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FRIDAY MORNING PAPER SESSION

RESEARCH IN THE SERVICE OF REPATRIATION Organizer: T.J. Ferguson (Anthropological Research, LLC) Discussant: Matthew Garza (Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community) Discussant: Chip Colwell (Denver Museum of Nature and Science) The passage of the National Museum of the American Indian Act of 1989, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, and various State Burial Laws have led to more, not less, archaeological and ethnographic research. The intentional excavation of human remains after 1990, and the repatriation of human remains and NAGPRA items in museum collections, requires anthropological research to determine cultural affiliation and evaluate tribal claims. Over the last 25 years, the research undertaken in the service of repatriation has produced new theoretical perspectives on the transmission of social identity and cultural property over time and space. It has also altered the practice of archaeology and ethnography, and led to increased collaboration with the descendants of the past groups we study. This symposium highlights repatriation research to illustrate how these trends have had a positive impact on our discipline. Paper Abstracts

Modeling Cultural Interactions and Expanding Traditional Histories: Research and NAGPRA Compliance on the Coconino National Forest. Kimberly Spurr (Museum of Northern Arizona), Peter J. Pilles (Coconino National Forest), and Leigh J. Kuwanwisiwma (Hopi Cultural Preservation Office) Compliance with NAGPRA by the Coconino National Forest provided an opportunity to explore cultural and genetic relationships among ancient and modern peoples in central and northern Arizona. The decade-long project to repatriate human remains and funerary objects involved 12 institutions and several dozen researchers, ultimately generating thousands of data records that provide a post-repatriation archive. By allowing documentation of the human remains and associated objects, descendant groups gained insights into the physical lives of ancestors and their interactions with surrounding culture groups. Information gained from this and other NAGPRA-related projects has the potential to support and expand traditional oral histories, providing a communication bridge between archaeologists and tribal groups.

Reassessing the Burial Assemblages of Nuvakwewtaqa, Chavez Pass, Arizona. Arleyn W. Simon, Christopher Caseldine, Sarah Striker, Christopher Grivas, and Neysa Grider-Potter (Arizona State University) The burial collections from Chavez Pass Ruin (Nuvakwewtaqa) were reassessed during a recently completed Forest Service sponsored NAGPRA Documentation Project. This cluster of three large pueblos, inhabited during the 13th – 15th centuries, is situated in northern Arizona along a prehistoric trade route that connected the pueblos of Hopi and Zuni to other settlements in the Verde Valley. The site had suffered from decades of looting prior to intervention by the Coconino National Forest and salvage surface collections and excavations by ASU archaeologists (1976-1982). The subsequent NAGPRA inventory listed this as one of the largest collections of human remains (MNI) reported in the Southwest. The recent NAPGRA Documentation Project provided the opportunity to reassess the burial

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assemblages, including human remains and associated funerary objects. We applied novel approaches to examine the original project, to re-examine contexts, and to document the collection. New insights were gained into the people and material culture of Nuvakwewtaqa, which demonstrate extensive regional ties during a time of dynamic changes on the Colorado Plateau.

Identity and Cultural Affinity in the Alameda-Stone Cemetery: Bioarchaeological, Contextual, and Archival Evidence. Michael Heilen and Teresita Majewski (Statistical Research, Inc.) The Alameda-Stone cemetery in downtown Tucson, Arizona, was used from the early 1860s until 1881 before it was closed by the city and repurposed for urban development. The cemetery originally contained the burials of 1,800–2,100 individuals from multiple religious and cultural backgrounds, including Hispanics, non-Hispanic Euroamericans, Native Americans, African Americans, and individuals buried by the U.S. Military. The cemetery was excavated in 2006–2008 to make way for a court complex, resulting in the largest and most complex historical-period cemetery excavation conducted in North America. Conducted under Arizona State law, the project completely recovered all human remains from within the 4.3-acre project area. The cultural affinity of the remains of 1,386 individuals was assessed to the finest level possible based on the evaluation of multiple lines of biological, contextual, and archival evidence. This research provided significant insight into the burial practices, health status, diet, medical treatment, mortality, and life experience of 19th-century Tucsonans during a time of major political, demographic, technological, and economic change. The project was also a model for comprehensive engagement of the community from beginning to end.

Repatriation and the Evolution of Osteological Practice. John McClelland (Arizona State Museum) Repatriation legislation has had a broad impact on the practice of osteology in the United States. Rather than calling a halt to the scientific investigation of human remains, the requirement to produce inventories led to increased documentation and stimulated the development of professional recording standards. But the greatest impact has been due to the shifting context in which the work takes place. Previously, osteologists regarded human remains as objects of academic investigation. In the context of repatriation, osteologists are more inclined to regard human remains as ancestors and to view their work as providing information useful to descendant communities. Biological information is one of the categories of evidence recognized in NAGPRA for the determination of cultural affiliation and tribal representatives have recognized the potential value of this type of research. Biological distance studies have the potential to inform these decisions, but there are many challenges in operationalizing this approach with ancient ancestral remains. Nevertheless, this area of research can lead to closer collaboration between osteological practitioners and indigenous communities.

Bioarchaeological Research Resulting from NAGPRA Compliance Efforts. Debra L. Martin (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) The analysis of human remains in the American Southwest was problematic and fraught long before NAGPRA legislation was passed. Historically, typological approaches and racist ideologies permeated scientific osteology, and remains were largely disconnected from their ancestral context and their descendant communities. While the discipline of biological anthropology was moving away from typology in the 1980s, NAGPRA law propelled work with human remains into dramatic new directions. It led to increasingly systematic inventory and data collection, and subsequent analyses brought in more innovative methodologies and applied social theory in the interpretations. Richly contextualized and

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connected to historic and contemporary descendants using ethnographic data, studies conducted on burials during the repatriation effort have resulted in some of the most sophisticated work ever done in Southwest bioarchaeology. Examples of several of these NAGPRA-inspired studies are presented.

An Apache Repatriation Request: Working with Native Communities to Better Understand Published and Unpublished Documentary Source. Cécile R. Ganteaume (National Museum of the American Indian) and Vernelda Grant (San Carlos Apache NAGPRA) In 1995, The San Carlos Apache Tribe, The Tonto Apache Tribe, The White Mountain Apache Tribe, and The Yavapai-Apache Tribe constituted The Western Apache NAGPRA Working Group. Its members were those four Arizona tribes’ NAGPRA representatives. Each representative was appointed to the group by his or her tribal chairperson or council, and each member’s participation in the Working Group was supported through tribal resolutions. Members of the Working Group consult regularly with core cultural advisory groups made up of traditional cultural authorities and, as necessary, with individual traditional cultural authorities outside of their core advisory groups. The Working Group formally petitioned a number of museums for the repatriation of specific sacred objects in their collections. At the time the Working Group submitted their repatriation claim to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), the Working Group also submitted a claim for the same class of objects with the same level of information to the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History (SI-NMNH). The SI-NMNH has denied this claim, even after a hearing and a unanimous decision by the Smithsonian repatriation Review Committee to honor this claim. The SI-NMNH has also denied a Working Group request to appeal their decision, and the matter remains in dispute to this day. This paper deals with the research and methodology employed by the NMAI in making its recommendations to its board concerning The Western Apache NAGPRA Working Group’s repatriation request, made to the NMAI on January 9, 2004.

FRIDAY AFTERNOON PAPER SESSION NAVIGATING THE LANDSCAPE: NAVAJO AND APACHE IDENTITIES BEYOND ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH Organizer: Kerry F. Thompson (Northern Arizona University) In the study of Navajo and Apache identities, the emphasis on ethnogenesis, or the emergence of Diné, N’de, Inde, and Tinde has typically begun with Athapaskan migrations and followed a path through acclimation and acculturation to the American Southwest as both a geographic zone and distinct cultural region. What is not fully incorporated into the story of Navajo and Apache identities are Navajo and Apache histories themselves. Although recent research is attempting to address this inequity, the body of literature as a whole has significant impacts on how anthropologists conceive of and portray the people themselves, which in turn affect popular understanding of Navajo and Apache culture. Where identities matter most for Native peoples is often in legal decisions and what is often presented, and accepted as “true,” are the anthropological identities decided upon decades ago that have undergone little, if any substantial revision. This session looks at different facets of the anthropological identities of Navajo and Apache people and the ways in which these identities matter outside of academia.

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Paper Abstracts Navajo Traditional Concepts of Identity. Raymond D. Austin (James E. Rogers College of Law, University of Arizona) The racial identities of the criminal defendant and the victim are prime factors in determining whether a federal court or state court has jurisdiction to prosecute a defendant for commission of a crime on an Indian reservation. The federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has recently issued an opinion setting forth a test to determine whether a person is American Indian or not for purposes of federal district court criminal jurisdiction. The Ninth Circuit’s test to determine whether a person is American Indian or not for purposes of federal district court criminal jurisdiction has developed independently of traditional American Indian (including Navajo) perspectives of their own identities. This session will talk about traditional Navajo concepts of identity as found in the Navajo Creation Scripture and Journey Narratives and contrast them with the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals’ perspective as found in its case law.

Popular Culture and Media Stereotypes of Apache Women: Contested Identity in a Modern World. Sharon K. Moses (Northern Arizona University) Apache women continue to suffer from the stereotypes and cultural identities as they have been depicted in popular culture and media. While there have been publications regarding the lives of Apache women, many of these draw upon historical and ethnographic accounts of times past. Contemporary issues and concerns are minimally addressed, if at all. A recent example of the disrespect to Apache women’s identity is the controversial Adam Sandler film, “Ridiculous Six.” When his objections to racist, misogynistic dialog and depictions of Apache women were ignored, their Apache cultural advisor walked off the set. This presentation will discuss the persistence of negative constructions of Apache identity and its consequences.

Gobernador Polychrome Pottery as as Part of a Post Pueblo Revolt Community of Practice. Timothy D. Wilcox (Stanford University)

The notion of Navajos and other Apachean groups as late arrivals into the Southwest, coupled with dendritic classifications of ethnicity, directly contradicts what Navajo people learn from oral traditions. There is a contradiction in the ways movement through time and space are conceptualized and in the way Navajo people trace their own personal origins. Some clan histories speak of origins from the Pueblos of Jemez, Zia, Zuni, Ohkay Owingeh, and others. Prior to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, painted pottery trade wares from these regions were common in Dinetah, the Navajo homeland, centered in the Gobernador and Largo drainages of northwest New Mexico. Immediately after the Pueblo Revolt, Navajos began to produce a painted ceramic called Gobernador Polychrome that was stylistically related to Tewa Polychromes. The same style appears in other places in the Rio Grande Valley and the Hopi Mesas. This little discussed fact is important because the revolt leader P’opay, a Tewa shaman, called for a return to a Tewa influenced pre-Spanish social order. How did the practices associated with this polychrome ceramic production resonate with the Navajo identities that were being created in this tumultuous time in southwest history? The social and political identities subsumed in the practice of Gobernador Polychrome production show us an important and tangible participation in the social landscape of the southwest during this watershed moment. A participation that has been reduced to Athabaskan groups wandering into the Southwest immediately prior to Spanish contact by academic research, and perpetuated by popular narratives.

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Ndee Identity: Indivisibility of Land and Mind. Nicholas C. Laluk (White Mountain Apache Tribe)

Ndee (Apache) landscape knowledge and association to place and the environment are defined by an inherent and long established connection to topographical features throughout the Southwest U.S. These connections continue to define contemporary existence and act upon Ndee individuals in many ways including long-established Ndee identity. However, continued diminishment and curtailment of Ndee communities from traditional homelands and associated environments in various forms have devastating and lasting effects on Ndee communities. Ranging from continued misrepresentation and non-Ndee interpretation of Ndee pasts and present to community level realities of language loss and substance abuse these issues are constantly adversely impacting Ndee communities.

However, better understandings of the Ndee past can be highlighted by understanding Ndee landscape associations and ongoing importance of place. Through the application of the Ndee concept of “Ni”—the inseparable connection between the land and mind (Welch and Riley 2001)—continued connections and importance of the land base can be highlighted and move beyond understandings of the Ndee past through anthropological-archaeological research alone. Utilizing the Ndee concept of Ni and interpretations Ndee cultural experts can provide unique glimpses into Ndee ties to their former homelands that are crucial for contemporary archaeological-anthropological research projects associated with Ndee place-based reasoning and identities. Therefore, this paper suggests that Ndee rationalizations and landscape perceptions are crucial to maintaining tribally-defined Ndee identity, Ndee cultural surviva,l and how continued misrepresentation and misinterpretation of Ndee cultural and history is having detrimental effects to Ndee communities.

FRIDAY ORGANIZED POSTER SESSIONS

ENGAGED ARCHAEOLOGY AND DESCENDANT COMMUNITIES Organizers: Kari Schleher and Susan Ryan (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center) Modern-day engaged archaeology is increasingly conducted with or by descendant groups and communities whose ancestors make up the archaeological record of the southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico. The posters in this session focus on research by and with tribal members from seven descendant communities across Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. The authors contributing to these posters provide a multifaceted description of a particular research project and, in doing so, demonstrate how group and community engagement shapes and benefits archaeological practice. Posters highlight collaborations between archaeologists and Tribal Historic Preservation Offices, non-profit organizations, tribal governments, and cultural resource management companies, all of which are working together to create a richer understanding of the past by including multi-vocal research designs, diverse perspectives on the past, and interpretations of the archaeological record that integrate traditional perspectives with Western scientific methods. Poster Abstracts

Archaeology on the Desert River: Cultural Resource Management on the Gila River Indian Community. Frances M. Landreth, M. Kyle Woodson, Emery F. Manuel, and Letricia Brown (Gila River Indian Community-Cultural Resource Management Program)

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The Gila River Indian Community (GRIC), home of the Akimel O’odham and Pee Posh tribes, is situated in south-central Arizona. Increasing levels of development on the Community and a desire to oversee Cultural and Heritage Resource planning within the Community prompted the GRIC to establish a Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) as well as a Cultural Resource Management Program (CRMP). For more than twenty years the CRMP staff has been comprised of a blend of Native and non-Native archaeologists in field, lab, and administrative positions. This collaboration between Community members and non-Community members has allowed for a richer, more comprehensive understanding of the abundant cultural resources located on the GRIC. The development of CRMP has also led to the ability to offer specialized services to other agencies outside of the Community across the state and across the country, making the program unique among tribal archaeology departments.

Collaboration Rather Than Competition: Integrating Ethnography, Traditional History, and Archaeology for the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project, Northwest New Mexico. Jason Chuipka and Dennis Gilpin (Paleowest) The Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project (NGWSP) is a Bureau of Reclamation infrastructure project that is a major component of the Navajo Nation San Juan River Basin Water Rights Settlement in New Mexico. The project brackets the San Juan Basin and is primarily on Navajo Nation lands. A primary research theme of the project is indigenous perspectives and Native American participation. To this end, PaleoWest has conducted extensive ethnographic studies including archival research, interviews with local people, and consultation with knowledgeable individuals such as the traditional practitioners. This poster examines the process by which archaeological data sets and traditional Navajo knowledge were merged for the NGWSP cultural resource inventory. Collaboration, rather than competition, between archaeologists and ethnographers has resulted in a more nuanced understanding of the cultural landscape of the project area.

Doing Archaeology the Navajo Way: Engaging Communities to Protect and Manage the Cultural Landscape. Ora Marek-Martinez, Lukai Nez, Antoinette Kurley-Begay, and William Tsosie (Navajo Nation Archaeology Department)

Wetis Orapugat Navachukwak (“Reconnecting Our Past”): Large-site Mapping and Preservation on Ute Mountain Ute Lands. Jim Potter (Paleowest) and Terry Knight (Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Historic Preservation Office) Over the last three years the Ute Mountain Ute THPO and PaleoWest have worked to secure a number of grants to document and develop preservation plans for large, threatened sites on Ute Mountain Ute lands. This paper presents the results of the largest preservation project to date, the Barker Arroyo Project in northeastern New Mexico. The NPS has funded three field seasons thus far, resulting in the documentation of Barker Arroyo Pueblo (LA27948) and numerous associated sites around this large Chacoan village. Barker Arroyo Pueblo comprises a great kiva, architectural rubble mounds—one of which is a great house—15 kiva depressions, and six middens. The site was occupied between A.D. 920 and 1260, with population peaking between A.D. 1020 and 1100. The large site and associated small sites around it composing the Barker Arroyo community will ultimately be nominated as an archaeological district to the NRHP.

Culturally Relevant STEM Education at Crow Canyon Archaeological Center with Southern Ute Montessori Students. Rebecca Hammond and Rebecca Simon (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center)

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In the field of anthropology and in archaeology in particular, the terms “cultural understanding" are commonplace, but usually refer to the understanding of “other cultures”. Even so, many anthropologists agree that the best way to understand other cultures is to better understand one’s own culture. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center’s mission encourages understanding of the entire human experience and accomplishes that mission through a variety of ways, in particular archaeological research, educational programs, and collaborations with American Indians. One example of collaboration with American Indians took place in Spring 2015 when Crow Canyon teamed up with Southern Ute Montessori Academy to provide a program that not only taught STEM initiatives, the culture history of the region, and the archaeological process, but encouraged better understanding of their own Ute culture and past. This multi-year partnership resulted in the construction of a replica wickiup and continues to inspire the students and archeologists alike. This poster describes the development of the Southern Ute Montessori program at Crow Canyon, what the students have learned thus far, and how such programs can further multiple initiatives for a variety of partners.

The Pueblo Farming Project: A Hopi-Crow Canyon Collaboration on Research and Education. Paul Ermigiotti and Mark D. Varien (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center), Leigh Kuwanwisiwma (Hopi Cultural Preservation Office), and Grant Coffey (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center) The Pueblo Farming Project (PFP) is a collaborative project between Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and the Hopi Cultural Resources Preservation Office. The PFP was created to examine modern Pueblo Indian farming techniques and connect them to ancient farming practices of the ancestral Pueblo people of the Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado. The project developed as an outgrowth of a Native American Graves and Repatreation Act consultation with Crow Canyon, where various tribal participants wanted to know more about ancient direct precipitation farming. Hopi farmers and Crow Canyon staff members selected five plots to be the location for an ongoing experimental gardening study. Using traditional ecological knowledge, plots were chosen because of the presence of certain native plants that indicategood corn growing areas. Between 2008 and 2015 these gardens have been planted under the lead of the Hopi farmers. Planting depth, spacing, vegetative and repoductive developement as well as yield and precipitation have been carefull monitored and recorded.The knowledge gained from this collaborative project will be incorporated into educational programs and PFP data will be used to estimate and ground truth estimates of agricultural productivity generated by the Village Ecodynamics Project computer model.

Co-Constructing Heritage Programs at the Pueblo of Zuni, New Mexico—Three Voices. Dan Simplicio, Kathleen M. Stemmler, and Shirley Powell (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center) Zuni Voice. The Zuni (Ashi:wi) Tribe is collaborating with the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center to co-develop an historic buildings restoration and education initiative to respond to needs identified by community members. In the 1970s, Zuni Pueblo underwent an architectural upheaval when the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) constructed 1,000 single-family dwellings. Counter to HUD’s goal of improving living conditions, many Zuni left their extended families and the pueblo proper, further threatening thousands of years of Ashi:wi sociocultural, spiritual, and ideological heritage.

Archaeology Voice. The historic buildings restoration planning team currently includes the Zuni Tribe and Crow Canyon; eventually we anticipate that the partnership will expand to encompass the New

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Mexico Historic Preservation Division, National Trust for Historic Preservation, and HUD. This group is developing plans to restore Zuni’s ancient buildings as safe and habitable spaces that are integrated by Zuni spiritual, cultural, historical, and architectural traditions.

Education Voice. The Zuni education initiative will extend Indigenization of education by enabling students to interrogate the vestiges of their colonized past and to reimagine a 21st century identity based on sovereignty, traditional language, and cultural continuance.

The Impact of Collaborative Educational Tourism on Archaeological Research, Management Initiatives, and Curriculum Development. Shanna Diederichs (Northern Arizona University/Crow Canyon Archaeological Center) and Steve Wolverton (University of North Texas)

As part of their Cultural Exploration program, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center often brings together Native Pueblo and Archaeological scholars for one week-long 'exploration' trips. These trips are framed as educational tourism seminars around themes such as Hopi migrations, Pueblo Potters of the Southwest, or the Chaco World. While there is monetary and professional incentives for scholars to participate in these trips, a growing number engage in them to expand their own personal and professional perspectives. This is partially due to the nature of the discourse during these seminars, which is public yet intimate and unconstrained by policy and procedure. In this paper we explore the scholar’s experience of these trips and identify if and how they integrate this multi-cultural discourse into their research programs, perspectives on heritage management, and academic curriculums.

ENGAGED ARCHAEOLOGY THROUGH TRANSNATIONAL, INTERDISCIPLINARY, AND INDIGENOUS COLLABORATIONS

Organizers: Michael Searcy (Brigham Young University), Donna Glowacki (Notre Dame University), Todd Pitezel (Arizona State Museum)

Transnational, interdisciplinary, and indigenous collaborations enrich archaeological research and interpretations, expanding our breadth by incorporating diverse perspectives that also inherently make our work more relevant to a wider audience. The posters in this session highlight a number of recent projects from across the US Southwest and northern Mexico that have benefited from these kinds of integrative collaborations. They also represent a diverse array of the types of research problems that are being addressed. Together they concretely demonstrate the power of collaborative efforts that have been such a fruitful part of that archaeological endeavor. Poster Abstracts

Inter-Apache Interpretation of the Chiricahua Mountains in Southeastern Arizona: An Exercise in Collaboration. Nicholas C. Laluk (White Mountain Apache Tribe Heritage Program) Despite more than 125 years of exile, descendants of Chiricahua, Mescalero, and Western Apache tribes still retain significant and powerful ties to their former homelands in what is now southeastern Arizona. However, due to the high mobility of historical-period Apache tribes in the U.S. Southwest and the near invisibility of Apache archaeological sites on the ground surface, much is still to be learned about historical-period Apachean life-ways. Moreover, beyond material signatures, much is to be learned about the Apache past and present in reference to U.S. colonial policies regarding the lasting

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sociocultural, political, physical, and cognitive affects resulting from these policies and actions. These lasting impacts of colonial policies and actions are still very much felt and critically affect contemporary Apache communities. By addressing the various challenges encountered during the collaborative research processes, and modifying paternalistic thought processes and misunderstandings in reference to American Indian communities, researchers can conduct archaeological-anthropological research that creatively and critically responds to the needs of contemporary American Indian communities.

Anthropogenic Influences on Terrace Soil Development at Tumamoc Hill. Rachel Marie Cajigas (University of Arizona), James T. Watson and Todd Pitezel (Arizona State Museum) Tumamoc Hill is the earliest known terraced hill in southern Arizona (circa 2650 B.P.). Evidence suggests that prehistoric people inhabited and substantially modified the summit of the hill during two distinct phases: the Cienega phase (2650-2050 B.P.) and the Tortolita phase (1550-1450 B.P.). Recent geoarchaeological investigations were designed to be minimally invasive and to characterize soil development on the hill and refine the chronology of terrace constructions around the summit. Results from soil descriptions and micromorphology analysis indicate the summit developed a stable soil in which prehistoric inhabitants constructed features. Surrounding the summit, residents piled stones in a contiguous low mound to create terraces with up to three meters of flat surface area. According to soil micromorphology analysis, these areas indicate a complex history of soil formation and stability, aeolian deposition, and colluvial deposition which may be either anthropogenically or naturally deposited. Charcoal and sediment samples have been submitted for AMS and OSL dating. These results clearly indicate that the early residents of the hill selected nearly contiguous locations directly off-summit to create a separate delineated space and provide additional surface area for activities.

Plant Microfossils Recovered from Dental Calculus at Casas Grandes, Mexico. Daniel King and Michael Searcy (Brigham Young University), and Kyle Waller (University of Missouri) Microfossil analysis is a technique used to better understand prehistoric diets. As part of a larger multinational project, we gathered and analyzed 112 samples of dental calculus (fossilized plaque) from human remains discovered at Paquimé and other sites in the Casas Grandes river valley to identify various microfossils still present in the silica matrix. With this information, we are able to better understand the flora present during ancient times and how it was used (food, processing, etc.).

Local and Distant: Biodistance Approaches to Casas Grandes Social Organization. Kyle Waller (University of Missouri) The origins of the A.D. 1250 Casas Grandes phenomenon, found throughout northern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, remains a contentious issue for Southwestern archaeologists. Scholars have hypothesized connections to the Mesoamerican heartland, West Mexico, Mimbres, Chaco Canyon, and alternately, in situ development with limited emulation of distant traits, depending upon the lines of evidence chosen. In this study, a series of biodistance analyses are conducted using cranial non-metric traits. Several proposed “donor” populations are compared to Viejo period and Medio period samples to investigate patterns of prehistoric gene flow, and how these patterns change through time. GIS least-cost and water pathways are calculated between sites to control for similarity resulting from geographic proximity, rather than gene flow. The results suggest a complex pattern of regional interaction in the Casas Grandes region. Gene flow with Mimbres and West Mexican populations increase from the Viejo to Medio period, and are much greater than would be expected given geographic proximity. Long-

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distance gene flow at Paquimé was sustained over several generations, demonstrating the importance of non-local interactions in interpretations of Casas Grandes exchange, economy, and leadership.

Violence and Mobility at Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico. Adrianne Offenbecker, Jane Kelley, and M. Anne Katzenberg (University of Calgary) Casas Grandes, also known as Paquimé, was one of the largest and most complex societies in prehistoric northwest Mexico, with established trade networks and ideological influences from Mesoamerica, the American Southwest, and west Mexico. Analyses of the human skeletal remains from Casas Grandes have found evidence for interpersonal conflict, human sacrifice, and cannibalism during the Medio period (ca. 1200-1450 A.D.), which coincides with increasing sociopolitical complexity, population aggregation, and emerging social differentiation at the site. In this study, we use strontium isotope analysis to explore the nature of conflict at Casas Grandes, namely, whether the victims of violence were members of the local community or outsiders, such as immigrants or captives. Our preliminary findings indicate statistically significant associations between 87Sr/86Sr values and mortuary treatment, as well as between 87Sr/86Sr values and sex. We also highlight the strontium isotope results from several distinctive burials, including potential human sacrifices, cannibalized remains, and various interments from an elite burial tomb. Can Hopi Corn Save Ethiopian Farms? Employing 1,400 Years of Pueblo Agronomic Knowledge Towards Global Sustainability. R. Kyle Bocinsky (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and Washington State University), Jade d'Alpoim Guedes (Washington State University), Karen Adams (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center), Rob Quinlan, Mark Caudell, and Timothy A. Kohler (Washington State University) Traditional crops and farming practices are not only nutritionally, economically, and spiritually important to human communities—they are reservoirs of resilience encapsulating generations of traditional agronomic and environmental knowledge. Can that knowledge be used to improve global food security? Using data from the MAÍS project and a state-of-the-art maize growth model, we simulate the potential productivity of several non-irrigated Pueblo maize varieties across the southwestern United States during the last two millennia, and then forecast productivity over the next century using IPCC climate-change projections. We do the same using historic weather data and future climate projections in southwestern Ethiopia. Drought- and heat-resistant Pueblo maize varieties will likely provide a more stable and sustainable subsistence base for Ethiopian farmers than commercial hybrids currently under cultivation. Perhaps more importantly, Pueblo farming practices—developed in the drought-prone and highly variable Southwest—may help inform adaptive shifts by subsistence farmers worldwide.

More than Meets the Eye: The Role of Ethnography and Traditional History for Interpreting Cultural Resources on the Navajo‐Gallup Water Supply Project, Northwest New Mexico. Jason Chuipka and Dennis Gilpin (PaleoWest), Tim Begay (Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Department) The Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project (NGWSP) is a Bureau of Reclamation infrastructure project that will ultimately consist of 280 miles of pipeline, several pumping plants, and at least two water treatment plants that will convey water from the San Juan River to the eastern portion of the Navajo Nation. The project is a major component of the Navajo Nation San Juan River Basin Water Rights Settlement in New Mexico. Ethnography comprises a large portion of the NGWSP survey budget and has been integral to identifying and assessing the cultural significance of modern in-use areas, traditional cultural properties and sacred sites, Jishchaa’ or places of death, historic sites, and prehistoric sites. Ethnography for

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NGWSP includes archival research, interviews with local people, and consultation with knowledgeable individuals such as the traditional practitioners of the Dine Medicine Men’s Association. What has become evident is that many features and site elements that hold significance to the Navajo people would not be documented, and therefore subject to potential construction disturbance, if ethnography and consultation was not part of the cultural resource inventory. Navajo perspectives also contribute to a much richer understanding of the cultural landscape of the San Juan Basin through time.

Interactions Among Society, Climate, Production, and Population: A Case Study from the Central Mesa Verde Region with Contemporary Implications. Dylan M. Schwindt (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center), R. Kyle Bocinsky (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and Washington State University), Scott G. Ortman (University of Colorado, Boulder), Donna M. Glowacki (Notre Dame University), Mark D. Varien (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center), and Timothy A. Kohler (Washington State University) The Village Ecodynamics Project (VEP) investigates long-term relationships between humans and the environment in the northern pre-Hispanic U.S. Southwest through demographic and paleo-environmental reconstruction and computer modeling. It is a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional project that illustrates the power of sustained interdisciplinary collaborative research. Here we focus on a 4,600 km2 study area in the central Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado. Population histories from A.D. 600 to 1280 in six environmentally distinct portions of the central Mesa Verde region in southwestern Colorado were reconstructed and related to climate-driven changes in agricultural potential. We identified prominent imbalances between the maize-niche size and population densities in two subregions during the A.D. 1140-1180 and A.D. 1225-1260 intervals. We propose that human responses in those subregions, beginning by the mid-A.D. 1200s, contributed to violence and social collapse across the entire society. These findings are relevant to discussions of how climate change will affect contemporary societies.

OPEN POSTER SESSION ABSTRACTS

It Takes a Village: Dissertation Research and Community Archaeology at Woodrow Ruin. Jakob W Sedig (University of Colorado, Boulder) Archaeology students face many hurdles during the completion of thesis or dissertation projects. Acquiring funding, collecting and analyzing data, conducting fieldwork, and presenting results are just some of the obstacles archaeology students must overcome. Because of the time, energy, and monetary requirements needed to complete these tasks, public engagement is often at the bottom of an archaeology student’s task list. However, it is becoming increasingly important for academics and archaeologists to communicate with a diversity of audiences. Thus, I suggest it is essential that archaeology students engage the public during the course of their degree, in order to begin learning how to succinctly disseminate their research through a variety of forums. For this poster, I provide examples of public archaeology from my dissertation research at Woodrow Ruin, a large, multi-component site in the Mimbres region of southwest New Mexico. My project at Woodrow Ruin demonstrates that public engagement is indeed possible as an archaeology student, and should be an integral part of student research projects. By working with the public, students learn not only the best methods and practices for public discourse, but may also gain unexpected assistance with some of the many tasks associated with completing an archaeology degree.

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Paws and Claws and Skulls, Oh My!: The Distribution of Articulated Animal Remains at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon. Samantha Fladd (University of Arizona) and Katelyn Bishop (University of California, Los Angeles). Chaco Canyon is thought to have been a regional center during the Pueblo II period; however, the composition of, and relationships between, populations within the canyon remain highly contested, particularly the residents of the great houses. Given the long occupation span and intensive remodeling of sites, an analysis of depositional characteristics provides the clearest picture of identity and relationships between social groups within these sites. Here, we examine the deposition of articulated animal remains to elucidate relationships at multiple social scales within the largest and most well studied great house, Pueblo Bonito. Recent research on Chaco Canyon indicates the exploitation of specific animal species was an important factor in the early establishment of social differentiation. Allowing ethnographic research on the significance of certain faunal species and body parts to inform our analysis, we used excavation records to gather archaeological data to examine the nature and significance of the faunal remains, associated materials, geologic composition, and architectural setting. Two interesting patterns have emerged from this research: (1) The eastern and western halves of Pueblo Bonito exhibit distinctive approaches to animal exploitation and deposition, possibly reflecting a duality or moiety system; (2) Strategies of deposition appear to reference the practices carried out in the oldest (northeast) section of the pueblo, suggesting later residents attempted to refer to and draw upon the meanings created by village founders. Through the consideration of the differential contents and contexts of deposits containing faunal material, we address the flexible negotiations of social relationships that existed at Pueblo Bonito across space and time.

The Excavation and Restoration of the Solomon Farmstead, Lower Nutria, Zuni Reservation, New Mexico. Theodore R. Frisbie (Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville) Three Southern Illinois University Edwardsville summer field schools were involved in the project, working directly with the Solomon family on a daily basis. Inferences based on the artifactual record were verified or corrected based on family member awareness (as children) of the lifeway/activities of the previous generation. Essentially, this was a unique study in ethnoarchaeology. A monograph of the first season was published in a limited edition; the final report is nearing completion and in all probability with be in the ASNM Special Publication series.

Old Collections, New Questions: Information on Plains-Pueblo Interaction and Variations in Style from Pecos Pueblo Pipes: Kaitlyn E. Davis (University of Colorado, Boulder) This poster presentation centers on what can be learned about Plains-Pueblo interaction and changes in community life through time from the examination of variations in style of a particular artifact class, the smoking pipe. This presentation outlines preliminary results of analysis of the pipes from the A.V. Kidder and National Park Service collections housed at Pecos Pueblo in New Mexico. Analysis of 833 pipe fragments noted form, material, design, and use wear, and these artifacts were compared to common Plains and Pueblo pipe styles. Archival and National Park Service database records were then used to obtain provenience information and approximate dates of deposition for the pipes to assess spatial and temporal patterns in Plains-style and Pueblo-style pipe deposition. This poster presents the stylistic, material, and spatial results from Pecos in the context of pipe style and material distribution across the Northern Rio Grande pueblos at which pipes have been excavated.

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Shell Use in the Mimbres Region: Not so Black and White. Erika Heacock (Arizona State Museum) The Harris site (A.D. 500-1000) is an unusual Mimbres site because it has a Late Pithouse period component with no overlying Classic period pueblo. The excavations by the University of Las Vegas-Nevada (UNLV) were conducted at this site between 2007 and 2013. Shell artifacts, and their role in the Mimbres area, have not been extensively studied. I analyzed shell data from the UNLV field school, combined with Haury's excavated shell assemblage from his work at the site in the 1930's, to interpret the role of shell at the Harris site. More specifically, I looked at the role shell may have played in the ritual life of Mimbres society. Using context, artifact form, and co-occurring assemblage materials illuminates how shell was used in ritual practice. The framework on ritual that I utilized for this analysis derives from Bell’s (1992) seven characteristics, which are formalism, traditionalism, invariance, rule-governance, performance, and trade. Five comparative sites were analyzed to observe whether shell was used in the same way throughout the region and if patterns changed through time. The sites chosen for the comparative analysis included NAN Ranch (A.D. 600/650-1150), Mattocks Ruin (A.D. 750/800-1130), Galaz Ruin (A.D. 550-1130), Swarts (A.D. 950-1150), and the Old Town site (A.D. 750-1150).

The Wetherill Trading Post and Homestead, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico. Leigh A. R. Cominiello and W. H. Wills (University of New Mexico) The University of New Mexico, in partnership with the National Park Service, is currently conducting research on the first trading post in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The Wetherill trading post and homestead was established in the late 1890s and served as a hub for archaeological research, residence, ranching, and trade. The study of this multifaceted and unique commercial enterprise provides insight into the complex social and economic dynamics that were set into motion in the 1890s and existed until the creation of the Chaco Canyon National Monument in 1907. The original Wetherill buildings were subsequently occupied and modified until 1952. This on-going research draws together archaeological and historical evidence for the Wetherill trading post and homestead to better understand a relatively brief, but significant period in the canyon.

The Cedar Mesa Building Murals Project: A Collaborative Project to Document and Date Building Murals and Cliff Dwellings in the Cedar Mesa Area. Benjamin A. Bellorado (University of Arizona) In spite of a long history of research, Southeastern Utah is one of the least understood portions of what was once the ancestral Pueblo world. Unfortunately, many of these sites, especially the highly visible intact cliff dwellings that draw many recreationists to areas like Cedar Mesa, are being significantly impacted by an astronomical increase in visitation and even recent looting activities. Many of these well preserved sites contain rarely preserved features and attributes, such as plaster building decorations (murals) and wooden roofs. These attributes present archaeologists the opportunity to study several aspects of ancient pueblo society that are rarely accessible due to poor preservation conditions. This presentation outlines the initial results of the Cedar Mesa Building Mural project, an innovative study combining efforts by University of Arizona graduate students, land managers from the BLM and NPS, the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, local avocational archaeology groups, and a number of volunteers to document these rare sites, structures, and features before they are impacted further. The poster presents the results of the survey inventory of building murals in the area aimed at aiding land managers in creating new management plans to protect these important resources. The poster also presents results of the plaster decoration analysis and dendrochronological analyses, aimed at reconstructing the

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seriation of building decoration styles in the area and the role of these decorations as expressions of changing religious ideologies and community identities in the greater Cedar Mesa area and over time. Introducing the Cedar Mesa Perishables Project. Laurie D. Webster (University of Arizona), Erin Gearty (National Park Service), Chuck LaRue (consulting wildlife biologist), and Louie Garcia (language arts specialist and Piro/Tiwa weaver) The Cedar Mesa Perishables Project was established to document the 4,000 unpublished textiles, baskets, wooden implements, and hide and feather artifacts excavated from dry caves in Grand Gulch and other canyons in southeastern Utah during the 1890s. Housed in six museums across the United States, the artifacts are associated with the Basketmaker (200 BC-500 AD) and Ancestral Pueblo (500-1300 AD) archaeological cultures. Our goal is to survey, photograph, and interpret these remarkable collections and make them more widely known to archaeologists, native communities, and the general public for research and educational use. Eventually we hope to make most of our photographs and data available on-line through a perishables digital archive. In this poster, we share some of our observations about clothing, woodworking, and caching practices of the early inhabitants of southeastern Utah.

The Archaeology of Community Fiestas in San Antonio del Embudo. Valerie Bondura (Columbia University) and Severin Fowles (Barnard College)

Archaeological excavations in the historic plaza of San Antonio del Embudo (now Dixon), New Mexico, have uncovered a robust history of communal gatherings in the heart of this Spanish colonial settlement. Digging in front of a former community center and dance hall, our team discovered evidence of 150+ years of eating, drinking, and being merry together at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. In recent years, such traditions have been revitalized through renewed community interest in the historic past. Local initiatives to preserve and protect the historic plaza and to revitalize the town’s annual Fiestas articulated with our fieldwork to produce an engaged archaeological project that is a locus for conversations regarding Hispano memory and heritage. Through engagement with Hispano descendants, community archaeology days for local children, presentations at the public library, and our open excavations in the heart of town, this project gathered people, stories, and things together, offering one way to discuss the future of heritage and community in this rapidly changing town.

Sore Mouths in the Southwest: Preliminary Research on Unique Carnassial Wear in Dog Burials. Joshua D. Nowakowski and Chrissina C. Burke (Northern Arizona University) Dogs have been described as a refuse management system in prehistoric villages across the world; in fact, much of their domestication has been attributed to their ability to adapt to consume human garbage/waste. Recent research on prehistoric dog burials housed in the Museum of Northern Arizona’s curated faunal collection illustrates unusual tooth wear patterns on both the upper and lower carnassials in a large number of the canids. The pattern of wear on the carnassials of these dogs indicates a unique diet—the pattern does not conform to wear from excessive gnawing on bones or pathologies developed from old age. Instead a diet consisting of corn may have played an important role in how the teeth of these dogs were worn. These burials come from sites from different temporal and spatial frameworks, yet they demonstrate similar patterns. This poster presents preliminary data and results concerning the tooth wear of these dogs.

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Current Research of a Centurion: AAHS Sponsored Research. Jesse Ballenger (EcoPlan Associates), Jonathan Mabry (City of Tucson), Homer Thiel (Desert Archaeology), Meredith Wismer-Lanoë (University of Iowa), and François B.J. Lanoë (University of Arizona) The Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society (AAHS) celebrates its centennial in 2016. This poster features two of the Society's most recent projects and opportunities that AAHS sponsored as part of its mission to encourage scholarly research in the American Southwest and Northern Mexico. Ft. Mason is a Civil War era military post excavated in the 1970s. The Desperation Ranch Project reinvestigates a Native American site last excavated in 1936. The AAHS sponsors student, professional, and advocational research in a number of ways.

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SATURDAY MORNING PAPERS RESEARCH AT THE INTERSECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY Organizers: John Ware (Amerind Foundation), and Peter Whiteley (American Museum of Natural History) Discussant: Jane Kelly (University of Calgary) Serious dialog between Southwestern archaeologists and ethnographers has been neglected for far too long, to the analytical impoverishment of both disciplines. Ethnographies are essential to the practice of archaeology. The past can be better understood socially by linking it with ethnographic studies that document humanity’s lived experiences. More critically, the ethnographic cultures of the Southwest represent end points on historical trajectories that preserve important information about the histories—both structured and contingent—of Southwest peoples. Archaeologists neglect ethnography at our peril. Conversely, especially in the Southwest, where there is a demonstrable continuity between ancestral and historic sociocultural formations, archaeology provides an essential context for understanding contemporary sociocultural variability. If we are ever to truly achieve one of anthropology’s iconic goals—the explanation of cultural differences and similarities—contemporary cultures must be viewed through an historical lens, and archaeological cultures through an ethnographic lens. The papers in this session demonstrate the value of renewing archaeology and ethnography’s long neglected collaboration. Paper Abstracts

Research at the Intersection of Archaeology and Ethnology: Reviving the Direct Historical Approach. John Ware (Amerind Foundation) In 1924, one of the chief architects of our discipline suggested that the study of Southwestern archaeology “…must necessarily begin with a consideration of the still-inhabited pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona” (Kidder 1924:143). Needless to say, Kidder’s vision of an integrated archaeology and ethnology never materialized. Rejecting the direct historical approach over concerns about projecting a deeply distorted present into the past, most contemporary archaeologists pursue their research of the pueblo past as if the extensive ethnographic literature of the Southwestern Pueblos was irrelevant to understanding deep history. In this paper I argue that we need to reexamine our assumptions about historical disjunctions and become, in the tradition of Cushing and Bandelier, students of all parts of the pueblo trajectory: precolonial, postcolonial, and contemporary. This is especially true as our discipline moves beyond a concern for classification and temporal ordering to address issues such as social, political, and ritual organization—practices in the past that left few if any obvious material remains in the archaeological record.

The Implications of Kiowa-Tanoan Kin Terms for Pueblo Social Organization. Patrick Cruz and Scott Ortman (University of Colorado, Boulder) Social anthropologists, beginning with Fred Eggan, have drawn upon archaeological and ethnographic evidence in developing models of the history of Pueblo social organization. These models rely largely on functionalist arguments concerning the costs and benefits of different forms of kinship organization in various economic contexts. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to see kinship systems in the archaeological record, and ethnographic descriptions by themselves provide only indirect evidence concerning the evolution of kin categories over time. A solution to this problem is linguistic reconstruction of kin terms,

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as comparison of cognates across related languages, in light of the current usage, provides direct evidence for the evolution of kin concepts. The Kiowa-Tanoan languages are especially useful in this regard because previous work has shown that major branching events in the history of these languages correspond to major transitions in the archaeological record of the northern U.S. Southwest. In this paper, we present a reconstruction of Kiowa-Tanoan kin terms and trace their evolution over time, as a means of evaluating recent proposals concerning the history of Pueblo social organization.

Archaeological and Ethnological Engagements and the Lessons from Hohokam Kinship Analysis. Bradley Ensor (Eastern Michigan University) The mutual need for integrating archaeological and ethnological research is exemplified through kinship research. Without integration, archaeologists overlooked the significance of the topic for addressing their questions while ethnologists perpetuated hypotheses that their subfield cannot adequately test. Integration best involves co-investment in each subfield’s strengths to address common goals. For example, although archaeologists cannot make low-level observations on what people did, ethnological cross-cultural mid-level correspondences enable plausible archaeological inferences on kinship practices from dwellings that can be used to evaluate high-level theoretical assumptions untestable by ethnology alone. An analysis of four Hohokam sites provides information on over 1,400 years of variation and change that support some ethnological assumptions, but not others. The process also developed new questions for ethnological research. The case study illustrates how archaeology can move from a passive consumer of ethnological interpretation to an active contributor, how both benefit, and how new research may be stimulated.

Grand Ideas: From Engaged Ethnology to Informed Archaeology. Kelley Hays-Gilpin (Northern Arizona University and Museum of Northern Arizona) Never before has the Grand Canyon ecosystem faced so many threats to its integrity as a unique and diverse cultural/natural ecosystem. And never before have Native American communities with cultural associations to Grand Canyon had so many opportunities to speak publically about the impacts of recreation, tourism development schemes, groundwater depletion, uranium mining, air pollution, climate change, hydroelectric dam management, invasive species, and many other issues. Archaeologists are natural allies in advocating for protection and preservation of cultural landscapes. By learning about current community concerns and the underlying ontology that guides them, we can help translate cultural concerns to resource managers and help craft solutions. What we learn by taking a comparative and analytical approach to environmental consulting as ethnographic data is that tribal consultants are presenting very clear, consistent logic and emotional engagement that connect contemporary communities to ancestors and all plant, animal, and mineral life in kinship relationships of stewardship responsibility. Understanding indigenous connections to place (and all the lives, past, present, and future, that are embedded in places) through ethnography will produce more informed and relevant archaeology, and not only in Grand Canyon. Connecting with the Past through Ethnographic Museum Collections. Lisa C. Young (University of Michigan) and Susan Sekaquatewa (Hopi Tribe)

Archaeologists study material remains to interpret the past. Objects from the past also create connections between contemporary communities and their ancestors. We examine these different perspectives through a discussion of Hopi plants that were collected in the 1930’s and are currently

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housed at the University of Michigan and the Museum of Northern Arizona. We contrast the research interests of Volney Jones and Alfred Whiting, the ethnobotanists who created these collections, with perspectives of Hopi community members who were involved in the original research, as well as contemporary Hopi farmers. We also discuss the use of digital resources for information sharing and implications of this project for created engaged discussions of museum collections and material culture more generally.

Archaeology as Ethnology (and Vice Versa): Puebloan Variations. Peter Whiteley (American Museum of Natural History) Can archaeologists interested in precolonial Puebloan ruins learn anything from the ethnographic record of recent and contemporary Pueblo societies and cultures? Can anthropological explanation of contemporary Puebloan societies be meaningfully shaped by attendance to the archaeological record? Archaeological and ethnographic arguments have ebbed and flowed on these questions. Recent archaeological paradigms largely disfavor arguments from “ethnographic analogy,” preferring abstract behavioral models applied only to the material record of empirical practices. Likewise, recent ethnological explanations of Puebloan cultures have largely isolated themselves from Puebloan archaeological cultures. This paper argues that, in some definable respects, contemporary and recent Puebloan social structures and cultural practices constitute ethnological homologies, that, however transformed, descend directly “with modification” from systems observable in the archaeological record. Mutatis mutandis, systems that descend via vertical transmission from earlier homologues, require meaningful situation within identifiable long-term Puebloan patterns observable in the archaeological record. Focusing on kinship, politics, language, and cosmology, this paper argues that mutual engagement among ethnography, ethnohistory, and archaeology should not be an ancillary project, but rather a precondition for adequate scientific explanation of Puebloan sociocultural systems over the longue durée.

SATURDAY AFTERNOON PAPERS

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO MESOAMERICAN CONNECTIONS Organizer: Ben Nelson (Arizona State University) Archaeologists are collaborating with other scientists to understand the prehispanic connections between the Southwest U.S./Northwestern Mexico and Mesoamerica. Ultimately both scientific and humanistic approaches are necessary, because the connections range from technological to symbolic. Included are complex manufacturing techniques, public architecture, body decoration, iconography, and ritual. Such distant acquisitions were part of an ancient embodied psychology associated with social distinctions, awesome performances, and numinous experiences. Presenters in this session describe insights from the sciences, adding new dimensions to our understanding of how different peoples were connected. Some areas of new inference include the dating and sources of exchanged materials, identification of technological styles in fine crafting, elite consumption, and the role of head-shaping in marking cultural identity. Although the methods are powerful, questions remain open about some applications. As the papers demonstrate, archaeology with its command of time plays a role in testing and refining some of these scientific methods.

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Paper Abstracts

Scarlet Macaws: Cosmology and Chronology in Mimbres and Chaco. Stephen Plog (University of Virginia), Adam S. Watson (American Museum of Natural History), Patricia A. Gilman (University of Oklahoma), Steven A. LeBlanc (Harvard University), Peter M. Whiteley (American Museum of Natural History), and Douglas J. Kennett (Pennsylvania State University) The Mimbres Valley and Chaco Canyon are two areas where archaeologists have recovered numerous remains of Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao). Painted scenes on Mimbres pottery also depict parrots, most likely macaws, in some cases being carried in baskets. Many archaeologists have regarded the acquisitions of these cosmologically significant birds from tropical Mesoamerica as having occurred contemporaneously in both Mimbres and Chaco, having begun no earlier than A.D. 1000 and perhaps not until A.D. 1040. These estimated dates, however, have exclusively been based on the occurrence of macaw remains in structures with tree-ring dates or in deposits with temporally diagnostic ceramic styles. We discuss the first direct AMS radiocarbon dates on Scarlet Macaw remains from the two regions and explore the implications of these dates for previous proposals regarding the chronology of Mesoamerican-Southwestern interaction and our understanding of historical dynamics in Chaco.

Tracing Turquoise in the Southwestern U.S. and Mexico: The Case for Lead and Strontium Isotopes. Alyson M. Thibodeau (Dickinson College) and David J. Killick (University of Arizona) In the past decade, knowledge about ancient turquoise acquisition and trade has been advanced through the application of stable and radiogenic isotopic tracers to questions of turquoise provenance. Here, we discuss the advantages of using lead and strontium isotopes to interpret the sources of turquoise artifacts. First, we address the geological basis for geographic variations in the lead and strontium isotopic composition of turquoise mineralization in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico. Because deposits with similar isotopic signatures tend to cluster geographically, lead and strontium isotopes make it possible infer the region of origin for turquoise artifacts, even if their isotopic ratios that do not match those of any known sources. In addition, because geological factors can explain regional variations in the isotopic composition of turquoise deposits, it is possible to make broad-scale predictions about the isotopic composition turquoise from areas where geological samples are not available or the presence of ancient turquoise mines uncertain (e.g. Mesoamerica). Using data from the literature and our own data on turquoise artifacts, we suggest that lead and strontium isotopes are the most appropriate tools for resolving questions about the long distance trade of turquoise between the Southwest and Mesoamerica.

Análisis arqueométricos aplicados a objetos prehispánicos de turquesa procedentes de Chalchihuites, Zacatecas, México. Guillermo Córdova Tello y Estela Martínez Mora (Dirección de Estudios Arqueológicos, INAH) Diversos estudios arqueológicos han mostrado la presencia de bienes suntuarios elaborados con piedra azul-verde en contextos funerarios de la cultura Chalchihuites. Por otro lado, la existencia de distintos grupos de minas subterráneas prehispánicas en la región permitió a los especialistas suponer que la materia prima con la que fueron elaborados estos ornamentos provenía de minas locales. En nuestra exposición presentaremos el resultado de los estudios arqueométricos realizados a objetos de piedra azul-verde recuperados de los sitios arqueológicos de El Bajío, Pajones y Cerro Moctehuma de la cultura Chalchihuites. Los resultados sugieren que los ornamentos analizados fueron elaborados con turquesa

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originaria de Arizona, y amazonita, de Nuevo México, y que fueron elaborados en Chalchihuites. Lo anterior nos sugiere reconsiderar el papel que desempeñó la cultura Chalchihuites durante los periodos Clásico tardío y Epiclásico en la interacción social que había entre Mesoamérica y el suroeste de Estados Unidos.

Composición elemental de objetos metálicos prehispánicos y coloniales en Michoacán mediante espectroscopia de rompimiento inducido por láser LIBS (Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy). José Luis Punzo Díaz (Centro INAH-Michoacán), Marco Antonio Meneses y Ignacio Raúl Rosas Román (Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C.) En esta ponencia se presentan los primeros resultados sobre el análisis de composición elemental de objetos metálicos dentro de un proyecto multidisciplinario sobre la metalurgia en el estado de Michoacán, especialmente enfocado a las regiones de la tierra caliente en la cuenca del río Balsas. El análisis de las muestras se realizó mediante espectroscopia de rompimiento inducido por láser (LIBS, por sus siglas en inglés). LIBS es una herramienta útil, la cual consiste en enfocar un pulso de luz láser sobre una muestra para producir un micro plasma, a partir del cual se obtiene tanto información cuantitativa como cualitativa de la composición química de la muestra. Comparado con técnicas tradicionales de análisis, LIBS tiene la ventaja de ser relativamente simple, no requiere de preparación de las muestras, pude se portátil, el daño causado a las muestras es mínimo, análisis en tiempo real y puede aplicarse a muestras sólidas, liquidas o gaseosas. La identificación se realiza mediante la comparación del espectro de emisión contra un espectro sintético, calculado de acuerdo con los datos de emisión de plasma disponibles en el NIST. Con los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento podemos identificar ciertas diferencias en algunos de los objetos analizados, que forman parte del proceso productivo de los objetos metálicos, a través de los cuales es posible determinar distintas fuentes del mineral con que fueron estos producidos.

The Manufacturing Traces of the Turquoise Objects from Mesoamerica and the American Southwest: A Technological Comparison. Emiliano R. Melgar Tísoc (Museo del Templo Mayor del INAH) There are thousands of turquoise objects found in different sites of Mesoamerica, Northern Mexico, and the American Southwest. Most of the research about them has been focused on their symbolic meaning, morphology, trade, and use, but very few studies consider their manufacturing traces and the organization of their production. In this paper, I present a technological approach to analyze and characterize their manufacturing techniques through the employment of Experimental Archaeology and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The comparison of the turquoise assemblages from more than 50 sites located in these regions showed specific patterns related to lapidary traditions and technological styles. With this new data about the geography of the manufacturing techniques, it is possible to appreciate new nodes of interactions and trends of circulation of the turquoise pieces (raw materials, blanks, and finished objects) among the sourcing areas, the workshops, and the final consumers.

Cacao Connections and Conundrums in the American Southwest. Patricia L. Crown (University of New Mexico) and W. Jeffrey Hurst (The Hershey Company) Residues of cacao were first reported in southwestern ceramics in 2009. By 2015, hundreds of samples had been run using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to identify the methylxanthines used as biomarkers for cacao residues. The high number of positive samples raises

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questions about the reliability of the data and technique. Results of the latest studies are discussed, along with possible sources of contamination and error. The range of methods for extracting samples from ceramics is reviewed, along with best practices for curating and sampling ceramics for residue analysis. On-going research offers additional means for identifying cacao in the prehispanic Southwest.

Biocultural Markers of Group Identity: Cranial Modification Across Mesoamerica, Northwest Mexico, and the U.S. Southwest. Sofía Pacheco-Fores (Arizona State University) Archaeologists have recently focused on exploring the nature and extent of Mesoamerican-U.S. Southwestern interactions through studies of material culture. In this presentation, I focus instead on biocultural traits, examining macro-regional patterns of cranial modification across Mesoamerica, northwest Mexico, and the U.S. Southwest to explore whether peoples within these regions shared similar cultural practices, conceptions of the body, and group identities. Analysis of head shaping techniques over time and space reveals that while Mesoamerica and the U.S. Southwest each contained temporally persistent and highly stereotyped forms of cranial modification, northwest Mexico exhibited a great deal of variation in head shaping techniques. Informed by Barth's (1969) model of social groups and cultural boundaries, I argue that such patterns in cranial modification reflect homogenized group identities with standardized ideological systems in Mesoamerica and the U.S. Southwest. To the contrary, diversity in northwest Mexican head shaping traditions speak to the region's status as a dynamic and fluid border zone unconstrained by a single over-arching ideological framework. Thus, while cranial modification within each of these regions is typically examined in isolation in the interests of cultural specificity, this study demonstrates that a broader, more integrated approach can also yield important results regarding the role played by group identity within inter-regional interactions.

SATURDAY ORGANIZED POSTER SESSIONS

ENGAGED BIOARCHAEOLOGY Organizers: James T. Watson (Arizona State Museum) and Ann L.W. Stodder (Museum of New Mexico) The passage of NAGPRA in 1990 redefined bioarchaeology in the United States, compelling the creation of standardized protocols and increasing the volume of standardized data collected on human remains. The imperative for (bio)archaeologists and descendant communities to work more closely together, and more often, to facilitate repatriation, has created a new age in applied, or engaged, bioarchaeology. But, the breadth of what encompasses an “engaged bioarchaeology” goes beyond facilitating repatriation. There is a greater concern for proper recovery and documentation of human remains from cultural resource projects and for the interpretation of these remains within a heritage management framework. In addition, “traditional research” projects have been applied to make meaningful contributions to understanding lifeways of past ancestral communities and the implications for modern connections. This symposium highlights some of this work to illustrate the breadth of these perspectives and how they have transformed our discipline.

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Poster Abstracts

Compliance, Collaboration, and Communication: A Repatriation Project with Jemez Pueblo. Corey S. Ragsdale (University of Montana), Lara Noldner (University of Iowa), and Heather J. H. Edgar (University of New Mexico) Our study details the methods and results of the documentation of human skeletal remains affiliated with the Pueblo of Jemez that were excavated from several sites in Sandoval County, New Mexico, and curated by the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico. The sites include: Unshagi (LA 123), Guisewa (LA 679), Nanishagi (LA 541), Jemez Cave (LA 6164), Amoxiumqua (LA 481), and Bj 74 (LA 38962). Although these burials lack provenience data, their recorded burial numbers associate them with the Jemez skeletal sample. No associated funerary objects are included with burials. The main objectives of documentation were to determine estimates for the minimum number of individuals (MNI) at each site, and to describe what could be learned about the lifestyles of the prehistoric Jemez population from skeletal indicators of health and activity. This involved recording an inventory of skeletal elements present for each burial/accession number, determining each individual’s sex and age when possible, and making note of any skeletal abnormalities that are indications of poor nutrition/health, trauma, or joint damage that may be due to activity patterns. Our findings summarize what can be said about prehistoric Jemez Pueblo inhabitants from the human skeletal remains. This project was made possible through collaboration and communication among bioarchaeologists, archaeologists, museum staff, and tribal administration.

A Biocultural Approach to Interpreting Conflict and Wellness in the Mogollon Region. Kathryn M. Baustian (University of Nevada, Las Vegas) Interpersonal conflict, social control, and culturally sanctioned violence are all potential modes of effecting change amongst most human groups. This research investigates the complex relationship between interpersonal violence, human skeletal biology, and social identity among prehistoric agricultural communities in the American Southwest. The data presented in this study reveal patterns that can be used to better understand how violence is utilized or avoided. Bioarchaeology is well suited to investigate violence because it integrates the most direct evidence of conflict (traumatic skeletal injury) with detailed archaeological reconstructions of past human experiences. A biocultural assessment of Mogollon health, activity, and interpersonal violence was completed using biological data from a sample of 247 adult burials from 17 Late Pithouse (A.D. 550-1000) and Pueblo (A.D. 1000-1300) Mimbres sites and 187 adult burials from Grasshopper Pueblo (A.D. 1275-1400). The findings presented demonstrate broader patterns for interpretation of community experiences that have not been as well described in previous studies. Nonlethal cranial trauma affected 10.5% of adults in the Mimbres region and 33.4% of adults at Grasshopper Pueblo. The range of healed injuries throughout the Mogollon temporal span presents an opportunity to investigate the role of violence within the social contexts of the region.

An Overview of the Human Remains from La Villa: Mortuary Programs, Paleopathology, and Possible Ritualized Use. T. Michael Fink, Lorrie Lincoln-Babb, and Korri D. Turner (Bioarch, LLC) La Villa is a Phoenix Basin Hohokam site situated along Canal System 2 with continued occupation from the late Pioneer to the early Sedentary Period, or approximately 500 years. Since 1994, there have been six archaeological projects at the site that have recovered the range of mortuary features expected for

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that extent of time; 107 cremations, 14 inhumations, and hundreds of instances of isolated bone. The large number of burials therefore provides the opportunity to examine various aspects of both the mortuary practices at La Villa and the biology of its inhabitants. A summary of the burials from all projects is presented along with discussions on proposed interpretations of the cremation rite and the significance of several secondary inhumations and pithouse floor interments to possible social conflict at the site, especially in relation to a painted human infant cranial fragment recovered in the early 1990s. Also important are several paleopathological conditions observed in the human remains recovered from La Villa, including cranial neoplasms, sinusitis, long bone fractures, and dental conditions. Of special note is a secondary cremation of an infant with an unusual type of human figurine fragment accompaniment. The figurine has some potential significance regarding the presence of cherubism among the Hohokam.

Cremation and Pyro-technology among the Hohokam of Southern Arizona. Jessica I. Cerezo-Roman (Harvard University) and Thomas R. Fenn (Yale University)

Changes in pyre construction and fire-based technologies associated with cremation funerals have been greatly overlooked in Southwestern archaeological studies. However, these can be used to study cultural and technological transformative processes, as well as the transmission of knowledge in past communities. We examine approximately 123 pyres and contexts of fire-based technologies associated with cremation funerals from the Preclassic (A.D. 700-1150) and Classic periods (A.D. 1150-1450/1500) among the Hohokam in Southern Arizona. We do this by exploring variations in the chaînes opératoires associated with these contexts across time and space. Among the findings, pyres typically were used only once and they were ephemeral structures. Also, these remains suggest a significant expertise in the management and transmission of knowledge of different pyro-technologies through time and space.

AzBAD: Arizona Biological Affiliation Database. Rachael M. Byrd (University of Arizona) and James T. Watson (Arizona State Museum) The Arizona Biological Affiliation Database (AzBAD) is a catalog of comparative cranial morphometric data designed to provide an additional tool for assessing cultural affiliation in compliance with state (ARS §41-844/865) or federal (NAGPRA) legislation and facilitate repatriation of human remains to appropriate descendant communities. This information is used to create comparative samples that encompass the variability inherent in ancient ancestral populations. Measurements from crania of individuals assessed for determinations of cultural affiliation are compared to those in the database with established cultural affiliations to produce a relative degree of biological affinity between the comparative groups and the individual in question. AzBAD has the potential to contribute significantly to our efforts at Arizona State Museum to determine biological affinity and cultural affiliation for ancestral remains from the state and immediate surrounding region.

Hohokam Parasitology: Developing a Parasite Risk Profile from Surrounding Regions. Karl J. Reinhard (University of Nebraska, Lincoln) The preservation potential for parasite eggs and larvae is poor in the Sonoran Desert. Therefore, we have no direct evidence of parasites from the region. However, preservation is ideal in surrounding deserts including the Chihuahuan Desert and the arid lands of the Colorado Plateau region. Parasite data from the modern Sonoran Desert is also insightful. The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease, was certainly present among the Hohokam. Prehistorically, Chagas disease was present in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of the Chihuahua Desert. It is present today and cycles between desert

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mammals and cone-nosed bugs. The house styles of the Hohokam would have favored domiciliation of the infection cycle. The analysis of coprolites from Rio Zape, Durango Mexico, reveals as series of parasites that adapted to prehistoric desert farmers. These include hookworm and whipworm. Parasites associated with dogs include tapeworms derived from flea consumption and Physaloptera roundworms. Hymenolepidid tapeworm infection originated with consumption of grain beetles. From the Colorado Plateau region, hookworms and threadworms (Strongyloides stercoralis) have been diagnosed. In addition hymenolepidids have been found. The protozoa Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica have also been diagnosed. The Hohokam were likely hosts for all of these parasites. Pinworm was epidemic among agricultural people who were more cave or shelter dependent on the Colorado Plateau and in the Chihuahuan Desert. I assume that pinworm was present among the Hohokam, but not at the high prevalence found in surrounding regions.

Keepers of the Roads: Understanding the Spirits of the Dead in the Prehispanic American Southwest. Scott M. Thompson (National Academy of Sciences) In the American Southwest, the spirits of the dead are integral to the deep histories that live on the landscape. An engaged bioarchaeology should develop an understanding of the spirits, to appreciate how they have shaped and continue to dwell among Southwestern communities. This poster considers the performance of mortuary ritual in two protohistoric Zuni towns and in several late prehistoric Hohokam settlement complexes to address the social identities that the living created for the spirits of the dead. A comparison of mortuary ritual attempts to understand the ways in which spirits of the dead participated in and influenced Prehispanic Zuni and Hohokam community affairs. The study suggests that Zuni ancestral spirits were curators of familial and social group histories as large towns coalesced, while Hohokam spirits may have become actors in negotiating group histories as settlements experienced increasing stress. In the Southwest, the spirits of the dead were and are the keepers of histories—the keepers of the roads.

The New Mexico Bioarchaeology Consortium: Building the Metadata and Creating the Gateways for Future Research. Ann L.W. Stodder (Museum of New Mexico), Heather J.H. Edgar (University of New Mexico), Nancy J. Akins (Museum of New Mexico), and Kathy Durand Gore (Eastern New Mexico University)

Human remains from archaeological sites in New Mexico have been studied since the 1870s, but much of the information is hidden in report appendixes and filing cabinets – unsynthesized, underutilized. This inaccessibility impedes research on the biological histories of people in a region with one of the most abundant and detailed archaeological records in the world. The purpose of the Consortium is to create, grow, and maintain a virtual gateway to repositories of bioarchaeological resources (published and unpublished documents, data forms, images, data tables). Metadata on archaeological and biocultural contexts for these resources will allow researchers in cultural resource management, museum, and academic contexts to find information, collections, and archives in order to design and implement research for any scale of project – from contextualizing an inadvertently discovered burial to the design of a doctoral thesis. Core institutional members include The Office of Archaeological Studies, The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology (University of New Mexico), and Eastern New Mexico University, and we expect participation to expand to include individual researchers, museum, archival repositories, and CRM companies.

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BINATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGY: ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN MEXICO

Organizer: Patrick Lyons (Arizona State Museum) Poster Abstracts The Rancho Santa Maria II Site: a Paleoindian/Archaic Site. Emiliano Gallaga Murrieta (EAHNM, Chihuahua) A salvage archaeological project conducted in 2014 led to the discovery of a site with a long occupation from A.C./B.C. 8,000 to 800 D.C./A.D. (according to the material analysis). The site is a 200 x 150 m eroded camp covered only by lithic material (more than 18,000 artifacts, including 370 projectile points were recovered). More than 30 different point types were identified; these run from the late Paleoindian period (Midland, Milesand, and Plainview) through the Late Archaic period (Gypsum, Cortaro, Datil, and San Pedro). In addition, a human burial was encountered. Laboratory analysis dated it to around A.C./B.C. 1200, the oldest dated human body from the state of Chihuahua today.

From the Sea to Ónavas Valley. Daniela O. Rodriguez (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia) Recent investigations in archaeological sites situated in the Ónavas Valley in southeast Sonora, Mexico, have recovered around 3,890 seashell ornaments as funerary objects associated mainly with juvenile individuals. The majority of these materials come from the Panamic Province of the northeastern Pacific, from Baja California, Mexico, to northern Peru. We have done the taxonomy of the objects and in this investigation it is possible to propose selection patterns that craftsmen could put into practice for manufacture. We have detected different species of seashells used for specific jewelry, like bracelets, pendants, and beads, among others. The preference for some specimens could be for shape, natural decoration, hardness and the most important, the complexity to obtain them. Because the Ónavas valley is a region far away from the coast, shell acquisition could have been carried out by exchange with coastal groups, therefore taking part of the regional trade networks with the coast during the Cerámico Medio Period (A.D. 500 – 1200). Desde el mar al Valle de Ónavas. Daniela O. Rodríguez (Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia) Las investigaciones recientes en los sitios arqueológicos del valle de Ónavas en el sureste de Sonora, México, se ha recuperado cerca de 3890 ornamentos de concha asociados como objetos funerarios de individuos juveniles principalmente, los cuales en su mayoría provienen de la Provincia Malacológica Panámica que se extiende desde el Golfo de Baja California en México, hasta las costas norteñas de Perú en Sudamérica. Por medio de la identificación taxonómica que se ha realizado en estos objetos, se ha podido plantear los criterios de selección que desarrollaron los artesanos para su manufactura, detectando especies utilizadas específicamente para determinados artefactos, como brazaletes, pendientes, cuentas, entre otros. La predilección por algunos especímenes, debió basarse principalmente en su color, forma, ornamentación natural, dureza y no menos importante, la complejidad de su obtención. Puesto que el Valle de Ónavas es una región alejada de la costa, que por medio de las redes de intercambio con grupos que habitaron sobre la planicie costera, debieron hacerse de esta materia prima, durante el periodo Cerámico Medio (500 a 1200 d.C.).

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Interaction, Integration and Cultural Dynamics in the Central Sierra Madre: Archaeological Investigations in the Río Sahuaripa Region of Eastern Sonora. John Carpenter (Centro INAH Sonora) and Guadalupe Sánchez (UNAM-ERNO) The Proyecto Arqueológico Río Sahuaripa represents the first systematic archaeological investigation of the Río Sahuaripa River basin, located in eastern Sonora. The primary objectives of this research are to: (1) reconstruct the cultural-historical occupation of this region; (2) identify and define the cultural transitions manifest between the Río Sonora and newly defined Serrana archaeological traditions; (3) define the southwestern limits of the Casas Grandes interaction sphere; (4) examine the role this region played in regional and long-distance exchange systems; (5) investigate the timing and nature of Ópata/Pima interaction and/or intrusions; and (6) document late prehispanic socio-political organization. Here, we present the results of the first two seasons of field work.

Pleistocene and Holocene Adaptations in the Sonoran Desert. Guadalupe Sánchez (UNAM-ERNO), John Carpenter (Centro INAH Sonora), and Ismael Sánchez (University of Arizona) Recent investigations in Sonora have demonstrated a surprisingly well-represented Clovis occupation. Early and Middle Holocene sites and points are widely distributed throughout the Plains of Sonora sub-province and at shell middens in the coastal regions. Following a return to a more amenable climatic regime at the onset of the Late Holocene, select alluvial floodplains witnessed intensive use during the Early Agricultural period. This synthesis is based upon research conducted among approximately a dozen sites with dated contexts where Clovis and Archaic period points have been documented.

Public Archaeology at Cerro De Trincheras. Elisa Villalpando (INAH Sonora) In the mid-1980s, a long-term collaborative effort by R. McGuire (Binghamton University) and E. Villalpando (INAH Sonora) crossed the border to initiate interest in the Trincheras Tradition. Since the first project, participants upheld a sort of pact that researchers should be from both countries, legislation applied should be Mexico’s, and publications should be in English and Spanish. We committed to plan archaeology together with the communities where we would work. Research in the mid 1990s at Cerro de Trincheras was funded by the National Science Foundation and National Geographic. It continued in 2007, with a project funded by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), which focused on the opening of the site for public visitation. In addition to trails and site services, an Interpretive Center with facilities for exhibits and artifact curation was built. We continue doing archaeological research, but first we focused on a management plan and actions that involve the local population (especially young people and women) in preserving their cultural heritage. I will present our “Mexican experience in public archaeology.”

Pothunters vs Archaeologists. Júpiter Martínez and Claudia Jaramillo (Centro INAH Sonora) The Sierra Alta of Sonora archaeological project works in a region of northeastern Sonora, Mexico, where there is a long tradition of pothunters for Casas Grandes ceramics. This situation is one of the biggest challenges in archaeological heritage conservation. We try to reduce looting by implementing a regional campaign for the non-destruction of archaeological sites, the aim has been to guide perception of the pre-Hispanic past as something related with the population itself, to help to clarify that the Casas

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Grandes People were the ancestors of the Opatas, and that the Sonoran Serreño is the result of interbreeding between European and Opatas from the mission period. Although it would seem a difficult task to sensitize a population proud of its western origin but not of its indigenous counterpart, the project has performed locally, at workshops, with talks for students and general population, co-produced a documentary on local television among others activities to promote the importance of regional identity and the response has been unexpected. Saqueadores Vs Arqueólogos. Júpiter Martínez and Claudia Jaramillo (Centro INAH Sonora) El proyecto arqueológico Sierra Alta de Sonora trabaja en una región del noreste de Sonora, México donde existe una larga tradición de los buscadores de ollas decoradas de la cultura Casas Grandes. Es pues uno de los retos en materia de conservación del patrimonio arqueológico tratar de disminuir el saqueo mediante la instrumentación de una campaña regional a favor de la no destrucción de los sitios arqueológicos, el objetivo ha sido tratar de orientar la percepción del pasado prehispánico como algo propio que, aclarando que los Casas Grandes fueron los antepasados de los Opatas, y el Sonorense serreño es resultado del mestizaje entre Opatas y Europeos desde el periodo misional. Aunque parecería una tarea difícil sensibilizar a una población orgullosa de su origen occidental más no de su contraparte indígena, el proyecto ha hecho presentaciones a nivel local, impartido talleres y coproducido documentales en la televisora local con el fin de promover la importancia de la identidad regional y la respuesta ha sido inesperada.

OPEN POSTER SESSION

RESEARCH AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AT THE UPPER GILA PRESERVATION ARCHAEOLOGY FIELD SCHOOL MINI-SESSION Poster Abstracts

Cultural Coalescence and the Archaeological Record as seen through the Salado Phenomenon. Alexander Ballesteros (Northern Arizona University), Dushyant Naresh (Vassar College), and Jeffery J. Clark (Archaeology Southwest) Coalescence manifests itself in many ways, tending to occur during large migrations when groups from one culture move into a region inhabited by another. However, this blend of cultural traditions and practices doesn’t only develop as a result of the physical movement of people, but also from the flow of trade goods and copied ideas. In historic contexts, it is easier to determine the forces behind cultural coalescence from written documents. In prehistoric contexts, it is a much more complicated process. The inherent equifinality of the archaeological record—with several possible explanations for how an artifact was manufactured, used, and discarded—makes it difficult to determine whether migration, exchange, or the diffusion of ideas was the driving force behind changes in tradition and practice. Our project focuses on the Salado Phenomenon, a spatial-temporal horizon defined largely by polychrome ceramics dating from A.D. 1275 to 1450 in the southern U.S. Southwest. It has been hypothesized that an immigrant community in diaspora originating in northeastern Arizona created this ceramic gamut. Looking at artifacts recovered from the Dinwiddie site, a 14th century pueblo in the Cliff Valley of southwest New Mexico, we are trying to reconstruct the culture of the inhabitants, be it local, migrant,

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or some combination of both. Certain artifacts can be used to identify the movement of people, others indicate exchange without migration, and still others suggest solely a transfer of ideas. These material culture differences allow us to examine the character of the Salado “cultural interaction sphere” in which the Dinwiddie site was situated, both in relation to local traditions and to other large spheres such as Casas Grandes.

Developing Public Outreach Programs for Urban, Rural, and Descendant Communities. Marcy Pablo (Tohono O'odham Community College), Allen Denoyer and Karen Gust Schollmeyer (Archaeology Southwest) Outreach programs that encourage meaningful community engagement are most successful when they can be tailored to the interests of specific communities. This poster presents lessons learned from public outreach events aimed at children and at adults in three different settings: (1) descendant communities in southern Arizona; (2) the urban community of Tucson; and (3) small towns in Grant County, New Mexico. In all three settings, children quickly engage with hands-on activities emphasizing the skills past people used to accomplish everyday tasks. Adults are often more reluctant to try hands-on activities, but appreciate information and activities that emphasize local history and archaeology in their community. Successful adult activities may highlight connections to a descendant community’s ancestors or to ancient residents of a familiar landscape in rural or urban settings. These approaches encourage participants of all ages to try new activities and to ask deeper questions.

One Man’s Trash: Historic Artifacts from Looters’ Pits at the Dinwiddie Site. Diana Trevizo (Eastern New Mexico University) and Leslie D. Aragon (University of Arizona) Archaeological sites on undeveloped land in New Mexico are often severely disturbed by pothunters, whose techniques range from small hand-dug pits to large-scale mechanical disturbance with backhoes. The Dinwiddie Site (LA 106003), a Cliff Phase (A.D. 1300–1450) Salado site in the Upper Gila region is no exception. Archaeology Southwest and the University of Arizona’s 2015 Upper Gila Preservation Archaeology (UGPA) field school explored two different loci at the site, both impacted by Historic period looting. Avocational archaeologists who worked at the site in the late 1960s and early 1970s noted the looters’ pits and avoided the disturbed parts of the site, while our excavations targeted those areas, in hopes of recovering and preserving any data left behind. An interesting side effect to digging in pot-hunted areas is encountering all of the historical trash that was left behind by looters. This project examines the historical artifacts that were collected from the 2015 field school excavations at the Dinwiddie Site. By dating historic looting activities based on the trash left behind, we are able to add another layer to the overall story of the site.

Using Non-Invasive Technologies to Identify Multiple Paint Recipes on Hohokam Pottery. Lindsay Shepard (Arizona State University) and Aaron Wright (Archaeology Southwest). As the emphasis on preservation archaeology increases, the application of non-destructive technologies to artifact analysis is becoming more relevant and commonplace. We employ two such techniques, decorrelation stretch (DStretch) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF), to investigate multiple paint hues found on a single pre-Classic Hohokam Red-on-buff sherd. We apply DStretch to visually enhance the paint and confirm the presence of two red hues. The variable hues are a result of either different red paints applied to a single ceramic vessel or differential weathering of a single paint across the vessel’s surface. To answer this, we rely on XRF to determine whether or not chemical differences in the paint recipes

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account for the two hues. We conclude with a discussion regarding the implications of multiple paint recipes found on Hohokam Red-on-buff pottery.

Walnuts as a Potential Paint Source for Roosevelt Redware in the Cliff Valley of New Mexico. Alexandra Norwood and Will G. Russell (Arizona State University), Allen Denoyer (Archaeology Southwest) Ceramic analysis is an invaluable tool for archaeology, and one that has been particularly useful in the U.S. Southwest. Roosevelt Redware, also called Salado Polychrome, dates from about 1280 to 1450 C.E. and is found throughout much of Arizona and New Mexico. The pottery tradition is a hallmark of the Salado Phenomenon, and its analysis has been applied to many questions, including those concerned with technology, exchange, identity, religion, and migration. The black paint on Roosevelt Redware is almost always carbon-based, but in recent excavations at the Cliff-phase site of Dinwiddie, researchers with the Upper Gila Preservation Archaeology project found large amounts of Roosevelt Redware with black paint that was visually consistent with mineral paint. Chemical analysis revealed that the paint was organic, despite its appearance. However, analyses could not identify the plant material used. A Native American artist, who lives near Dinwiddie, suggested that Salado potters may have used the seeds from black walnut trees to make paint. To assess this possibility, I made two batches of black organic paint. The first used beeweed, the plant most often cited as the source for organic black paint. The second batch used black walnut. Pottery was made using traditional methods, painted with the two organic recipes, and fired identically. The beeweed paint was visually consistent with Roosevelt Redware from elsewhere in the Southwest. In contrast, the walnut paint was visually distinctive and quite like the Roosevelt Redware at Dinwiddie. This experiment shows that purely organic paint can be mistaken for mineral paint, and suggests that Salado potters in the Cliff Valley may have been using black walnut seeds to paint their decorated wares.

INDIVIDUAL POSTER SUBMSISIONS Poster Abstracts Photogrammetric Analysis and Repeat Photography: Documenting Terrace Erosion at an Archaeological Site in Glen Canyon, Arizona. Daniel J. Martinez (Northern Arizona University) Archaeological sites located on alluvial terraces downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, have undergone significant erosion since the completion of the dam in 1963. Concern over the loss of natural and cultural resources downstream of the dam led to high-flow experiments (HFEs), also known as controlled floods. These floods, conducted by the U.S. Department of the Interior, mimic pre-dam floods and provide critical sediment for restoring pre-dam habitat, but also impact an archaeological site, Ninemile Terrace, in Glen Canyon. Since 1992, Glen Canyon staff have monitored the site using stationary cameras to collect repeat photographs on a daily basis. This poster presents the preliminary photogrammetric analysis of the repeat photographs, focused specifically on three HFEs in 1996, 2004, and 2012. The overarching goal of the project is to help land managers better understand the physical processes driving erosion while attempting to identify appropriate mitigation strategies to promote site resilience. The preservation of cultural resources in Glen Canyon is particularly important, as these sites represent relics of a larger cultural landscape, which has significant value to archaeologists and tribal stakeholders.

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Reconstructing the Use-life of an Ancestral Puebloan Water Reservoir Feature, Amoxiumqua (LA481), Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. Michael Aiuvalasit and Christopher Kiahtipes (Southern Methodist University), Josh Farella (Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona), Jennie Sturm (University of New Mexico), and Christopher Roos (Southern Methodist University)

Multiple lines of evidence are used to reconstruct the use-life of a water storage feature at the Ancestral Puebloan site of Amoxiumqua (LA481) in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. This proof of concept study demonstrates how integrating a range of low-impact geoarchaeological, geophysical, paleoecological, and hydrological datasets can not only test hypotheses about when and how these types of features were used, but when combined with archaeological and ethnographic data can provide insights into how prehistoric communities collectively managed natural resources. Preliminary chronological results indicate the feature was constructed before the onset of drier than average conditions in the 15th century. Dendrochronological, palynological, and stable carbon isotope data suggest abandonment of the feature and site in the early 17th century. Hydrological modeling and preserved fossil diatoms indicate the reservoir stored a significant volume of water, but only seasonally. This research approach is being applied to reservoir features at ten sites across the Southern Jemez and Pajarito Plateaus to better understand how the collective management of resources factors into the long-term sustainability of Ancestral Puebloan communities.

Round Mountain and Other Cerros de Trincheras of the Upper Gila River, Arizona. Robert J. Hard (University of Texas, San Antonio), John R. Roney (Colinas Cultural Resource Consulting), A.C. MacWilliams (Independent Scholar), Karen Adams (Crow Canyon Archaeological Center), and Mary Whisenhunt (University of Texas, San Antonio) Recent work in the Upper Gila River Valley of Arizona documents two Early Agricultural period cerros de trincheras. Round Mountain contains 1.9 km of walls and terraces and 16 rock rings and was constructed on a 640 foot hill during the Cienega phase (ca. 800 B.C.–A.D. 100). The DotMon site is situated on a 400 foot ridge above the river and includes 250 m of walls and six rock rings. This presentation summarizes recent field work and addresses issues related to chronology, the role of agriculture, and warfare. Early Agricultural period cerros de trincheras have been previously documented in the Río Casas Grandes and in the Tucson Basin. The Upper Gila River Valley sites expand this phenomenon to a third major river valley, implying that cerros de trincheras are part of a broad regional pattern during the pivotal Early Agricultural period.

Terminal Pleistocene Volcanic Eruptions at Zuni Salt Lake, West-Central New Mexico, USA. Jill Onken

(University of Arizona) and Steven Forman (Baylor University)

Zuni Salt Lake, a maar in the Red Hill–Quemado volcanic field in New Mexico, holds great significance in the oral traditions of a handful of tribes, including the Zuni and Hopi. We redefined the age of volcanic eruptions at Zuni Salt Lake using radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Four radiocarbon ages on wood charcoal indicate two main eruptive phases: a violent strombolian eruption at ~13.3 ka and a later, predominantly phreatomagmatic eruptive phase ~11.8 ka. Five less precise luminescence ages support this eruption chronology. These terminal Pleistocene ages for the Zuni Salt Lake eruptions are younger and substantially more precise than previous argon method ages of ~86–114 ka, and indicate that a previous radiocarbon age on aquatic carbonates was anomalously old because of hardwater effects. The millennium or more separating the two eruptive phases suggests closely spaced, monogenetic events at Zuni Salt Lake. The eruptions significantly modified the landscape immediately

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surrounding the vent, including topographic and vegetation changes, and disruption of drainages. The revised, terminal-Pleistocene age for the Zuni Salt Lake eruptions indicates these volcanic events are recent enough that they were likely witnessed by Paleoindian Clovis (~13.4–12.7 ka) and Folsom-Midland (~12.8–11.7 ka) groups inhabiting the region and probably had a lasting effect on their ideology. It also suggests that other Pleistocene volcanics in both the Red Hill–Quemado field and other Jemez Lineament fields might be substantially younger than presently suggested by argon dating.

Undocumented Migration, Prevention through Deterrence, and the Arizona-Mexico Border: A Blueprint for Engaged Archaeology of the Present. Gabriella Soto (University of Arizona) Ongoing national debates about immigration reform have bipartisan support in at least one aspect—the need to secure our national borders from undocumented migration, particularly the border between the United States and Mexico. There are few metrics defining what security means, but its implementation has involved a strategy called prevention through deterrence (PTD). PTD aims to prevent undocumented migration by routing migrants into increasingly remote and dangerous territory, where the expectation is that this prospect of a dangerous journey will be effective deterrence. Research shows that this costly strategy has had dubious effect and has resulted in thousands of undocumented migrants dying en route into the United States as they attempt to navigate around border enforcement. The essential crux of this strategy is the border landscape itself, though few scholarly or policy-level efforts to explore the results of border enforcement have focused on how the PTD strategy has become articulated on the ground. This research seeks to understand what PTD and securing the border actually mean strategically and for migrants on-the-ground. It approaches this line of questioning through the lens of archaeology, aided by ethnography and geographic information systems. This poster presents early results from this dissertation research project.

Captives, Families or Traders: Ceramics at Cerro de Trincheras, Sonora, Mexico. Tanya Chiykowski, (Binghamton University)

Archaeologists in the Southwest US and Northwest Mexico use ceramics to understand the movement of people and ideas across the region. My research addresses the appearance of Hohokam plainwares at Cerro de Trincheras, Sonora, Mexico. Around AD 1300, Hohokam groups producing Sells Plain ceramics using paddle-and anvil techniques moved into the Altar Valley. Concurrently, 50 km south, the population of the Middle Magdalena Valley rapidly increased, as Trinchereños (Trincheras Tradition peoples) built defensive terraced settlements. The largest site was Cerro de Trincheras, a hillside village of approximately 1000 people. Here, Trinchereños potters continued to produce traditional coil-and-scrape ceramics. However, a third of the sherds the archaeologists recovered were Sells Plain, produced by paddle-and-anvil. hree possible explanations exist for this high frequency of Sells Plain ceramics in the 14th century Middle Magdalena Valley: (1) Hohokam potters in the Altar Valley traded plainwares to Cerro de Trincheras, (2) Hohokam households migrated into the Middle Magdalena Valley and produced ceramics at Cerro de Trincheras, and (3) Hohokam women moved to Cerro de Trincheras, entering the labor pool as wives, captives, or refugees. This paper evaluates these three possible explanations for intercultural interaction. Using petrography and stylistic analysis I show that the majority of Sells Plain ceramics on the cerro were locally made, and not associated with wider cultural changes, suggesting that Hohokam women moving to the site, possibly as captive or secondary wives.