Session 8 - Next 100 Years

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2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference 2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference The Commonwealth Navies: 100 Years of Cooperation The Commonwealth Navies: 100 Years of Cooperation Commonwealth Naval Commonwealth Naval Cooperation: Are We Ready Cooperation: Are We Ready for the Next 100 Years? for the Next 100 Years? Mr. George Galdorisi, Dr. Stephanie Hszieh, Dr. Darren Sutton July 30-31, 2009

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Transcript of Session 8 - Next 100 Years

Page 1: Session 8 - Next 100 Years

2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference 2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference The Commonwealth Navies: 100 Years of Cooperation The Commonwealth Navies: 100 Years of Cooperation

Commonwealth Naval Commonwealth Naval Cooperation: Are We Ready Cooperation: Are We Ready for the Next 100 Years?for the Next 100 Years?

2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference 2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference The Commonwealth Navies: 100 Years of Cooperation The Commonwealth Navies: 100 Years of Cooperation

Commonwealth Naval Commonwealth Naval Cooperation: Are We Ready Cooperation: Are We Ready for the Next 100 Years?for the Next 100 Years?

Mr. George Galdorisi, Dr. Stephanie Hszieh, Dr. Darren Sutton

July 30-31, 2009

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 20092

“Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the inferior wine after the guests have become drunk. But you have kept the good wine until now.”

John 2:11

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“Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the inferior wine after the guests have become drunk. But you have kept the good wine until now.”

John 2:11 – The chief steward at the wedding feast at Cana to the bridegroom, commenting on the quality of the wine at the end of the feast

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 20094

“Buying the right systems may give us enormous advantages if we understand how to fight the new way. If we buy the new systems but not the tactical style that goes with them, we will lose capability, even against those who have not invested in similar equipment.”

Dr. Norman FriedmanNetwork-Centric Warfare

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 20095 SSC San Diego…on Point and at the Center of C4ISR

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 20096

…what we are trying to accomplish today…

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…what we are trying to accomplish today…is bracketed

by the following quotes….

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“Naval History and its analysis is an important subject that helps alleviate the tyranny of limited experience. Only by studying history can we properly understand our own strengths and weaknesses and those of our friends and enemies.”

Vice Admiral Russ ShaldersRoyal Australian Navy Chief of NavyWelcoming Remarks2007 King Hall Conference

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 20099

“Australia’s defence policy…means that we must have the capacity to lead military coalitions where we have shared strategic interests at stake with others…and make tailored contributions to military coalitions where we share wider strategic interests with others.”

Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030

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What We Will Cover Today

• Background• Perspective• The Challenge of Naval Coalition Networking• Tell It to the Labs• Achieving Coalition Networking• A Way Forward

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Background

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“To function effectively, the 1000-ship Navy will not only require high levels of international political support to foster the necessary levels of cooperation, but also will be heavily technologically dependent.”

Dr. Chris RahmanThe Global Maritime Partnership Initiative: Implications for the Royal Australian NavyPapers in Australian Maritime Affairs

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“The Future Navy must possess the Command, Control, Communications, Computers (C4) capabilities required to maintain interoperability with coalition forces in the future.”

Royal Australian NavyPlan Blue 2006

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Background

• Commonwealth Navies – and their partners – have a rich history of cooperation at sea

• This successful cooperation in peace & war has raised the bar for future levels of cooperation

• Understanding this history is essential to dealing with future challenges to this cooperation

• The highest-level Commonwealth policy documents all call for more cooperation at sea

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Background

• This naval cooperation has become instantiated in the nascent global maritime partnership

• Challenges to this enhanced cooperation are many and are dependent on effective C4ISR

• Australia has been a leader in calling for more effective C4ISR between among coalition navies

• Publications such as Future Maritime Operating Concept – 2025 and Plan Blue have called for better networking among navies as an essential ingredient of effective partnering at sea

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Perspective

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“Most think that bigger, faster, and more is best when talking about providing technology to naval forces. But this is not always the case. What matters in not how much you communicate, but rather getting the right information to the right people at the right time.”

Professor Nicholas RodgerExeter UniversityKeynote Address2007 King Hall Conference

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“When John Fisher became First Sea Lord in 1904, his main pledge was to solve this intractable problem…Fisher in effect invented picture-based warfare. He created a pair of war rooms in the Admiralty, one built around a world (trade) map, the other around a North Sea map.” Dr. Norman Friedman “Netting and Navies: Achieving a Balance” Sea Power: Challenges Old and New

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Perspective

• Rapid advances in technology, beginning at the dawn of the 20th Century, have ushered in exciting possibilities for faster, better, and more effective naval communication

• Commonwealth naval communication and cooperation can be traced back at least as far back as First Sea Lord Fisher’s Admiralty War Rooms in 1904

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Perspective

• But the history of communications over the past century has revealed that there are often negative unintended consequences when rapidly introducing technology to navies

• Navies wishing to effectively network at sea will likely make substantial investments in technology, what is crucial is ensuring that these technologies enhance, not impede, networking

• The fact navies have led land forces in networking obscures technological challenges

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Naval Coalition Networking: How Big a Challenge?

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“Is there a place for small navies in network-centric warfare? Will they be able to make any sort of contribution in multinational naval operations of the future? Or will they be relegated to the sidelines, undertaking the most menial of tasks, encouraged to stay out of the way—or stay at home…The ‘need for speed’ in network-centric operations places the whole notion of multinational operations at risk.”

Professor Paul Mitchell“Small Navies and Network-centric Warfare: Is There a Role?”Naval War College Review

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“The thorniest issue is to what extent participants are expected to contribute to the timely sharing of information to be used for the identification, monitoring, disruption or interdiction of illegal activities…Each nation can be expected, for example, to have clearly defined rules for releasing information about intelligence platform capabilities.” Lieutenant Commander Chris Watson, RAN “How Might the World’s Navies Contribute to and Benefit from the ‘1000-Ship Navy’ Proposal?” Australian Maritime Issues 2007

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Naval Coalition Networking: How Big a Challenge?

• Effective coalition networking depends on mutually compatible C4ISR technology

• Rapid technology advances and insertion have often impeded effective coalition networking

• Australian Maritime Doctrine probably says it best – “Interoperability can never be assumed and requires substantial and sustained effort to achieve common doctrine, common procedures and common communications” – and addresses the challenge for all our navies

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Naval Coalition Networking: How Big a Challenge?

• Coalition partners often ask the question: “ What is the price of admission to network effectively”

• But the right question is: “ What is the price of omission if we can not network together”

• Coordinated technological development in parallel offers one promising solution

• This sounds great in theory, but who will provide stewardship for this parallel development?

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Tell it to the Labs

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“The DSTO mission covers the full spectrum of science and technology support for Defence…The DSTO will continue a significant portion of research into forward-looking enabling technologies such as hypersonics, computer security, electro-optics and smart materials which impact future Defence capability.” Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030

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“We will win—or lose—the next series of wars in our nation’s laboratories.”

Admiral Jim StavridisAs SOUTHCOM Commander“Deconstructing War”U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings December 2005

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Tell it to the Labs

• DSTO and the companion defense laboratories in the other Commonwealth nations – as well as their likely coalition partners – have a rich history of “connecting” navies at sea

• Effective nation-to-nation defense laboratory cooperation has been going on for over a half-century under the auspices of The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) and other entities

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Tell it to the Labs

• TTCP leadership has recognized the challenges to effective coalition networking at sea

• In 2001, the TTCP Maritime Systems Group commissioned a team to address this issue

• This five-nation cooperative effort has completed two three-year efforts and future work is planned

• We are sharing our results as one best-practices model for all nations represented here

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Out of the Labs: Achieving Coalition Networking

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“The ADF…must continue the transition to a force with fully integrated services that is interoperable with other agencies of government and its coalition partners and allies…The future force will need assured access to other agency, coalition, and open source information capabilities…We have a strong record of meeting the challenges of interagency and coalition operations, both as a leader and a participant. The future will present more challenges in the regard.”

Australian Defence ForceJoint Operations for the 21st Century

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 200937 SSC San Diego…on Point and at the Center of C4ISR

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“In today’s world, nothing significant can get done outside of a coalition context, but we have been humbled by the challenges of devising effective coalition communications.”

Dr. David AlbertsDirector of ResearchU.S. Dept of Defense7th International Command and Control

Research and Technology SymposiumSeptember 2002

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2009 King Hall Naval History Conf30-31 July 200939 SSC San Diego…on Point and at the Center of C4ISR

Our “Beta-Test” Under the Auspices of The Technical Cooperation Program:

One Path to “Building the Networks”

One Model for International Defense and Networking Cooperation: MAR AG-1/AG-6

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“The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), a longstanding forum for defence science and technology cooperation between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, has, for example, established an initiative to consider the ‘FORCEnet Implications for Coalition Partners’”

Dr. Chris RahmanThe Global Maritime Partnership Initiative:

Implications for the Royal Australian Navy

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MAR Action Group 1: “Maritime Network Centric Warfare”

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MAR Action Group 1

• Maritime Network Centric Warfare– Open ended

• Focus on “bounding the problem”– Good product

• Proof of concept through multilateral analysis• Warfighting scenarios with traction for all• Two Studies

– Broad Issues: First Principles of NCW– Tactical Level Analysis: MIO/ASW/ASuW

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Chairman

Australia CanadaNew

ZealandUnited

KingdomUnitedStates

Dr. C. Davis (NL)Ms. S. Andrijich (M) Ms. M. Hue (M) Dr. I. Grivell (M) Dr. D. Sutton (M) Dr. M. Fewell (M)

Mr. P. Sutherland (NL) Mr. R. Burton (M)Mr. M. Hazen (M)Mr. B. Richards (M)

Dr. D. Galligan (NL)Mr. C. Phelps (M)

Mr. A. Sutherland (NL) Mr. P. Marland (M)Mr. R. Lord (M)

Mr. J. Shannon (NL) Dr. R. Klingbeil (M) Dr. S. Dickinson (M) Mr. G. Galdorisi (M)*

Notes: NL = National Leader M = Member

Mr. R. Christian (US)

AG-1 Membership

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Two Component Studies

DecisionTime Scale

Short LongUnequal

Partnership

EqualPartnership

• First Principles in NCW• Quantitative analysis of

alternative networking options in ISR/Operational Planning, as related to Study B TACSITS

• TACSIT-based analysis (relevant, littoral)• Sense-Decide-Respond• Connectivity dependence• Tactical MOEs/MOPs

Study B (Tactical Level) Study A (Broad Issues)

ASW

CVBGOps

AAW

ASUW/ SwarmAttack

MIO

Logistics

ISR

OpsPlanning

MIW

LeverageStudy B

TACSITS

Coa

liti

on F

orce

Con

figu

rati

on

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MAR AG-1 Study BTactical Level Analysis

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Queuing System for MIO

RENEGEBALK

ARRIVALS

PRIORITY

DEPARTURES

SERVER(S)

QUEUE

1. Arrival Pattern describes the input to the queuing system and is typically specified by arrival rate or interarrival time

2. Service Pattern is described by service rate or service time

3. Loss Processes describe how customers can be lost (balking and reneging)

4. Queue Discipline describes how a customer is selected for service once in queue (FIFO, priorities, etc.)

5. System Capacity is the maximum size of a queue; finite or infinite

6. Service Channels are the number of elements available to provide a given function

7. Service Stages is the set of end-to-end processes for completion of service

KEY QUEUEING METRICS: Probability of a customer acquiring service Waiting time in queue until service begins Loss rate due to either balking or reneging

TOI

Non-TOI

Queueing Theory interrelates key system characteristics and can be used to identify where investment should be made to improve performance and effectiveness

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ASW TACSIT Analysis

F a l s e T a r g e t R e d u c t i o n C o n c e p t

• U s e s e n s o r c o r r e l a t i o n a c r o s s a l l a p p r o p r i a t e p l a t f o r m s i n a t a sk g r o u p t o r e d u c e t h e n u m b e r o f n o n - t a r g e t c o n t a c t s p r e s e n t e d t o s e n s o r o p e r a t o r s .

• R e d u c e n o n - o b j e c t f a l s e c o n t a c t s , s u c h a s r e v e r b e r a t i o n s p i k e s a n d w r e c k s , b y u s i n g a c o u s t i c m o d e l s , i n s i t u d a t a , a n d l o c a l d a t a b a s e s .

C o n g e s t i o n o f s o n a r , h i g h w o r k lo a d T i m e t o i n v e s t i g a t e f a l s e c o n t a c t s R e d u c t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e s e a r c h r a t e M i s s e d d e t e c t i o n s o f t a r g e t s

I n f o r m a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l S y s t e m t o r e m o v e s p e c i f i e d s e n s o r c o n t a c t s C a n p o s s i b l y l o w e r d e t e c t i o n t h r e s h o l d I n c r e a s e d p r o b a b i l i t y o f t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n

P L A T F O R M - C E N T R I C A S W( L I M I T E D S S A )

N E T W O R K - C E N T R I C A S W( I M P R O V E D S S A )

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

S u b m a r in e ’ s s e a r c h t r a c k p la n i s in t e r r u p t e d d u e t o f a l s e c o n t a c t in v e s t i g a t i o n

S u b m a r in e a v o id s u n n e c e s s a r y f a ls e c o n t a c t i n v e s t i g a t i o n d u e t o S S A

?

F a l s e T a r g e t R e d u c t i o n C o n c e p t

• U s e s e n s o r c o r r e l a t i o n a c r o s s a l l a p p r o p r i a t e p l a t f o r m s i n a t a sk g r o u p t o r e d u c e t h e n u m b e r o f n o n - t a r g e t c o n t a c t s p r e s e n t e d t o s e n s o r o p e r a t o r s .

• R e d u c e n o n - o b j e c t f a l s e c o n t a c t s , s u c h a s r e v e r b e r a t i o n s p i k e s a n d w r e c k s , b y u s i n g a c o u s t i c m o d e l s , i n s i t u d a t a , a n d l o c a l d a t a b a s e s .

C o n g e s t i o n o f s o n a r , h i g h w o r k lo a d T i m e t o i n v e s t i g a t e f a l s e c o n t a c t s R e d u c t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e s e a r c h r a t e M i s s e d d e t e c t i o n s o f t a r g e t s

I n f o r m a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l S y s t e m t o r e m o v e s p e c i f i e d s e n s o r c o n t a c t s C a n p o s s i b l y l o w e r d e t e c t i o n t h r e s h o l d I n c r e a s e d p r o b a b i l i t y o f t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n

P L A T F O R M - C E N T R I C A S W( L I M I T E D S S A )

N E T W O R K - C E N T R I C A S W( I M P R O V E D S S A )

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

S u b m a r in e ’ s s e a r c h t r a c k p la n i s in t e r r u p t e d d u e t o f a l s e c o n t a c t in v e s t i g a t i o n

S u b m a r in e a v o id s u n n e c e s s a r y f a ls e c o n t a c t i n v e s t i g a t i o n d u e t o S S A

?

C o n g e s t i o n o f s o n a r , h i g h w o r k lo a d T i m e t o i n v e s t i g a t e f a l s e c o n t a c t s R e d u c t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e s e a r c h r a t e M i s s e d d e t e c t i o n s o f t a r g e t s

I n f o r m a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l S y s t e m t o r e m o v e s p e c i f i e d s e n s o r c o n t a c t s C a n p o s s i b l y l o w e r d e t e c t i o n t h r e s h o l d I n c r e a s e d p r o b a b i l i t y o f t a r g e t d e t e c t i o n

P L A T F O R M - C E N T R I C A S W( L I M I T E D S S A )

N E T W O R K - C E N T R I C A S W( I M P R O V E D S S A )

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

U S S Y o rk to w n A e g is m is s ile c ru is e r

S u b m a r in e ’ s s e a r c h t r a c k p la n i s in t e r r u p t e d d u e t o f a l s e c o n t a c t in v e s t i g a t i o n

S u b m a r in e a v o id s u n n e c e s s a r y f a ls e c o n t a c t i n v e s t i g a t i o n d u e t o S S A

?

Metric for SSA Concept Analysis

Reduce false contact loading on the ASW system by improving Shared Situational Awareness (SSA)

PASW = PDET * PCLASS * PLOC * PATK

PCLASS = PACQ CLASS * P(T|t)

PACQ CLASS = probability that the target acquires classification service

P(T|t) = probability of recognizing the target contact as the actual target of interest (experimental data required)

T = THREAT DECISION

t = true target

There are queueing aspects (waiting line/demand for service) in each of the terms in PASW

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5

CONTACT ARRIVAL RATE (contacts per hr)

PL

OC MEAN SERVICE TIME = 15 min

MEAN SERVICE TIME = 30 min

MEAN SERVICE TIME = 60 min

MEAN SERVICE TIME = 120 min

Effect Of Improved SSA and Service Time on PACQ CLASS

SSA IMPROVEMENT

PACQ CLASS

IMPROVEMENT VALUEADDED

Improved SSA reduces the arrival of false contacts which increases the probability of successful target classification

MEAN TIME TO RENEGE = 15 min

Example is not based on actual system data

P A

CQ

CL

AS

S

Improving ASW Effectiveness –NCASW Concepts and Hypotheses

1 Shared Situational Awareness (SSA)

Network- enabled Shared Situational Awareness (SSA) can reduce false contact loading thereby increasing ASW effectiveness.

2 Collaborative Information Environment (CIE)

Sensor operators in a network-enabled collaborative environment can reach-back to ASW experts to improve target and non-target classification performance.

Queueing Theory can provide an intuitive mathematical and physical framework for the analysis of any military system or operation that can

be characterized as a “waiting line” or a “demand -for-service.”

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ASuW/Swarm TACSIT Analysis

Study has used MANA agent based model to represent the Swarm’s dynamic tactics, with four levels of Blue networking capability.

Sample Results: (30 knot FIAC)

• Intermediate and High levels of networking increase Force survivability versus Type 1 FIAC by factor of 9.

• Full results include dependencies on Red speed (leakers increase at 40 knots).

0102030405060708090

100

5 10 15 20 25 30

Swarm Size

Pro

bab

ilit

y o

f L

eake

r (%

)

NO COMMS BASELINE INT NCW HIGH NCW

NCW Gain

Tacsit: Blue force in restricted sea room is attacked by a swarm of FIAC. Network enabled Blue shared situational awareness and distributed targeting reduces the number of ‘leakers.’

Metrics: Probability of one or more FIAC reaching firing position against HVU. Fractions of FIAC leaking, and of Blue escorts damaged. Collateral damage.

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AG-1 Study “Takeaways”

• Any analysis must begin with the recognition that there will likely be a significant networking capability gap between US and coalition partners

• This analysis must evaluate the impact of technology insertion on a networked coalition naval force

• Networking would most benefit coalition naval forces in planning and re-planning, training, and reach-back to better intelligence

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MAR Action Group 6“FORCEnet Implications

for Coalitions”

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MAR AG-6 Direction and TOR

• Leverage AG-1work• Build on AG-1 work but add:

– More specificity regarding ops and force structure– More granularity to analysis and modeling

• Work within a realistic operational scenario that all member nations would participate in

• Produce a product that informs national leadership and acquisition officials

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Chairman

Australia CanadaNew

ZealandUnited

KingdomUnitedStates

Dr. A. Knight (NL)Ms. R. Kuster (M)Ms. A. Quill (M)Mr. M. Coombs (M)

Mr. R. Mitchell (NL)Mr. M. Maxwell (M)Dr. M. Lefrancois (M)

Dr. D. Galligan (NL)*LCDR W. Andrew (M)

Mr. A. Sutherland (NL) *Mr. P. Marland (M) *Mr. M. Lanchbury (M)

Mr. D. Endicott (NL) Mr. G. Galdorisi (M)* Mr. P. Shigley (M)Ms. M. Gmitruk (M)Ms. K. Dufresne (M)Mr. D. Zatt (M)Dr. M. Green (M)Mr. T. McKearney (M)Ms. M. Schult (M)Dr. S. Gallup (M)Ms. M. Elliott (M)

Notes: NL = National Leader M = Member

* = Former AG-1 member

Mr. Don Endicott

AG-6 Membership

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What is FORCEnet?

FORCEnet is an “…operational construct and architectural framework for naval warfare in the information age, integrating warriors, sensors, command and control, platforms, and weapons into a networked, distributed combat force.”

Admiral Vern ClarkFormer Chief of Naval Operations (2000-2005)U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings October 2002

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Premises

• FORCEnet will empower warfighters at all levels to execute more effective decision-making at an increased tempo, which will result in improved combat effectiveness and mission accomplishment.1

• The warfighting benefits of FORCEnet in a coalition context can be assessed through analysis and quantified to provide input to national balance of investment studies of the five member nations.2

• It is necessary that FORCEnet address current and near term information system requirements that support operations in the joint and coalition environments. Coalition Communications was the clear number one priority of all numbered fleet commanders and is a critical enabler in leveraging coalition partners in the GWOT.3

1. FORCEnet: A Functional Concept for the 21st Century 2. MAR AG-6 Terms of Reference3. FY 2006 Numbered Fleet Top C4 Requirements (CFFC/CPF

consolidated message)

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Hypothesis

• Conducting modeling and simulation and detailed analysis to demonstrate the enhanced warfighting effectiveness of coalition partners (in this case – the AUSCANNZUKUS nations) netted in a FORCEnet environment can help inform national naval C4ISR acquisition programs.

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Notional Coalition Order of Battle

Australia United Kingdom•2 ANZAC Frigates•2 FFG•1 AWD

• 1 LPH/LPD• 2 LSD• 1 Replenishment Ship

Canada United States

• 1 Destroyers• 2 Frigates• Replenishment Ship• Submarine

• 3 Amphibious Assault Ships• 1 Cruiser• 2 Destroyers• 3 Littoral Combat Ships• 1 Attack Submarine

New Zealand

• 2 ANZAC Frigates • 1 Replenishment Ship• 1 Multi-role Vessel

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Conflict with Southeast Asian Military

Dealing with Terrorist Insurgency

Disaster Relief/Humanitarian Assistance

Operational Scenario

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Operational Scenario

1. Assembly, training, planning & rehearsal2. Littoral transit versus FIAC

3. ASW against Kilo’s4. Amphibious offload

5. Naval fires6. MIO versus insurgent resupply

Operational Vignettes

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Initial Modeling Results - Summary

SummaryOperational

ImpactMoE Analysis

AssemblyNetwork capability limits time required to build force

Force can plan in advance of rendezvous, training time reduced

Total force at Fn Level1 reduced time required “in company” from 3 to 1 day

FIACNetworking with increased ISR, flexible ROE enhances ability to counter

Gain in reducing probability of FIAC “leaker” attacking HVU

Fn level 0 or 1 little impact, Level 2 doubles size of swarm that can be countered

ASWIncreased networking impacts in both planning and common operational picture

Gains realizes in better networking of sensors and ISR assets (MPA, helo)

Fn Level 1 allowed OTH sensor monitoring and increase in predicted HVU survivability from .55 to .85.

OffloadNetworking shared landing craft resources speeds delivery of on-cal relief supplies

Flexibility in delivering supplies to beach as HA mission unfolds

Fn Level 3 produced impact as all landing craft assets were able to service any supplying ship

FiresCall-For- Fire process evolves from voice to digital data exchange

Reduced time allows for improved initial accuracy, less chance of targets escaping

Time to engage reduced from 55 min (Fn Level 0) to 2 min (Fn Level 3)

MIO

Range of networked capabilities for detection, tracking, and search of CCOIs have potential for improved performance

Better CCOI tracking through enhanced planning, asset management. Boarding party tools for personal safety and reachback into HQ databases

Probability of acquiring CCOI increased from .1 to .7 with Fn Level 1. Fn Level 2 needed for enhanced database tool and ISR integration

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• Increased levels of FORCEnet are generally associated with higher levels of coalition effectiveness

• Force effectiveness is higher when all units are at the same level of Fn• There is no ‘sweet spot’ in Fn. Generally:

• Fn level 0 provides about a 10% gain over ‘do nothing’• Fn level 1 provides about a 35% gain over level 0• Fn level 2 provides about a 35% gain over level 1• Fn level 3 provides about a 20% gain over level 2

• Heterogeneous levels of Fn impact differently on vignettes, but differential Fn level greater than 1 degrade force effectiveness

• Impact of differential is to marginalize elements at lower levels or to slow the overall C2 process and delivery of effect

• Fundamental finding applicable to all NCW • US sharing FORCEnet roadmaps would better inform coalition

acquisition and enable the Global Maritime Partnership.• Coalition members will need to consider changes to their programs of record

and POM programs to align with Fn opportunities• US will need to maintain legacy C4ISR products during their Fn

migration phases to ensure coalition backwards compatibility, whilst other nations catch-up

Summary of Finding and Conclusions

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Summary of Key Findings

• FORCEnet improves military performance in every vignette assessed

• Improvements primarily in process time, decision making, information availability and planning

• Force effectiveness higher when all coalition units operate at same FORCEnet level

• Differential levels >1 among coalition units degrade force effectiveness

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TTCP MAR “AG-Next”

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A Way Forward?

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“A new idea is first condemned as ridiculous and then dismissed as trivial, until finally, it becomes what everyone knows.”

William James--1879

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“The DMO (Defence Material Organization) maintains a number of relationship with allies and other partner nations in order to ensure that Australia has access to the world’s best technologies, systems and capabilities. The DMO uses those relationships to identify interoperability objectives, explore collaborative activities, share data on reciprocal projects, benchmark acquisition and sustainment processes, and streamline technology transfer arrangements.”

Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030

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A Way Forward?

• The rich history of Commonwealth naval cooperation simultaneously offers good examples of how our navies can cooperate today while raising the bar for how these navies work together in the future

• Today, globalization and a wide range of challenges mean that no navy stands alone and networking navies effectively is a necessary condition for mutual security and prosperity via an effective global maritime partnership

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A Way Forward?

• The next 100 years of Commonwealth naval cooperation will be heavily dependent upon these navies – and their likely coalition partners – having mutually compatible C4ISR systems that enhance robust networking

• We have “beta-tested” one methodology for helping navies network more effectively by addressing C4ISR challenges at the defense laboratory level and this model can be extrapolated to other nations and navies

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“Interoperability can never be assumed and

requires substantial and sustained effort to

achieve common doctrine, common

procedures and common communications”

Australian Maritime Doctrine

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Back-ups

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NCW Capability Stepping Stones Levels of FORCEnet

Level 3

• Robust, reliable communication to all nodes

• Reliable, accurate and timely information on friendly,

environmental, neutral and hostile units

• Storage and retrieval of authoritative data sources

• Robust knowledge management capability with direct access

ability to raw data• User-defined and shareable SA

• Distributed and collaborative command and control

• Automated decision aids to enhance decision making• Information assurance

• Seamless cross-domain access and data exchange.

• Interoperability across all domains and agencies

• Autonomous and disconnected operations

• Automatic and adaptive diagnostic and repair

• Modular architecture to expedite new capabilities

Fully Net Ready“Decision-making under undesirable conditions“

• IP Reach Back• Local Area Networks• Wideband Receive• RF Management

• Survivable comms

Full IT21“Online“

Level 0

• Web-based services • Improved network reliability

and performance• Increased bandwidth

• Improved coalition operations and data sharing

• Tailorable situational awareness tools

• Standardized data exchange between domains

• Defense in depth

Net Connected“Improved decision making”

Level 1

Net Enabled“Network based command

and control”

• Multi-path and improved transport reliability

• Dynamic bandwidth mgmt• Customized applications

and data sources• Common infrastructure and

data exchange standards• Improved data exchange

across domains• Enterprise management for

asset analysis and repair• Initial knowledge

management and automated decision aids

• Assured sharing• Distributed command and

control operations• Modular and open

architecture

Level 2

Today FY07 FY10 FY14

Based on Fn Concept

Document

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Capstone Report

• Ten chapters, eleven annexes– Including executive summary,

bibliography• Will describe study approach

– Section on each vignette’s modeling

• Capabilities as described in Pastel Chart– Including issues relating to

procurement of these capabilities• Recommendations for further

MAR efforts