Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an...
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Transcript of Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an...
![Page 1: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Session 2
Peer Support Quiz
![Page 2: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a hernia?
![Page 3: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a hernia?
A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening
![Page 4: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is the peritoneum?
![Page 5: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is the peritoneum?
The serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities
![Page 6: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
List four uses of health information
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List four uses of health information
• Epidemiological investigation• Evaluate current services• Plan future services• Health promotion/disease prevention
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Describe simple diffusion
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Describe simple diffusion
Movement of a solute across a membrane by dissolving in the hydrophobic membrane
core
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What are the two parietal layers?
![Page 11: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What are the two peritoneal layers and name the structures they cover?
• Visceral peritoneum: abdominal organs• Parietal peritoneum: abdominal wall
![Page 12: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Name the space between the two layers of peritoneum
![Page 13: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Name the space between the two layers of peritoneum
The peritoneal cavity
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List five characteristics of membrane transporters
![Page 15: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
List five characteristics of membrane transporters
• Transporters are integral membrane proteins
• Transporters are channels or carriers• Transporters are specific (or selective)• Transporters are regulated• Transporters are passive or active
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Give three types of gated transporters
![Page 17: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Give three types of gated transporters
• Voltage-gated• Ligand-gated• Mechanically-gated
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What does the pneumonic CARTA stand for when assessing the quality of health information?
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What does the pneumonic CARTA stand for when assessing the quality of health information?
• C: completeness• A: accuracy• R: relevance/representativeness• T: timeliness• A: accessibility
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What is the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs?
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What is the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs?
Intraperitoneal organs are completely almost completely covered by peritoneum and
suspended by a mesentery whereas retroperitoneal organs are only partially
covered by peritoneum
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What are the functions of the peritoneum?
![Page 23: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What are the functions of the peritoneum?
• The facilitate movement between abdominal organs and between organs and the abdominal wall
• To produce peritoneal fluid which contains leukocytes and antibodies
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What is the difference between active and passive transport?
![Page 25: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport uses metabolic energy whereas passive transport does not use
metabolic energy
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Is the GLUT transporter passive or active? Give its mechanism of action
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Is the GLUT transporter passive or active? Give its mechanism of action
PassiveGlucose is transported down its concentration into the cell. In the cell glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate maintaining the concentration gradient
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Give two types of diaphragmatic hernia
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Give two types of diaphragmatic hernia
• Traumatic• Congenital
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What is demography?
![Page 31: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
What is demography?
The study of the size, structure, dispersement, and development of human
populations
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What is the difference between a direct and an indirect hernia?
![Page 33: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is the difference between a direct and an indirect hernia?
A direct hernia goes through Hasselbach’s triangle whereas an indirect hernia goes
through the inguinal canal
An INdirect hernia is IN the INguinal canal
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What is the relationship of direct and indirect herniae to the inferior epigastric vessels?
![Page 35: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What is the relationship of direct and indirect herniae to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Direct herniae are found medial to the vessels whereas indirect herniae are found
lateral to the vessels.
![Page 36: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What are the three types of active transporters?
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What are the three types of active transporters?
• P-type:• V-type:• F-type:
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Name the mesentery of the large intestine and of the small intestine
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Name the mesentery of the large intestine and of the small intestine
• Large intestine: mesocolon• Small intestine: THE mesentery
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Describe the innervation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum
![Page 41: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Parietal peritoneum has the same innervation as the overlying abdominal wall and is sensitive to pain. Visceral peritoneum has the same innervation as the part of the gut is covers and so pain is poorly localized
Describe the innervation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum
![Page 42: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What are the two types of co-transport and give an example of each?
![Page 43: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What are the two types of co-transport and give an example of each?
• Symporters: • Na+:glucose (drives the uptake of glucose by intestinal
cells)• Na+:AA• Na+:Cl-
• Na+:HCO3-
• Antiporters: • Na+:H+ (regulates intracellular pH)• Na+:Ca2+ (maintains low intracellular Ca2+)• Na+&HCO3
-:H+&Cl- (Na+-dependent Cl-:HCO3- antiporter)
![Page 44: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What type of groin hernia is more common in women?
![Page 45: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What type of groin hernia is more common in women?
Femoral hernia
Femoral hernia are found below the inguinal ligament
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What are the three measures of fertility?
![Page 47: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What are the three measures of fertility?
• Crude birth rate• Live births/1000 population
• General fertility rate• Live births/1000 women aged 15-44yrs
• Total fertility rate• Average number of live children that a group of woman would have if
they experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the calendar year in question throughout their child-bearing lifespan
Crude birth rate – Includes males, children and post-menopausal women in denominatorGeneral fertility rate –Doesn’t take account of variation of fertility with age.Total fertility rate – Takes account the differing fertility rates within age groups
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What is the processus vaginalis?
![Page 49: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What is the processus vaginalis?
An embryonic out pouching of the peritoneum that precedes the testes during
descent
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What is the tunica vaginalis?
![Page 51: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
What is the tunica vaginalis?
The remnants of the processus vaginalis surrounding the testes
Because the tunica vaginalis develops from the processus vaginalis it is composed of parietal and visceral peritoneum
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What is the difference between the chemical and electrical potential across a membrane?
![Page 53: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What is the difference between the chemical and electrical potential across a membrane?
The chemical potential is the difference in concentration across the membrane whereas
the electrical potential is the difference in charge across the membrane
The electrochemical potential combines the two
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What is a membrane potential?
![Page 55: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What is a membrane potential?
The difference in electrical potential between the interior and exterior of a cell
The inside is more negative
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Where is birth registration and death registration data collected?
![Page 57: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Where is birth registration and death registration data collected?
Office of National Statistics (ONS) Birth notification (within 36 hrs) &Birth registration (within 42 days)
Local registrar for births, marriages & deaths
Office of National Statistics (birth statistics)
Death certificate issued by doctorDeath registration (within 5 days)
Local registrar for births, marriages & deaths
Office of National Statistics (mortality statistics)
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What is the typical ion concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell?
![Page 59: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
What is the typical ion concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell?
• Inside: 160mM• Outside: 5mM
![Page 60: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
What is a hydrocoele?
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What is a hydrocoele?
A collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of peritoneum of the tunica
vaginalis
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What is peritonitis?
![Page 63: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneum
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How are population estimates calculated?
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How are population estimates calculated?
Census baseline + birth – deaths ± migration
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What is the typical ion concentration of Na+ inside and outside the cell?
![Page 67: Session 2 Peer Support Quiz. What is a hernia? A protrusion of an organ or structure through an abnormal opening.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649db05503460f94a9e700/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
What is the typical ion concentration of Na+ inside and outside the cell?
• Inside: 10mM• Outside: 150mM
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What is the difference between population estimates and population projections?
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What is the difference between population estimates and population projections?
A population estimates estimates population size and structure between census whereas a
population projection forecasts future population size and structure based on mortality,
fertility and migration
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What is the typical ion concentration of Cl- inside and outside the cell?
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What is the typical ion concentration of Cl- inside and outside the cell?
• Inside: 5mM• Outside: 115mM
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What is ascites?
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What is ascites?
Excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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What are the five F’s for abdominal swelling?
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What are the five F’s for abdominal swelling?
• Fluid• Fat• Flatulence• Faeces• Foetus
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What is the typical ion concentration of Ca2+ inside and outside the cell?
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What is the typical ion concentration of Ca2+ inside and outside the cell?
• Inside: 0.2μM• Outside: 2mM
Remember – there is a 1000-fold difference in intracellular and extracellular concentration
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Give three sources of morbidity data
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Give three sources of morbidity data
• Cancer registration• Notifications of communicable diseases• NHS activity data
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Give the simplified Nernst equation
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Give the simplified Nernst equation
Only applies at at temperature of 37°
Eion
61 mV
Zlog
[ion]out
[ion]in
=Eion = equilibrium potential (volts)[ion] = ion concentration (mM)Z = the valence (charge) of the ion
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What is a Hernia contains a Meckel’s diverticulum?
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What is a Hernia contains a Meckel’s diverticulum?
A hernia of Littré
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What are two types of traumatic diaphragmatic herniae?
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What are two types of hiatus herniae?
• Sliding: the gastroesophageal junction moves above the diaphragm with part of the stomach
• Rolling: part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm without movement of the gastroesophageal junction
A hiatus hernia is a type of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. They may also be congenital e.g. Bochdalek (posterior) or Margagni (anterior)
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What is depolarization of the membrane?
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What is depolarization of the membrane?
A decrease in the membrane potential. The inside of the cell becomes less negative.
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Give two examples of NHS activity data
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Give two examples of NHS activity data
• Quality and outcomes framework (QOF): completed by GPs
• Hospital episodes statistics (HES): all admissions to NHS hospitals in England
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What are the two main clincial classifications used by the HES?
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What are the two main clincial classifications used by the HES?
• ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision): Describes conditions treated or investigated
• OPCS-4 (OPCS Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures, 4th Revision): Records details of operations e.g. hip replacement
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What are the complications of a hernia?
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What are the complications of a hernia?
• Incarceration: the hernia becomes stuck• Strangulation: ischemia of the herniated
structure
An incarcerated hernia may become a strangulated hernia
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What are the two main types of bias associated with surveys?
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What are the two main types of bias associated with surveys?
• Responder bias• Reporting bias
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What is hyperpolarization of a membrane ?
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What is hyperpolarization of a membrane ?
An increase in the membrane potential. The inside of the cell becomes more negative.
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What is the absolute refractory period?
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What is the absolute refractory period?
The period of time following an action potential when another action potential
cannot be fired
Caused because the Na+ channels are in an inactive state