Session 2.3 sustainable fodder production utilization of wastelands

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Sustainable Fodder Production Strategy through Utilization of Wastelands in Hills J K Bisht,VPKAS, Almora

Transcript of Session 2.3 sustainable fodder production utilization of wastelands

Sustainable Fodder Production Strategy

through Utilization of Wastelands in HillsJ K Bisht,VPKAS, Almora

Cultivated land - Residues, Weeds, Terrace risers, Slopes

Fallow land - Grasses, Herbs, ShrubsForest land - Grasses, Shrubs, Leaf fodderHigh altitude - Pastures: Grazing

NWHR: It offers following sources of fodder

Permanent pastures

Land under misc. trees

Forest area

Land put to non agril. use

Barren & uncult. waste

Net sown area

Cultivable waste

Fallow-current & other

Jammu & Kashmir

2.9%1.6%

62.3%

4.5%

6.6%

16.6%

3.2%2.3%

Himachal Pradesh

35.1%

1.4%

30.8%

5.8%

4.4%

16.7%

3.5%2.3%

Uttarakhand

4.5%

4.3%

65.8%

2.2%5.9%

10.3%5.6%

1.3%

Different categories of land available for fodder cultivation

Landuse

Area (million ha) Area availablefor fodder

cultivation (million ha)

RemarksJ&K H.P. UK Total

Agriculture 0.75 0.55 0.79 2.09 0.20 Ridge top and slope of risers (10% area)

Cultivable, waste, fallow

0.15 0.13 0.34 0.62 0.12 Area adjoining habitation(20% area)

Current fallow

0.08 0.06 0.07 0.21 0.06 Inclusion of fodder in cropping system (30% area)

Forest 2.75 1.10 3.47 7.32 1.40 Plantation of in forest floors under community forest (20% area)

Total area 3.73 1.84 4.67 10.24 1.78

ConstraintsAgro eco system constraints

Shortage of fodder Overgrazing Rangeland deterioration

Management constraints Suitable fodder trees Poor management Lack of integrated approach

Social and policy constraints Less area under cultivated fodder crops Attitude of free availability Community organization Benefits of sharing

Major Constraints and Potentials

Fodder Needs

Cattle population in UK = 48.87 lakh

Supply Green fodder = 105.12 (lakh t/year) Dry Fodder = 38.02 (lakh t/year) Total = 143.14 (lakh t/year)

Shortage Green fodder = 92.28 lakh t/year or 46.74 percent Dry Fodder = 16.29 lakh t/year or 29.99 percent

Requirement Green fodder = 197.40 (lakh t/year) Dry Fodder = 54.31 (lakh t/year) Total = 251.71 (lakh t/year)

Year Supply Demand Deficit as % of demand (actual demands)

Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry

1995 379 421 947 526 60 (568) 20 (105)

2000 385 428 988 549 61 (604) 22 (121)

2005 390 443 1025 569 62 (635) 22 (126)

2010 395 451 1061 589 63 (666) 24 (138)

2015 401 466 1097 609 64(696) 23 (143)

2020 406 473 1134 630 64 (728) 25 (157)

2025 411 488 1170 650 65 (759) 25 (162)

Source: Draft report of the working group on animal husbandry and dairying for five-year plan (2002-2007), Govt. of India, Planning Commission.

Scenario of feed and fodder requirement & availability: (In million tones)

ConstraintsAgro eco system constraints

Shortage of fodder Overgrazing Rangeland deterioration

Management constraints Suitable fodder trees Poor management Lack of integrated approach

Social and policy constraints Less area under cultivated fodder crops Attitude of free availability Community organization Benefits of sharing

Major Constraints and Potentials

•Continuous grazing and over stocking•Grazing of animals in large number too early at regeneration stage•grazing till the very onset of severe winter denying the opportunity to the nutritious forage var. to flower and to produce seeds•Proliferation of weeds•Soil erosion

Reasons of deterioration in the condition of bugyals

ConstraintsAgro eco system constraints

Shortage of fodder Overgrazing Rangeland deterioration

Management constraints Suitable fodder trees Poor management Lack of integrated approach

Social and policy constraints Less area under cultivated fodder crops Attitude of free availability Community organization Benefits of sharing

Major Constraints and Potentials

Potential area for fodder production

Fallow land - Grasses, Herbs, Shrubs

Forest land - Grasses, Shrubs, Leaf fodder

High altitude – Pastures, Grazing

Cultivated land - Residues, Weeds,

Terrace risers, Slopes

Suitable Technologies

Wastelands and grasslands

Introduction of Improved Grasses and Legumes

Treatments Fodder

Yield (q/ha)

1. Pangola 272.8

2. Chrysopogon 238.3

3. Siratro pure 185.8

4. Pangola + Siratro (1:1) 357.3

5. Pangola + Siratro (1:2) 354.0

6. Chrysopogon + Siratro(1:1) 210.2

7. Chrysopogon + Siratro1:2) 234.7

Controlled Grazing

Enclosure period

Herbage production

Average (q/ha)

Species

(No.)

Open grassland 9.5 13.0 Two years’ closure 31.2 22.0 Five years’ closure 37.2 26.0 Long term cllosure 44.6 38.0

Fertility Management

Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)

Phosphorus levels (kg/ha)

Mean

0 30 60

0 17.8 23.2 32.2 24.4

30 34.2 42.8 52.7 43.2

60 47.0 55.1 70.2 57.4

Mean 33.0 40.3 51.7

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Green forage Yield (q/ha)

Cutting Management

Establishment of Kudzu

Utilization of Sloping Lands

Potential area for fodder production

Fallow land - Grasses, Herbs, Shrubs

Forest land - Grasses, Shrubs, Leaf fodder

High altitude - Pastures: Grazing

Cultivated land - Residues, Weeds,

Terrace risers, Slopes

Fodder production on forest floor

Green forage yield 400-800 q/ha

Hy. Napier at Different Sites

Silvipastoral System

Potential area for fodder production

Fallow land - Grasses, Herbs, Shrubs

Forest land - Grasses, Shrubs, Leaf fodder

High altitude – Pastures, Grazing

Cultivated land - Residues, Weeds,

Terrace risers, Slopes

High altitude Pasture

Potential area for fodder production

Fallow land - Grasses, Herbs, Shrubs

Forest land - Grasses, Shrubs, Leaf fodder

High altitude - Pastures: Grazing

Cultivated land - Residues, Weeds,

Terrace risers, Slopes

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Silvihorti System

Agrihorti System

Potential area for fodder production

Fallow land - Grasses, Herbs, Shrubs

Forest land - Grasses, Shrubs, Leaf fodder

High altitude - Pastures: Grazing

Cultivated land - Residues, Weeds,

Terrace risers, Slopes

Hy, Napier on Field Terrace Risers

Tree Plantation

Fodder Production Round the Year in Hills

S.N. Months Fodder trees Grasses Cultivated fodder

1 Dec-Jan. Grewia optiva, Quercus leucotrichophora, Q. glauca ,Q.dilata, and Ailanthus excelsa,

Perennial rye, Tall fescue, Cocksfoots, Broome and Grassland manawa

Berseem, clover, Dual purpose wheat and Barley, Lucerne, Oat and Mustard

2 Feb-Mar. Ficus spp,.Bauhinia retusa Prunus padam, and Fraxinus micantha,

Perinnial rye, Tall fescue, Cocksfoots, Broome and Grassland manawa

Berseem, Lucerne, clover and Oat

Fodder Production Round the Year in Hills

S.N. Months Fodder trees Grasses Cultivated fodder

3 Apr.-May Celtis austrelis, Q. leucotrichophora, Robinia

Perinnial rye, Tall fescue, Setaria Spp. and Rhodes

Berseem, Lucerne, clover, and Oat

4. June-July Bauhinia spp., Albizia, Morus alba, Robinia pseudo acacia and Alnus nepalensis

Hy. Napier, Setaria Spp. Rhodes, Panicum Spp, Pangola, Thysanolaena maxima, Congo signal and local

Maize cowpea and Desmodium

S.N. Months Fodder trees

Grasses Cultivated fodder

5 Aug.-Sep

Bauhinia spp.,Albizia, Morus alba, Robinia pseudo acacia and Alnus nepalensis

Hy. Napier, Setaria Spp., Rhodes, Panicum Spp,, Thysanolaena maxima Pangola, Congo signal and local

Maize cowpea and Desmodium

6. Oct.-Nov.

Bauhinia spp, Albizia, and Alnus nephalensis,

Hy. Napier, Setaria spp. Rhodes, Panicum Spp, Pangola, Thysanolaena maxima , Congo signal and local

Desmodium, Cowpea, Perinnial and winter grasses ,

Fodder Production Round the Year in Hills

• A rational proportion of trees/ shrubs and grasses in grazing lands

• Regulating grazing in pasture and grazing lands

• Planting of improved grasses and leguminous fodder in the

grasslands

• Creation of fodder banks & Scientific processing

• Changing the forest plantation policy from industrial to fodder

oriented

• Undertaking of special rejuvenation programme for alpine pasture

• Development of suitable fodder production models as per land

holding

FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS

• Participatory techniques to be adopted to identify the problems and to carry out the improvement programme

• Tree canopy manipulation through biological means such as

goat grazing, optimizing tree density and spacing in plantation

• Standardization of lopping intensity, frequency and seasonality

• Development of appropriate planting technology and design in

line with local ecological and socio-economic conditions

• Identifying /developing a diversity of tree species that can

be planted by the local farmer

• Development of appropriate PHT for fodder, considering local

socio economic conditions