1.mangrove.org A Novel Model for Mangrove Agroforestry to Provide Livelihoods and Biofuel Feedstock 1996-2014 mangrove.org . All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Riley Encased Methodology

2. mangrove.org Mangrove Forests Coastal hardwood forests Littoral or intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions Trees are halophytes that thrive in the saline conditions of oceans, bays, estuaries and intracoatal waterways Form diverse & highly productive ecosystems Harvesting of mangroves: o Construction materials o Fuel stock o Derived products mangrove.org 3. mangrove.org Mangrove destruction and degradation a worldwide issue British Virgin islands 4. mangrove.org Clearing of mangroves for coastal development or agriculture use 5. mangrove.org Mangrove Reforestation Failure How many times have you heard about a good idea applied wrongly which backfired and caused more harm than good? This is exactly the case with one of the worlds most intensive efforts to restore coastal mangrove forests. mangrove.org University of the Philippines Quezon City 6. mangrove.org Conventional Reforestation mangrove.org Through a cash-for-work project, villagers in Thailand, harvest and plant mangrove seedlings 7. mangrove.org Law of Unintended Consequences mangrove.org Rhizophora propagules being conventionally planted within the pneumatophore root system of Avicennia Rhizophora propagule Avicennia Pneumatophores 8. mangrove.org Riley Encased Methodology (REM) Principles of Isolation & Adaptation 9. mangrove.org REM Encasement Device Protects seedling from environmental factors Maintains proper hydrology Facilitates adaptation 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 mangrove.org 10. mangrove.org Principles Processes Specifications Technology Devices Tools Procedures Applications mangrove.org Riley Encased Methodology Ecological Engineering 11. mangrove.org Isolation & Adaptation time lapse 12. mangrove.org Adaptation process complete REM Device 13. mangrove.org Success Criteria - reproductive maturity 14. mangrove.org Water view Shore view Successful REM reforestation 15. mangrove.org Clearing mangroves from agricultural lands, severe erosion and direct economic loss Costa Rica 16. mangrove.org Armoring for shoreline stabilization 17. mangrove.org mangrove.org Water level Filter Material Armor Layer Bottom sediments Embankment Toe Top Rock Revetments 18. mangrove.org High-energy wave impact zone - Prevents natural regeneration - Conventional reforestation is ineffective 19. mangrove.org Mangrove Mitigation 20. mangrove.org Mangroves removed & revetment installed Belize, CA 21. mangrove.org Mangroves replaced by seawalls Meritt Island Florida REM Device Shoreline revegetation with Rhizophora mangle 22. mangrove.org Sustainable Development Restored mangroves 23. mangrove.org Biscayne Bay Florida 1997 Mangrove habitat destroyed in 1992 by Hurricane Andrew Cat 5 Storm 24. mangrove.org REM Encasement Devices installed 25. mangrove.org Wrack Line & Debris 26. mangrove.org Isolation protects developing seedlings 27. mangrove.org Adaptation process Pneumatophores and Aerial Roots Pneumatophore Aerial roots 28. mangrove.org Reforestation, shoreline stabilization, habitat restoration 29. mangrove.org Biscayne Bay, Florida -1997 30. mangrove.org Biscayne Bay, Florida 2007 Ecological infrastructure 31. mangrove.org Eroding shoreline with exotic vegetation 32. mangrove.org Accretion - sediment binding by prop roots Top of REM Device 33. mangrove.org Soil Conservation / Land Building 34. mangrove.org Cape Canaveral 1998 35. mangrove.org Cape Canaveral- 2006 36. mangrove.org Social impact of REM reforestation Manzanar Project Eritrea 37. mangrove.org 700,000 trees - intertidal flats providing livelihood and economic base 38. mangrove.org Mangrove reforestation for sustainable ranching and aquaculture 39. mangrove.org Maharashtra Application REM Coastal Reforestation Technology 40. mangrove.org Advanced biofuel technologies Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass 41. mangrove.org IH 2 Technology mangrove.org Converts mangrove biomass directly into high quality, drop in, gasoline and diesel. The process is able to produce gasoline and diesel at a market competitive price on a commercial scale. 42. mangrove.org REM Reforestation in Agroforestry Soil conservation, shoreline stabilization, erosion control Reduces pollutants reaching coastal waters Creates ecological infrastructure, promotes biodiversity Improves water quality, quality of the atmosphere, sequesters carbon Supports commercial & recreational fisheries, protects coral reefs Strengthens coastal resilience Renewable natural resource for sustainable economic growth mangrove.org 43. mangrove.org A Novel Model for Mangrove Agroforestry to Provide Livelihoods and Biofuel Feedstock 1996-2014 mangrove.org . All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Riley Encased Methodology