GasTech 2005The Role of Classification

Societies in Design, Operation and Construction of LNG Carriers and Terminals

GasTech 2005The Role of Classification

Societies in Design, Operation and Construction of LNG Carriers and Terminals

William J. SemberVice President , Energy Development

ABSBilbao, Spain 14 March 2005

Class Role In LNG TransportationClass Role In LNG Transportation

• Develop and Set Standards

• Third Party Independent Verification Agent

• Enable Operators To Meet Technical Challenges For Transporting LNG

• Apply ship/offshore classification experience to “marinizing” offshore LNG terminal facilities

Classification ProcessClassification Process• Develop standards “Rules”• Review technical plans and

determine design compliance• Conduct surveys during

construction• Source inspection of materials,

equipment and machinery• Accept a vessel into “class”• Conduct subsequent periodic surveys

for maintenance of class• Conduct surveys of damage, repairs

and modifications

Deliveries Needed*22 21 35 21 20 17 18 20 22 24 25

Current Orderbook*

22 21 35 21

177 177 176 175 174 172 170 168 166 164 161

11 13 16

4273 88 107 122 138 156 176 198 220

1 752 3 922

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

LNG Ship Supply-Demand ForecastLNG Ship Supply-Demand Forecast

Source: Current Fleet & Orderbook Clarkson **35-year-in-service basis

199219

250265

284299

315333

353375

397

Existing

NewDemandCumulative

ReplacedVessels**Cumulative

In Number of Vessels – Jan 2005*

LNG Outlook

*preliminary

Deliveries NeededIncludes current orderbook and estimated delivery of LNG ships needed for all currently known LNG related projects, including those associated with offshore terminals. For forecast shown ship size assumed at 135K CuM

LNG Fleet Capacity Growth 75%LNG Fleet Capacity Growth 75%

30

0

Capacity (million cubic meters)

Dec 2004

20.6925

20

15

10

5

23.91

26.94

32.05

35.90

Timeframe

Dec 2005 Dec 2006 Dec 2007 Dec 2008

177

ship

s

198

Ship

s

219

Ship

s

254

Ship

s

278

Ship

s

Chart Data from Lloyd’s Register/Fairplay and Clarksons

35

Evolution of LNG Carrier SizeEvolution of LNG Carrier Size300,000 m3

200,000 m3

100,000 m3

0

Cubic Meters

1964 1965 1969 1973 1975 1981 1995 2005 2009-2010

27,40025,500

71,500

87,600

120,000 125,000 133,000 135,000

153,000

250,000

IndependentPrismaticAluminumCargo Tanks

IndependentCylindricalTanks

First MossRosenbergIndependentSpherical Tanks

Ben Franklin& El Paso Kayser

FinimaFirst MembraneShips

2007

210,000 to 215,000

LNG Transport System TechnologyLNG Transport System TechnologyNext Generation of LNG Ships Require Advanced Technology that Addresses the Transport System

Propulsion Technology

Structural Integrity Technology

Pump Tower Analysis

Containment System Technology

Ship to Terminal Interface Technology

Special Concerns for LNGSpecial Concerns for LNG

• Gasification of LNG• Loss of Containment • Liquid Spill on Deck • Gas Release• Disposal of Boil-off• Fire and Explosion • Over-pressure or Under-pressure• Ship to Terminal Transfer of LNG• Partial Loading• Layout Constraints

Sloshing AnimationSloshing Animation

Pump Tower Reinforcement To Handle High Loads Pump Tower Reinforcement To Handle High Loads

CFD Simulates Liquid MotionsCFD Simulates Liquid Motions

Dual Fuel Electric Propulsion(Diesel and Electric)

Dual Fuel Electric Propulsion(Diesel and Electric)

• 177 LNG ships in service– Steam turbine

• 103 LNG ships on order– 82 –Steam turbine– 21 -Diesel

• 13-dual fuel diesel electric

• 8 –slow speed diesel direct drive

(1 January 2005)

Membrane Containment StrengthMembrane Containment Strength

• MK III and No 96 Membrane systems tested for strength with full scale drop tests

• Guidance by class societies for strength assessment of membrane type containment systems

New Tank Containment DesignNew Tank Containment Design

• Pyramid/Prism shaped tank design to reduce free surface area thus reducing high impact sloshing loads

New Tank Containment DesignNew Tank Containment Design

• Cylindrical Tank with spherical dished ends

• 36m diameter and40m high holding volume of 36,000m3

Design to maximize void spaces in the hull

Offshore LNG Terminals Offshore LNG Terminals • Ship to Terminal

Transfer of LNG • Class Guidelines for

Building and Classing Offshore LNG Terminals

• Considers:– Terminal structure– Hull design– Mooring system– Offloading– Process facilities

LNG Technologies LNG Technologies

• Regasification of LNG onboard vessel, The Energy Bridge Deepwater Port

Class Contributions to LNGClass Contributions to LNG

• First Transport of LNG by Sea was “Methane Pioneer” in 1959

• Today 177 LNG carriers transporting LNG from one region of the world to another…All of these vessels are “classed”

• Class societies serve as an independent third party verification agency

Safety & Compliance With Rules (Standards) The Main Concern…..