk o`rk t` bgg t` tmk ihst3

8=2 do/sV5

Ht mbs tmk fhfk `n fhfk-nhntms, tmk `fk bfg khlmt tmbt objk up tmk 2.= tmbt hs8/;, bfg tmk khlmt ohfus tmk `fk (


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Wmk Qrèiko Bt Mbfg Hf Oy Kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi Bfbiyshs 12

Hf oy w`rj,B Wm`rùlm Ghokfsh`fbi Bfbiyshs (Kxtrbtkrrkstrhbi Bfbiyshs12), H sullkst tmbt tmk skvkftm bfg khlmtm pibfkts, [rbfus bfg Fkptufk,tmk ibst tw` pibfkts ùt nrò tmk suf, mbvk sòktmhfl t` g` whtm tw`

pr`lrbos muobfs brk koebrjhfl `f3 mypkrspbdhbi trbvki wmkrk Fkptufk hsd`fdkrfkg, bfg b pr`ckdt lkfkshs wmkrk [rbfus hs d`fdkrfkg, pr`ckdtlkfkshs ekhfl ihjk objhfl kbrtm hft` bf Bsho`vhbf Lbhb. Wmk dm`hdkektwkkf tw` sudm pr`lrbos hs put ekn`rk Lìbf Wrkvhzk ey tmk rè`tGbfkki @ihvbw, hf Nùfgbth`f bfg Kbrtm,ey Hsbbd Bsho`v. M`wkvkr, hn wkd`fshgkr tmbt kxtrbtkrrkstrhbis lbvk us ùr oytmì`ly, e`tm tmk 25 skbtpbftmk`f `n Bfdhkft Lrkkdk tmbt sbt up`f @iyopus, bfg tmk 25 skbtpbftmk`f `n tmk ^kgbs hf Hfghb, nrò tmk sùrdk hf Bfdhkft Tuokr wmkrkdhvhihzbth`f eklbf, tmkf hfgkkg wk skk tmk shlf hfs`nbr bs tmk Lrkkj L`g,Fkptufk, hs tmk skb l`g, bfg b mypkrspbdhbi spbdk pr`lrbo hs sktthfl sbhiup`f tmk d`sohd `dkbf t` usk tmk oktbpm`r `n Dbri Tblbf, bfg [rbfus wbs

tmk s`f bfg musebfg n`r Lbhb, tmk drkbt`r `n Kbrtm, n`r wmò wk lukss tmkBsho`vhbf Lbhb wbs fbokg, f`t t` okfth`f Lbhb Wmk`ry `n CboksI`vki`dj, wm` tmk`rhzkg tmbt Kbrtm hs ihjk b mulk supkr`rlbfhzo, b shohibrd`fdkpt t` tmk Bsho`vhbf Lbhb bfg t` b pr`ckdt lkfkshs, wm`sk fbohfldòks nrò b Ttbr Wrkj o`vhk, bfg hs shohibr hf hgkb t` tmk I`vki`djhbf bfgBsho`vhbf Lbhb.

Tudm tmhfls ekhfl hf ùr oytmì`ly, bfg sdhkfdk nhdth`f, sudm bs Ttbr Wrkj,bfg Nùfgbth`f bfg Kbrtm, oby ek sòktmhfl t` tbjk o`rk skrhùsiy bsrkbi, hn `fk rkbgs oy w`rj Nhdth`f-Ukbihty Kftbflikokft. Hfgkkg, ht wùigskko hf tmbt, Qbui Ikvhfs`f, Hsbbd Bsho`v, bfg Brtmur D. Dibrjk brk

kftbflikg whtm muobf gksthfy, hfs`nbr bs tmkhr nhdth`f hs bdtubiiy kvhgkfdkhf supp`rt `n tmk trbckdt`ry t`wbrgs mypkgrhvk, wmhdm hs nurtmkr supp`rtkgey tmk Tmkihbj ^krsh`f `n Wmk OdJkffb Whokwbvk, bfg tmk lìgkf rbth`d`fculbtk hn yù rkbg tmk Dmbptkr thtikg Nhdth`f-Ukbihty Kftbflikokft hfoy w`rj B Wm`rùlm Ghokfsh`fbi Bfbiyshs. Hf tmk sbok w`rj ht hs dikbrtmbt H wbs skt `f oy dùrsk `n ghsd`vkry ey Lypshks, kvkf bs nbr bs H mbvkdòk t` ekihkvk tmky brk w`rjhfl `f b pr`ckdt lkfkshs bfg tmbt tmky brk tmkrkbs`f H mbvk ekkf g`hfl tmk vkry sbok. \ùig ht ek t`` eìg t` sullkst,nrò kvkrytmhfl tmbt mbs ekkf sbhg mkrk, tmbt Bihkfs skft Lrkkdk hf tmkghrkdth`f `n mypkrspbdhbi trbvki, bfg tmbt tmky skft Hfghb `f b dùrsk n`rLbhb, `r b pr`ckdt lkfkshs, hf tmbt Lypshks brk nrò Hfghb0 H sby tmhs hf

d`ffkdth`f whtm tmk hgkb tmbt e`tm Bfdhkft Lrkkdk, bfg tmk ^kgbs `n Hfghbmbvk twkivk skbt pbftmk`fs `n Tuokrhbf `rhlhf. Ikt us tbjk b i``j bt tmbtmhst`ry bfg wmbt ht skkos t` hopiy, erhkniy.

Hbf Ekbrgsiky Obrdm 42, 5124

\k Brk Hf B Wmhrg Wrbfshth`f


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\k ghl up tmk Bssyrhbf ruhfs hf Oks`p`tbohb, bfg nhfg tmksk pk`pik mbg bfufgkriyhfl ibflublk ekfkbtm tmkhr `wf. T` wk ghl gkkpkr bfg nhfg WmkTuokrhbfs, wm`sk `rhlhfs brk ufjf`wf, eut tmbt hfvkftkg dhvhihzbth`f3tkxthiks, p`ttkry, blrhduiturk, wrhttkf ibflublk, o`fky, obtmkobthds,l`vkrfokft bfg hfsthtuth`fbihzkg rkihlh`f beùt 25,111 ykbrs bl`.

Wmk okdmbfhso `n tmk sprkbg `n tmkhr duiturk tmrùlm tmk w`rig hs3 WmkMhtthtks `n tmk wkstkrf thp `n Bshb sprkbg tmk pbftmk`f `n twkivk skbts n`rtmk L`gs kbst t` Hfghb (Wmk ^kgbs) bfg wkst t` Lrkkdk (@iyopus). Wmky g`tmhs vhb tmk M`rhtks, `r Murrhbfs, wm` wkrk `n Tuokrhbf duiturk bs tmkymbg b Jhflgò tmbt sprkbg nrò tmk wkstkrf e`rgkr `n Oks`p`tbohb t`Bfbtìhb, tmk Kbstkrf e`rgkr `n Wurjky.

Wmk w`rsmhp `n tmk nhrst L`g nrò wmhdm bii `tmkrs hf tmk w`rig wkrko`gkikg wbs fbokg Bf, `r Bfu. Mk bfg mhs whnk, Bftu, sbt up`f tmktmr`fks hf tmk mkbvkfs bfg wkrk Jhfl bfg Rukkf `n tmk L`gs. Hf wrhthfl

tmk ghvhfk fboks, tmk Tuokrhbfs put b stbr ekn`rk tmk ikttkrs spkiihfltmko.

Bfu bfg Bftu, bdd`rghfl t` bfdhkft Tuokrhbf Dufkhn`ro vhshtkg kbrtm bttmk tkopik hf [ruj. Wmky ghg f`t stby. Mk wm` stbykg wbs tmkhr s`f Kihi.Mk wbs d`fshgkrkg i`rg `n tmk ibfg, bfg lbvk tmk Tuokrhbfs tkdmfì`ly.Ibtkr, tmk Mkerkw L`g, Ki`mho, hs sbhg t` mbvk b whnk bs wkii. Mkr fbok hsBsmkrb. Wmky brk pbrbiikis t` Bfu bfg Bftu.

\k brk hftkrkstkg hf tmrkk trbfshth`fs. 511,111 ykbrs bl`, bfbtòhdbiiyo`gkrf muobfs, o`rk tmbf ihjkiy gksdkfgkg nrò Mò` Krkdtus, brk

dmhpphfl st`fks, bfg mufthfl. Bii `n tmk suggkf, 211,111 ykbrs bl` tmkybrk dmhpphfl st`fks hft` bitbrs bfg hfvkftkg smbobfhso. Wmk dbvkpbhfthfls hf Nrbfdk bfg Tpbhf sm`w m`w tmky mbvk f`w hfvkftkgTmbobfhso, tmk dbvk pbhfthfl gkphdthfl tmkhr cùrfky t` tmk sphrht w`rigtmrùlm tmkhr Tmbobf, wm` pkrmbps obgk tmk cùrfky whtm fbturbimbiiudhf`lkfhd. Wmksk mbiiudhf`lkfhd ohlmt mbvk ekkf tmk dbusk `n tmhstrbfshth`f t` pr`t`d`fsdhùsfkss.

Wmk fkxt trbfshth`f wk brk hftkrkstkg hf hs Tmbobfhsthd dmbflk`vkr nròw`rsmhphfl sphrhts t` skttihfl g`wf, g`hfl blrhduiturk bfg w`rsmhpphfl tmkL`gs hf tmk sjy, Bfu, bfg Bftu. Blbhf, beùt 25,111 ykbrs bl`.

\k oby ek kftkrhfl b trbfshth`f f`w, nrò w`rsmhpphfl l`gs hf tmk sjy, t`bebfg`fhfl L`g bfg ekdòhfl tmk stbrdmhig, b pk`pik bgbptkg t` ihvhfl hfspbdk, eky`fg Kbrtm. Wmhs skkos t` ek tmk okssblk `n Brtmur D. Dibrjk hfmhs Tpbdk @gyssky F`vkis. Wmhs dùig ek b sphrhtubi Cùrfky bs wkii. \kg`ft jf`w wmbt wk whii nhfg bo`fl tmk stbrs. Wmkrk oby ek b stkiibrs`dhkty birkbgy ùt tmkrk whtm wmhdm wk mbvk t` hftklrbtk.


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Hbf EkbrgsikyObrdm 22, 5124

Wmbt \mhdm H Mbg Kbrihkr \rhttkf

Dmbptkr 2


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Ht wbs bii vkry d`fnushfl bfg mk mbg cust stbrtkg rkbghfl Wmk Hihbg bfg nkitmk oby dmbflk mhs ohfg bntkr mk rkbg Wmk @gyssky. Wmbt wmhdm mk nkitrkbiiy fkkgkg t` ek g`fk wbs t` mbvk b sdmìbr hf Lrkkj bfg Uòbf mhst`rykvbiubtk tmk wmìk tmhfl. Mk mbg ykt t` ikbrf bfytmhfl beùt F`rskOytmì`ly t` bgg t` mhs prèiko.

Hbf EkbrgsikyTòkthok Hf 5125


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Tkt Wmk`ry 12

B skt hs b dìikdth`f `n vbiuks lrùpkg bdd`rghfl t` `fk hgkb. Wmbt hs tmkybii eki`fl t` tmk skt hn tmky mbvk sòktmhfl hf dòo`f. Ht hs oy m`pk tmbttmhs fkw skt whii rksuit hf

Wmk fkw skt hs, b pibfkt eki`fls t` tmk skt hn ht mbs tw` vbiuks tmk sbok hftkros `n ùr mòk pibfkt, Kbrtm. Mkrk hs wmbt H mbvk nùfg bi`fl tm`skihfks3

Cuphtkr3 Hts `rehtbi pkrh`g, `r ykbr, okbsurkg hf Kbrtm ykbrs, hs beùt tmksbok bs hts rbghus (ghstbfdk nrò hts dkftkr t` hts surnbdk) hn ht hs okbsurkghf kbrtm rbghh.

Okrdury3 Hts ghstbfdk nrò tmk suf (`rehtbi rbghus) hn okbsurkg hf tkros ntmk `rehtbi rbghus `n kbrtm, hs tmk sbok bs hts rbghus hn okbsurkg hf kbrtm

rbghh.

Obrs3 Wmùlm ht hs sobiikr tmbf tmk kbrtm ht sphfs si`wkr s` tmbt hts gby hstmk sbok gurbth`f bs tmbt `n tmk kbrtm. Ht mbs bf hfdihfbth`f t` hts reht tmksbok bs tmk kbrtm.

Fkptufk3 Wmùlm ht hs o`rk obsshvk tmbf tmk kbrtm, ht mbs tmk sboksurnbdk lrbvhty bs tmk kbrtm ekdbusk ht hs oudm ibrlkr. Ht mbs bf hfdihfbth`ft` hts `reht tmbt hs tmk sbok bs tmk kbrtm.


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Tkt Wmk`ry 15

Hf oy pbpkr Tkt Wmk`ry 12 H lrùp nùr pibfkts hft` `fk skt, Okrdury,Obrs, Fkptufk, bfg Cuphtkr gknhfhfl tmk skt bs b pibfkt eki`fls t` ht hn htmbs tw` dmbrbdtkrhsthds tmk sbok hf tkros `n ur mòk pibfkt Kbrtm. Wmbt

ikbvks tmrkk pibfkts utshgk `n tmk skt, ^kfus, Tbturf, bfg [rbfus. H nhfgtmky dòprhsk b skt bs wkii. Ht hs gknhfkg b pibfkt eki`fls t` tmk skt hn ht mbstmrkk dmbrbdtkrhsthds tmk sbok bs Kbrtm, `r bt ikbst `fk tmbt dòks hfskd`fg pibdk t` tm`sk hf Tkt 12 `r thks whtm `fk hf Tkt 12.

\mkf H sby dmbrbdtkrhsthd, H okbf pmyshdbi dmbrbdtkrhsthd bs tmky kxhst hftmk nhkig `n pmyshds, ihjk obss, shzk, `rehtbi pkrh`g, r`tbth`fbi vki`dhty, bfgs` n`rtm. F`t dmbrbdtkrhsthds sudm bs shohibr dòp`fkfts t` tmk dmkohdbidòp`shth`f `n tmkhr bto`spmkrks3 tmbt wùig ek tmk rkbio `n dmkohstry.

Wmk Dmbrbdtkrhsthds n`r tmhs Tkt 15 brk3

^kfus3 Ht mbs b shzk di`sk t` tmbt `n tmk Kbrtm. Hts rbghus hs 1.878 Kbrtmrbghh. Ht mbs b obss di`sk t` tmbt `n tmk Kbrtm (1.=2;1 tmbt `n tmk Kbrtm).Bfg, b surnbdk lrbvhty di`sk t` tmbt `n tmk Kbrtm (1.=


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257

Ukskbrdm @n Hsmtbr Mbs Ekst Q`ssheik Uksuit

\k mbvk dkftkrkg `f Hsmtbr ekdbusk smk wbs tmk diuk wk wkrk ikbg t`pursuhfl. Tmk hs rkprkskftkg ey tmk pibfkt ^kfus (hop`rtbft) bfg wbsjf`wf bs ^kfus t` tmk U`obfs, bs Bpmr`ghtk t` tmk Bfdhkft Lrkkjs, bfg

Bstbrtk t` tmk Mkerkws. Wmk Tuokrhbfs mbg fuoekrs t` rbfj tmk L`gs bfg;1 wbs tmk mhlmkst. Fbturbiiy tmbt wbs bsshlfkg t` Bfu. Hftkrksthfliy,Hsmtbr wbs lhvkf tmk fuoekr 2; ey tmk Tuokrhbfs. Wmhs hs l``g ekdbusk 2;hs `fk `n tmk tmrkk fuoekrs hf oy D`so`i`ly tmbt wbs lhvkf t` us ey tmkLypsy Tmbobf Obfuki. H mbg wrhttkf3

Wmk Hop`rtbfdk @n


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Wmk Okbfhfl @n Wmk Qibfkts

\k mbvk obgk tw` skts ùt `n tmk pibfkts ebskg `f tmkhr pmyshdbidmbrbdtkrhsthds. Wmky brk3

Tkt 12 ? (Okrdury, Obrs, Cuphtkr, Fkptufk)Tkt 15 ? (^kfus, Tbturf, [rbfus)

M`w wk brrhvkg bt tmko brk hf tmk dmbptkrs Tkt Wmk`ry 12 bfg Tkt Wmk`ry15. Wmhs hs kvhgkfdk hf supp`rt `n tmk hgkb tmbt Fkptufk rkprkskftsmypkrspbthbi trbvki (Fkptufk hs Tkb L`g bfg mypkrspbdhbi trbvki hs sktthflsbhi up`f tmk d`sohd `dkbf), tmbt ht p`hfts t` Cuphtkr (Cuphtkrs hs tmknbtmkr `n Bpìi` bfg Wmk Bpìi` Ohssh`fs wkrk tmk nhrst ohssh`fs t` WmkO``f), bfg hf tmbt Obrs pròhsks t` ek Fkw Kbrtm.

Nurtmkr, ht hs kvhgkfdk hf supp`rt `n tmk hgkb tmbt [rbfus rkprkskfts

objhfl tmk Kbrtm hft` bf Bsho`vhbf `r I`vki`djhbf Lbhb, tmbt hs b Qr`ckdtLkfkshs ekdbusk ht hs Lk`kflhfkkrhfl bfg [rbfus wbs tmk s`f bfg musebfg`n Lbhb, tmk drkbt`r `n Kbrtm. Bfg, nurtmkr hf tmbt ^kfus hs b nbhikg Kbrtm,bfg mbs ekkf `n lrkbt hftkrkst t` l`vkrfokfts t` stugy m`w pibfkts dbf ekobgk t` suddkkg bs nbr bs ekhfl mbehtbeik. \k wùig sby hfs`nbr bsFktpufk p`hfts t` Cuphtkr, tmbt [rbfus p`hfts t` Tbturf.


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25>

Ukskbrdm @n Hsmtbr Mbs Ekst Q`ssheik Uksuit

\k mbvk dkftkrkg `f Hsmtbr ekdbusk smk wbs tmk diuk wk wkrk ikbg t`pursuhfl. Tmk hs rkprkskftkg ey tmk pibfkt ^kfus (hop`rtbft) bfg wbsjf`wf bs ^kfus t` tmk Uòbfs, bs Bpmr`ghtk t` tmk Bfdhkft Lrkkjs, bfg

Bstbrtk t` tmk Mkerkws. Wmk Tuokrhbfs mbg fuoekrs t` rbfj tmk L`gs bfg;1 wbs tmk mhlmkst. Fbturbiiy tmbt wbs bsshlfkg t` Bfu. Hftkrksthfliy,Hsmtbr wbs lhvkf tmk fuoekr 2; ey tmk Tuokrhbfs. Wmhs hs l``g ekdbusk 2;hs `fk `n tmk tmrkk fuoekrs hf oy D`soì`ly tmbt wbs lhvkf t` us ey tmkLypsy Tmbobf Obfuki.

Hsmtbr Bfg Mkr Ubfjhfl

Ht hs bppr`prhbtk tmbt Hsmtbr (^kfus) wbs rbfjkg 2; ey tmk Tuokrhbfshfs`nbr bs smk wbs tmk pbtr`fkss `n Fhfkvkm, bfg tmk Fhfkvkm D`fstbft wbsnùfg hf Fhfkvkm ekdbusk 2; hs ihjk b Fhfkvkm D`fstbft n`r ghokfsh`fbi

bfbiyshs. Wmk Fhfkvkm D`fstbft hs ihjk b dòo`f gkfòhfbt`r n`r pkrh`gsbfg dydiks hf tmk sìbr systko.

Hbf EkbrgsikyBprhi 5, 5124


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25 b wmìk fuoekr `n thoks. Wmksuo `n tmksk fuoekrs hs 2>, wmhdm hs lrkbtkr tmbf 25. Obrs hs tmk nùrtmpibfkt ùt nrò tmk suf. Wwkivk ghvhgkg ey nùr hs tmrkk, bfg tmk kbrtm hstmk tmhrg pibfkt ùt nrò tmk suf. Wmus `fdk blbhf tmk kbrtm bfg Obrs brkdùpikg.

H dbf dùpik tmko blbhf. Kikokfts brk btòs, bfg tmk fuoekrs `n

pbrthdiks tmbt d`fsthtutk tmko gktkrohfk tmk kikokft, bfg hts rkibthvkobss, `r oìbr obss bs ht hs dbiikg. Wmk bto`spmkrk `n Obrs hs o`stiyD@5, beùt 8; pkrdkft. Wmk kbrtm bto`spmkrk hs o`rk tmbf 81 pkrdkft`xylkf bfg fhtr`lkf. H dbiduibtk D@5 t` mbvk b oìbr obss `n 77.12 bfgkbrtm bhr t` mbvk b oìbr obss `n 5=.;. Wmk Obrs `rehtbi ghstbfdkdòpbrkg t` tmk kbrtm `rehtbi ghstbfdk hs beùt 2.;. Wmk oìbr obss `n D@5dòpbrkg t` tmk oìbr obss `n bhr hs beùt 2.;. Wmbt hs tmk obrs-sufghstbfdk hs t` tmk kbrtm-suf ghstbfdk bs Obrthbf bhr hs t` kbrtm bhr.

Ht l`ks nurtmkr tmbf tmbt. Hn tmk kbrtm surnbdk lrbvhty hs 2, tmbt `n Obrs hs1.4=1. Wmbt hs b rbth` `n 5.>4. Wmk oìbr obss `n `xylkf lbs (@5) wmbt wk

erkbtm, hs 45.11. Wmk oìbr obss `n dbre`f, tmk ebshs `n ihnk bs wk jf`w ht,hs 25.12. Wmbt hs b rbth` `n 5.>>. Wmbt sbys ht tbjks beùt tmk sbok kfkrly tìhnt b oìk `n dbre`f `f kbrtm, bs ht g`ks t` ihnt b oìk `n `xylkf (@5) `fobrs tmk sbok ghstbfdk.Kbrtm bfg Obrs brk ykt nurtmkr dùpikg3

Wmk kbrtm bto`spmkrk wbs `fdk o`stiy dbre`f gh`xhgk (D@5) ihjk tmkobrs bto`spmkrk hs t`gby, ufthi pibft ihnk dbok bi`fl bfg stbrtkg


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d`fvkrthfl tmk dbre`f gh`xhgk hft` `xylkf, ushfl ihlmt nrò tmk suf bfg hftmk pr`dkss objhfl tmk o`st nufgbokftbi sulbr, liud`sk (wmhdm hs bt tmke`ttò `n tmk n``g dmbhf). B pr`dkss dbiikg pm`t`syftmkshs.Liud`sk hs D>M25@>. H dbiduibtk liud`sk mbs b oìbr obss `n 2=1.2> bfgwbtkr, wmhdm d`vkrs o`st `n tmk surnbdk `n tmk kbrtm, dmkohdbi n`rouib

M5@, H dbiduibtk mbs b oìbr obss `n 2=.12>.

2=1.2> ghvhgkg ey 2=.12> hs beùt 21 bfg tmk kbrtm hs beùt 21 thoks bsobsshvk bs obrs. Wmbt hs, liud`sk hs t` wbtkr bs tmk kbrtm obss hs t` tmkobss `n obrs.

Xù brk prèbeiy w`fgkrhfl wmy H bo s` bobzkg tmbt Obrs bfg kbrtm brks` dùpikg kophrhdbiiy. \kii tmk pibfkt Okrdury hs t`` m`t t` supp`rtmuobf ihnk ekdbusk ht hs s` di`sk t` tmk suf, ^kfus mbs tmk sbok prèiko.Eut tmk kbrtm hs tmk fkxt pibfkt ùt bfg tmk rhlmt ghstbfdk nrò tmk suf tèk f`t t`` wbro t` supp`rt ihnk.PWmk fkxt pibfkt bntkr tmk kbrtm hs Obrs,

bfg ht oby ek dìg, eut f`t t`` dìg t` dì`fhzk, `r kvkf `fk gby tkrrbn`ro(objk mbehtbeik n`r muobfs). Wmk fkxt pibfkt bntkr Obrs hs Cuphtkr, f`tcust t`` dìg, eut o`stiy lbs, s` tmkrk hs f`tmhfl sìhg t` stbfg `f. Wmk fkxtpibfkt, Tbturf, kvkf dìgkr bfg o`stiy lbskùs bs wkii. Wmk trkfgd`fthfuks `f t` Fkptufk bfg [rbfus. Qiut` hs cust tmhs dìg ihttik gwbrnpibfkt, wm`sk tmhf bto`spmkrk dìibpsks wmkf ht hs nurtmkr nrò tmk suf.Xù skk tmkf wmy H bo s` bobzkg Obrs bfg kbrtm brk dùpikg ey tmkskfuoekrs, tmky bdtubiiy mbvk `fk tmhfl hf dòo`f, sìhg pibfkts, f`tdihobthdbiiy t`` m`t n`r muobfs, `r t`` dìg.

Wmksk fuoekrs tmbt dùpik Obrs whtm kbrtm, skko t` sby tmk pibfkt hs

tmkrk bs b stkpphfl st`fk t` tmk stbrs, tmbt ht hs thok t` wbgk ùt hft` tmkd`sohd `dkbf, t` usk tmk oktbpm`r `n Dbri Tblbf, `r shfj. Wmbt hs, n`r sòkrkbs`f wk mbvk wmbt wk fkkg, eut b dmbiikflk mbs ekkf put t` us. \k mbvkt` `vkrdòk ùr prèikos, ihjk spkfghfl o`fky bfg rksùrdks `f wbrhfstkbg `n spbdk kxpi`rbth`f. Tpbdk kxpi`rbth`f dbf sìvk tmk kd`fòhddrhshs. Dì`fhzhfl Obrs wùig lkfkrbtk b obsshvk hfgustry tmbt wùigdrkbtk w`rj mkrk `f kbrtm hf kvkry skdt`r, n`r kvkry`fk, bfg, ht wùig bii ekpbhg n`r ey tmk rksùrdks tmbt brk ùt tmkrk hf tmk sìbr systko. Bs Dbebisbys t` Qbssw`rtmy hf Wmhfls t` dòk ey M.L. \kiis3

Bfg hn wkrk f` o`rk tmbf bfhobis, wk oust sfbtdm kbdm ihttik sdrbp `n

mbpphfkss, bfg ihvk, bfg sunnkr, bfg pbss, obttkrhfl f` o`rk tmbf bii tmk`tmkr bfhobis g` `r mbvk g`fk. Ht hs tmhs, `r tmbt. Bii tmk ufhvkrsk `rf`tmhfl. \mhdm smbii ht ek Qbssw`rtmy0 \mhdm smbii ht ek0

H ekihkvk wk brk bt tmbt thok hf mhst`ry, bfg tmk Fbf`NKW obrjs ht. ErhbfLhidmrhst hs w`rjhfl `f tmk Fbf`NKW hgkb. Nhkig Knnkdt Wrbfshst`rs brk uskgt` dmbrlk ihlmt fbf`pbrthdiks, s` tmky dbf ek kckdtkg ùt tmk ebdj kfg `n bsmhp whtm b skrhks `n oblfkthd nhkigs obgk ey stbdjs `n ohdr`dmhp


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dòp`fkfts, oudm tmk sbok wby dmbrlkg pbrthdiks brk bddkikrbtkg eykikdtròblfkts hf b pbrthdik bddkikrbt`r. Wmk fbf`NKW smhp dbf rkbdm 81%tmk spkkg `n ihlmt, tmk`rkthdbiiy, hn euhit ihlmt bfg ùtshgk tmk kbrtmslrbvhty. @n dùrsk tmk smhp hs b stbrsmhp tmbt wùig tbjk o`rk tmbf nùrykbrs t` rkbdm tmk fkbrkst stbr, eut uskg t` l` t` obrs ohlmt `fiy tbjk b

dùpik mùrs `r s`.


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Lkftikokf, nurtmkr, Obrs hs Fkw Kbrtm. H mbvk g`fk tmhs3

\k jf`w tmbt 8/; `ddurs hf obfy oystkrhùs wbys hf fbturk, hfdiughflTbturfs ghstbfdk nrò tmk suf `n 8 (di`skst bppr`bdm) putthfl Cuphtkrs btnhvk (di`skst bppr`bdm), bfg tmk kbrtm bt `fk. Ikt us d`fshgkr b ebibfdk. Hn

tw` wkhlmts `n kqubi obss brk pibdkg `f `pp`shtk kfgs `n b ebibfdk, tmkf tèk ebibfdkg tmk nuidruo oust ek pibdkg bt tmk dkftkr. Eut hn `fk obss hshfdrkbskg, tmkf tmk nuidruo whii mbvk t` ek o`vkg di`skr t` tmk mkbvhkr kfghn tmk ebibfdk hs f`t t` thp. Wmhs hs tmk Ibw `n Ikvkrs. Ht stbtks tmbt tmkobssks brk hfvkrskiy pr`p`rth`f t` tmkhr ghstbfdks nrò tmk nuidruo. W`wrhtk ht obtmkobthdbiiy,

O2/O5?I5/I2

@r, kquhvbikftiy

(O2)(I2)?(O5)(I5)

Hn wk d`fshgkr tmk thok wmkf Tbturf bfg Cuphtkr, tmk tw` o`st obsshvke`ghks hf tmk sìbr systko brk hf `pp`shth`f, tmbt hs wmkf tmky brk `f`pp`shtk shgks `n tmk suf bfg nbdhfl `fk bf`tmkr, tmkf ey tmk be`vkhfn`robth`f tmky brk skpbrbtkg ey 27 ufhts. Cuphtkr hs 4.47 thoks bsobsshvk bs Tbturf. Ey ùr ibw `n ikvkrs be`vk, tmbt okbfs

I2/I5?4.47

I2+I5?27

Wmus

7.47I5?27 bfg

I5?4.55;=

27-4.55?21.


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Wmk Lkfkshs Myp`tmkshs

Ht hs oy lukss tmbt Wmk Lkfkshs Qr`ckdt objhfl b ihnk sustbhfhfl pibfkt wùig ek bttbhfbeik ey ushfl b pibfkt hf `reht brùfg b stbr `n b iuohf`shtytmbt hs besìutk oblfhtugk zkr` bt b ghstbfdk nrò ht tmbt hs tmk sbok bs tmk

ghstbfdk ektwkkf tmk pibfkt Tbturf bfg tmk Tuf. H dbii tmhs Wmk LkfkshsMyp`tmkshs.

Wmk mhfts mhggkf hf Fbturk tmbt ikbgs ok t` tmhs lukss brk3

2.

Wmk kfkrly rkquhrkg t` o`vk tmk kbrtm nrò tmk suf t` hts `reht `n`fk bstr`fòhdbi ufht hs beùt 87.5 sìbr iuohf`shthks rbghbtkg `vkrb ykbr, b fuoekr di`sk t` tmk fuoekr `n fbturbiiy `ddurrhflkikokfts, wmhdm brk 85. 85 sìbr iuohf`shthks brk di`sk t` tmkiuohf`shty `n bf besìutk oblfhtugk zkr` stbr. Wmkrk brk prkdhskiy=;.;5;. Hn wk bvkrblk tmhs whtm 211 sìbr iuohf`shthks wk mbvk

85.5; sìbr iuohf`shthks, vkry di`sk t` tmk fuoekr `n fbturbiiy`ddurrhfl kikokfts.5.

Tbturf mbs tmk o`st pròhfkft rhfl systko hf tmk sìbr systko. Ht hsbeùt 21 thoks nurtmkr nrò tmk suf tmbf tmk Kbrtm hs nrò tmk suf,bfg hn bf besìutk oblfhtugk zkr` stbr hs beùt 211 sìbriuohf`shthks, ey tmk hfvkrsk squbrk ibw tmk mbehtbeik z`fk `n bfbesìutk oblfhtugk zkr` stbr hs tmk sbok ghstbfdk nrò tmbt stbr bsTbturf hs nrò tmk Tuf.

4.

H nùfg besìutk oblfhtugk zkr` stbrs mbvk b d`ffkdth`f whtm bfkfhlobthd `ddurrkfdk `n 4.< hf tmk [fhvkrsk.

D`fdkrthfl fuoekr 4, tmk ibttkr p`hft, H mbg wrhttkf beùt tmrùlm oydmbrbdtkr Ik`fbrg hf Wmk Tkdrkt @n Fkptufk3

Ik`fbrg rknkrrkg t` mhs pkrh`ghd tbeik `n tmk kikokft

Seti: Another Signal In Sagittarius

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