Theoryof

Sets

Presenter

Md. Akter Nashid Rajin

Table of Contents A set Characteristics of a set Elements of Sets Method of set Types of set Operations on sets Some laws of set theory Let’s exercise Question & Answer

A SetA set is a collection of well – defined and well – distinguished objects.

For Example:1. The vowels in English alphabets2. The integers from 1 – 100

Characteristics of a setThe basic characteristics of a set is:

1. It should be well – defined.

2. Its objects or element should be well distinguished.

Elements & Symbols of a setElements of a set:A,B,C,X,Y,Za,b,c,x,y,z

Symbols of Set Theory:

Method of sets

There are two method of set: Tabular Method -  Elements are listed and then putting braces

{ }. For example: A is a set of vowels : A={a, e, i, o, u}

Method of sets

Selector Method - Elements are not listed but are indicate by description of their characteristics. For example:

A = {x | x is a vowel in English alphabet}

Types of set Finite Set - A set can be counted by a finite number of elements.

A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Infinite Set- Aset cannot be counted in a finite number.

A = {1, 2, 3…. …}

Singleton set– A set contain only one element.

A = {a}

Empty, Null Set - Any set which has no element. This sets are denote by {} / .

Types of set Equal Set – The elements of both are equal.

Equivalent Sets If the elements of one set can be, put into one to one correspondence with the elements of another set, then the two sets are called equivalent sets The symbol used to denote this set is [ ].

Subsets– If every elements of set A is also an element of a set B then set A is called subset of B “A is a subset of B” (A B).

Here B is super set &A is Subset

Types of setUniversal Set – A set which contains all objects, including itself. This set is denote by “U”

Operations on sets Intersection of sets ( )

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set that contains all elements of A that also belong to B , but no other elements.

The intersection of two sets A and B  is denoted as (A B) which is read a “A cap B” or “A intersection B ”

In other words,

 

x A B

or, x A and x B

Operations on sets Intersection of sets ( )

Example: if A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B = {2, 4, 5, 6}then A =?

A =

= {2, 3}

Ans: A = {2, 3}

Solve that,

Operations on setsUnion of sets ( )

The union of two or more set will be the set that consists all elements that belong to the individuals set.

Example: If A = {1, 2, 3,}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5}, Then A B =?

A B = {1, 2, 3} {2, 3, 4, 5} ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Ans: A B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Prove that,

Some Laws of set theory

When A and B are mutually non-exclusive sets:

When A, B, are mutually non-exclusive sets:

Some Laws of set theory

Let’s Exercise Prove that,

In a class of 100 students, 50 use college book, 40 use own books, 30 use borrowed books, 20 use both college and their own books, 15 use both own and borrowed books, 10 use both college and borrowed books.

(1) Find the number of student using all these three.

(2) If the number of student using no books at all is 10 and the number of student using all the three book is 20. Show that the information is incorrect.

ThankYou