1. Literature Review&Research Problems Session 2

2. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

3. Nature of research

What is research?

systematic investigationintorealityto gain knowledge

4. Three elements of research

(1) a question, problem, or hypothesis,

(2) data, and

(3) analysis and interpretation of data.

(Nunan, D. 1992, p. 232)

5. Formulate research questions

Characteristics of a GOOD Research Question

Worth Asking

Answerable

6. What type of research question is problematic?How to haveasuccessfulpresentation? Should we applycredit systemin HULIS? Is the participation level of second-year students at CFL, VNU in group work satisfactory? What recommendationscanbe made for the exploitation of humor by teachers in the foreign languageclassroom? 7. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

8. What is a literature review?

An account of what has been published on a topic byresearchers, scholars and practitioners

A systematic method foridentifying, evaluating and interpretingthe work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners

9. Why review the literature?

Without it you will not acquire:

an understandingof your topic, of what hasalready been doneon it

how it has beenresearched ,

what thekey issuesare.

10. Contents of Literature Review 11. Major reasons for doingliterature review For planningPrimaryresearch As an endin itself 12. Literature review for planning primary research

An overall framework for where this piece of workfits inthebig pictureof what is known about a topic from previous research

13. Literature review in the research process

8. Evaluate results and draw conclusions

1. Identify problem areas 2. Survey literature 3. Formulate research questions 3. Survey literature 4. Construct research design 5. Specify sources of data 6. Specify data collection & data analysis procedures7. Execute research plan 14. Literature review in relation to other steps Redefine the scope of research as well as research questions Literature review Provide conceptual frameworks for data collection & data analysis 15. To dogood research DONT NEED TOKNOWEVERYTHING HAVE TO KNOWTHEUNKNOWN 16. Identify what is unknown- Common rationale for research

Lack of consistency

A flaw in previous research

Research may have been conducted on a different population than the one in which you are interested.

Identify an ongoing edu. or psy. problem and propose studying the effect of an innovative intervention

Uncertainty about the interpretation of previous studies findings.

17. Major reasons for doingliterature review For planningPrimaryresearch As an endin itself 18. Show what is known

To inform practice or to provide a comprehensive understanding about what is known about a topic

19. Literature review as an end

to provide a comprehensive understanding of what is known about a topic

20. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

21. Steps of the Literature Review process

Selecting the topic

Getting the information

Looking at information sources

Setting the topic in context

Positioning the literature review

Using information sources

Writing the literature review

Organizing information (information management)

22. A simple model

Selecting the topic

Setting the topic in context

Looking at information sources

Using information sources

Getting the information

Organizing information (information management)

Positioning the literature review

Writing the literature review

23. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

24.

List as many document types as possible

5 mins

25. Words

DISSERTATION: a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree

PROCEEDINGS: the official written report of a meeting, etc.

• E.g. His paper is published in the new issue of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

MONOGRAPH: a detailed written study of a single subject, usually in the form of a short book ( chuyn kho)

26. Types of publications

• Journal articles

• Books

• Conference proceedings; Government reports

• Theses/ dissertation

• Newspapers/ magazines

• The Internet

27. Define what you want to know

Im looking for literature and data that focus on the f actors influencing students participation in in-class group work

Use this to choose search words and phrases

28. Define search words and phrases

group work

in-class group work

students participation in group work

students participation in in-class group work

speculated factors: motivation, culture etc.

29. Look at information sources

Classification of information sources

General sources : daily newspapers, news weeklies, magazines etc.

Secondary sources : books, reviews of research etc.

Primary sources : journals, abstracts, scholarly books etc.

30. Where?

Library

Internet

31. http://scholar.google.com.vn/ 32. http://book.google.com/ 33. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ 34. http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/ 35. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

36. In-text Citation Rules (APA style)

Use the Past Tense or Present Perfect when using signal phrases to describe earlier research.

E.g. Jones (1998) found

Jones (1998) has found ...

37. In-text Citation Rules

Follow the author-date method:

• in the text:

• E.g. (Jones, 1998)

• at the end of the paper: a complete reference should appear in the reference list

38. In-text Citation Rules

Use a direct quotation:

• Include the Author, Year, and Page Number as part of the citation.

• A quotation < 40 words: quotation marks and incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence.

• E.g. Patients receiving prayers had less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, hadfewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently incubated and ventilated (Byrd, 1988, p.829).

39. In-text Citation Rules

A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart from the surrounding text, in block format.

Use () to indicate where you have omitted the authors irrelevant words.

E.g. Referring to communicative competence, Savignon (1997) says:

• • • communicative competence is the expression, interpretation, and negotiation of meaning; and communicative competence is always context specific, requiring the simultaneous, integrated use of grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence(p.225)

40. Plagiarism

Plagiarism:

• uses someones words, ideas or information without referencing them, i.e. presenting them as your own.

• is a very serious academic offence and leads to severe penalties.

41. Plagiarism

To avoid plagiarism, make sure you:

• Usequotation marksfor the extracts you copy directly from a source andacknowledge the source .

• Use properparaphrasingandacknowledge the source .

• Keep carefulnotes of your sourcewhen you read. Keep thebibliographical informationthat you will need to write a full reference for the source.

42. Common mistakes

Lack some of the required information

Some sources are cited in text but are not listed in the references

43. Reference List Rules

Appear at the end of the paper.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

Chronological by same author

44. Journal Article Reference

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article.Journal Title, Vol(no), pages.

Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the internal dynamics of leadership teams.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55 , 179-188.

45. Book Reference

Author, A. A. (Year).Title of book(Edition). Location: Publisher.

Taylor, S. E. (2003). Health psychology(5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

46. Electronic source

Author, A. A. (Year).Title of work.Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source.

American Psychological Association. (2003).Electronic references . Retrieved March 21, 2005, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

47. Common mistakes

The list is not arranged alphabetically

No hanging

Write the authors full name

48. 49. Practice

• Work in group of 4

• Write references for the following documents in APA style

50. 51. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

52. Critical reading of materials on the Internet

AUTHORSHIP/ PUBLISHING BODY

AUTHORS PURPOSES AND INTENDED AUDIENCE

CONTENT

STRUCTURE

FORMAT AND STYLE

53. (1) AUTHORSHIP& PUBLISHING BODY

PUBLISHING BODY

Is it a personal page

What type of domain is it?

Who published the page?

How well-known is the site?

What are the purpose of the site?

AUTHORSHIP

Who is the author? Is he or she qualified/ competent enough to write on the topic?

Can the author be contacted?

Is there a relation between the topic and the author?

54.

SEVERAL TIPS AND TECHNIQUES

TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

55.

What is the domain?

• http://en.wikipedia. org :80/wiki/Special:Search?search=train&go=go

• http://www.silcom. com /~noster/

What does it tell?

• The host of the site

• The geographical source

LOOK AT THE DOMAIN 56. Domain Hosts of the site Examples .edu an education institution www.harvard.edu/ .gov a government agency www.nasa.gov/ .net a network related organization www.microsoft.com/net/ .com a commercial organization www.cnn.com/ .org a nonprofit and/or research organization http://www.w3.org/ 57. MORE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_nameBACK Domain Geographical source Examples .ca Canada www.cbc. ca .uk United Kingdom www.bbc.co. uk / .au Australia www.uq.edu. au / .jp Japan www.japantimes.co. jp / .fr France www.lemonde. fr / 58. TRUNCATE BACK THE URL

http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-16/chapter_xvii.htm

(1) http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-16/ (2) http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/ (3) http://www.crvp.org/book/ (4) http://www.crvp.org/ 59. http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-16/chapter_xvii.htm 60. http://www.crvp.org/ BACK 61. (2) AUTHORS PURPOSES & INTENDED AUDIENCE

2.1 INTENDED AUDIENCE

What type of audience is the author addressing?

Is the publication aimed at a specialized or a general audience?

Is this source too elementary, too technical, too advanced, or just right for your needs?

Etc.

62.

2.2 AUTHORS PURPOSES

The purpose of the site

The author and the relation between the author and the information

Striking facts and figures of the text

Tone of the writer

BACK 63. (3) CONTENT

(3.1) Accuracy

(3.2) Objectivity

(3.3) Currency

(3.4) Comprehensibility&User-friendliness

(3.5) Authenticity

64. 3.1 ACCURACY

Checking the information against other resources

Studying the literature

CONTENT GRAMMAR, SPELLING, PUNCTUATIONBACK 65. 3.2 OBJECTIVITY

Bias is a tendency to support or opposea particular person or thingin an unfair waybyallowing personal opinionstoinfluenceyourjudgment

(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2003).

66. OBJECTIVITY

Examine the source

Examine the language

Detect the unchallenged assumptions

Examine the balance of ideas

Compare with other sources

BACK 67. 3.3 AUTHENTICITY

CHECK AGAINTS OTHER SOURCES

68. 4. STRUCTURE

Chronological order

Order of importance

Sequence/ Process order

Topic order/ Categories

Compare and contrast

Problem solving/ Problem - Solution

Cause and effect

Report style

(Background Analysis Recommendations)

Induction - Deduction

69. 5. FORMAT & STYLE

STYLE

In what style has the material been written?

How does the style influence your reaction to the material? Do you think the style is appropriate for the information?

Do you think that the style is consistently applied throughout the information?

70. Critical reading of materials on the Internet

AUTHORSHIP/ PUBLISHING BODY

AUTHORS PURPOSES AND INTENDED AUDIENCE

CONTENT

STRUCTURE

FORMAT AND STYLE

71. Information processing

Identify issues involved

Look for definitions, recurring themes, debates (conflicting ideas)

Make a content analysis of each definition/theme/debate

72. Contents

Revision

Role of related literature

Steps of the literature review process

Sources and search strategies

Citation and plagiarism

Information analysis, synthesis and evaluation

Structure of the LR

73. Structure of the LR

What do you need to do?

Where do the key points for the literature review come from?

How to structure the LR?

What are the characteristics of a good LR?

74. What do you need to do? Grouping texts according to the similaritiesof their ideas or arguments Grouping studies that focus onsimilar phenomenaor share similar methodologies 75. What do you need to do? commenting on the main ideasthat feature in eachgroup of texts or studies comparing and contrasting the different studies, methodologies and identifying for the reader those which have the greatest bearing on your own research indicating which articles, methodologies will form the basis ofyour investigations 76. Where do the key points for the literature review come from? 77. How to structure the LR?

Chronological

• By publication

• By trend

Thematic

Methodological

78. What are the characteristics of a good LR?

It lays out what research has been done by othersrelevant to your research aim/objectives

It presents the work of others in aclear ,interesting andprogressivemanner(to build up a coherent/logical picture)

It provides evidence ofin-depth critical evaluation (i.e. to show that YOU can give an opinion and support it with argument/evidence).

79. What are the characteristics of a good LR?

It highlightsemergingissues

Itcites a variety of relevant sources properly (to show that you are well read and scholarly in your approach).

80. A note on language

Active vs. Passive

Peters (1992)discoveredthat . . . (active)

Itwas discoveredby Peters (1992) that . . . (passive)

Depend on your purpose

81. A note on language Biggam (2008) 82. References

Mertens, D. M. (2005).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods(2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Phm Minh Tm (2007).Slides for theme 2:Literature review & research problems . VNU, HULIS

V Hi H (2007).Slides for session 2: Finding materials for literature review . Research workshops for students of the English Department.

Doan Thi Thu Trang (2008).Slides for theme 2:Literature review & research problems . VNU, HULIS

Murray, N. & Hughes, G. (2008)Writing up your university assignments and research projects . England: Open University Press

Biggam, J. (2008)Succeeding with your Masters Dissertation . England: Open University Press

Phung Ha Thanh (2008).Slides for theme 2:Literature review & research problems . VNU, HULIS