Session 4
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Transcript of Session 4
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Rich Picture Example
• In groups develop a rich picture to express how Singaporean/Honk Kong Companies can take (further) advantage of e-commerce opportunities. Cover the issues, problems and opportunities related to taking advantage of the opportunities.
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Systems Thinking(Jackson)
• There is some debate in relation to business analysis methodologies
• Jackson for example labels:– Total Quality Management– Business Process Re-engineering– Learning organisation – Guru theory
• Fads!
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Systems Approach
• Systems approach is holistic
• Holistic solution looks at the entire problem
• Avoids breaking it up into components
• Systems interact and create emergent properties
• Can be a way of thinking- ontological
• Can be used to understand situations - epistemological
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Progress in Management Science & Systems Thinking
Increasing divergence of values/interests
Unitary Pluralist Conflictual
Simple
Complex
Increasing Complexity
ORSoft OR/Systems
Design of Adaptive Systems ?
Problems more difficult to manage
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
History of Management Problem Solving
• Frederick Taylor’s “Scientific Management” pre 1st WW as a problem solving methodology
• Operational research came into being in 1940’s
• Then systems analysis and systems engineering
• Systems thinking
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
• Researchers on the horizontal axis emphasise the importance of values, beliefs and philosophies
• Their main concern is changing organisational culture and gaining commitment from participants to a course of action
• Moved from positivist to a interpretive approach• Soft ORers and systems thinkers do not try to
design models for repetitive use
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
• Reason? Due to individual nature of problems
• The methodology is replicated!– Checkland, Flood and Jackson
• Jackson argues that steady progress has taken place in the development of management problem solving
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Management Fads
• Guru Theory– Peter’s & Waterman “In Search of
Excellence” - included Management by Walking About
• Heathrow (Changi) School of Management
• Follow based on faith rather argument
• Write in such a way that skips details
• They sell lots of books! Why?
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
• They tell stories• Three kinds of Guru
– Academic Gurus– Consultant Gurus - eg. de Bono, Peters– Hero Managers - Iacocca
• Many contradictions from one book to another– Customer is king– Flexibility replaces customer is king– Later it was something else– Rationale?
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
• TQM - includes continuous quality improvement programmes– drive defects out and designing quality in– at all stages of the production process
• Required fundamental orientation to the customer• Coordination of all stages of production to get
conformance to requirements• Included suppliers to get quality raw materials or
products or services
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
TQM
• TQM programmes frequently fail according to surveys - no real impact
• Reasons - TQM focuses on customers at the expense of other stakeholders
• Some argue customers don’t know what they want!
• Some believe employees are the most important stakeholders
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
BPR & Learning Organisations• BPR - another fad? We will look at this
later?
• Learning organisation– Peter Senge - The Fifth Discipline (1990)– limited selection of systems ideas– continually expanding its capacity to create
its future– means people have to keep learning
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Learning Organisation
• Managers must master 5 disciplines– Systems– personal mastery– mental models– building shared vision– team learning
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Conclusions
• The point of systems thinking is to
“help us to work out the right course of action to take
• No real hope of a unified theory of systems
• Careful research (critical reflection) is required as opposed to fadism
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Questions• Do you agree with Jackson’s view (fads) of
– Guru Theory– TQM– Learning organisations
• Why does he uphold the credibility of systems thinking?
• Where does systems theory beat the “fads”?
• What faults can you find with his argument?
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Craig Standing Business Analysis Methodologies
Questions
• Does systems thinking as an approach have much to offer business analysis?– What?
• Is the success of systems thinking dependent on the cultural context?