Session 17 ic2011 venditti
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Transcript of Session 17 ic2011 venditti
Jesse Daystar, Richard Venditti, Hasan Jameel, Mike Jett
North Carolina State University
Forest Biomaterials Department
Forest Products Society’s 65th International Convention on June 19-21, 2011 in Portland, Oregon.
CORRIM Biofuels Research
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Bioconversion
Ethanol
Pyrolysis Oil
Outline Introduction
Research Objective and Goal
LCA Approach
Goal and Scope
Boundaries
Data collection
Results
Conclusions
Thermochemical Conversion: Biomass to Biofuels
Gasification: conversion of organic or fossil materials at high temperature without combustion to produce high energy synthetic gas
The synthetic gas can be
burned for energy
reacted to produce liquid fuels
Advantage: feedstock flexibility (SW, HW, agric resid, wastes)
Gasification Flow Sheet
Research Objective and Goal
6
Fuel Mandates
7
Lifecycle GHG Thresholds Specified in EISA (percent reduction from 2005 baseline)
Renewable fuela 20%
Advanced biofuel 50%
Biomass-based diesel 50%
Cellulosic biofuel 60%
EISA Renewable Fuel Volume Requirements (billion gallons)
YearCellulosic
biofuel requirement
Biomass-based diesel
requirement
Advanced biofuel
requirement
Total renewable fuel requirement
2008 n/a n/a n/a 9.0
2009 n/a 0.5 0.6 11.1
2010 0.1 0.65 0.95 12.95
2011 0.25 0.80 1.35 13.95
2012 0.5 1.0 2.0 15.2
2013 1.0 a 2.75 16.55
2014 1.75 a 3.75 18.15
2015 3.0 a 5.5 20.5
2016 4.25 a 7.25 22.25
2017 5.5 a 9.0 24.0
2018 7.0 a 11.0 26.0
2019 8.5 a 13.0 28.0
2020 10.5 a 15.0 30.0
2021 13.5 a 18.0 33.0
2022 16.0 a 21.0 36.0
2023+ b b b b
Energy Independence and Security Act, 2007
Research Objectives Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) on forest residuals/thinnings to
ethanol using a thermochemical conversion process (TC bioethanol)
Determine the GHG savings versus gasoline
Determine the energy produced per unit of fossil fuel energy input for the TC bioethanol process
Logging slash: Fs.fed.us
LCA Goal: To estimate if a thermochemical conversion process of pine
residuals to ethanol would meet the Renewable Fuel Standards (60% reduction)
Requires GHG data and energy data
Basis of Calculation required: Comparison of the production of 1 MJ of energy from gasoline and from ethanol
LCA Approach
10
Conversion Process
Biomass Gasification
Process Chemicals
Olivine
MgO
Molydbenum
Waste Treatment
Non-organic effluent
Landfill
Inorganic Ash
Feedstocks
Production
Transportation
Sequestered Carbon
Distribution/Use
Fuel transportation
Combustion emissions
System Boundary
LCA Boundary: Cradle to Grave
Key Assumptions:
Forests/plantations sustainably managed
Forest residue was a minor co-product and not assigned any burdens for growing timber
Residue decomposition alternate scenario not considered
Land use change not studied
Equipment manufacture not considered
Methane (25X) and N2O (298x) GHG potency wrt CO2 (IPCC, 2006)
Methods: Aspen Gasification Model (Mass and Energy Balances)
Developed by NREL: S. Phillips, A. Aden, J. Jechura, and D. Dayton (2007)
Published technical report
Thermochemical Ethanol Via Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Facility size 772,000 dry tonnes of wood fed/year About 60 gallons per Ton of OD wood About 100 million gallons/year facility
Aspen Model Overview:
Input Stream lb/hr Ouput Stream lb/hr
Clear water chemicals 8.16E-01 Catalyst purge 1.07E+00
Make up catalyst 1.07E+00 Vent to atmosphere 1.90E+00
MgO 6.97E+00 Solid waste 7.94E+01
Char combustor water 2.43E+02 Sulfur storage 1.13E+02
Lo-Cat oxidizer air 2.72E+02 Air to atmosphere 2.80E+02
Make up olivine 5.38E+02 Water to treatment plant 1.21E+03
Steam make up water 3.25E+04 Sand fly ash 2.43E+03
Cooling make up water 8.60E+04 Windage to atmosphere 8.16E+03
Combustion air 2.63E+05 Higher alcohols 9.14E+03
Feedstock 3.34E+05 Blow turbine blow down 1.70E+04
Combustion air 4.30E+05 Ethanol product 5.07E+04
Condensor water 4.08E+06 CO2 vent 5.47E+04
Flue gas stack 9.35E+05
Evaporated to atmosphere 4.23E+06
Total in 5.22E+06 Total out 5.31E+06
% System closure 98.5%
Material Balance
Energy Balance
Boiler temperature adjusted such that the overall system purchased energy set to zero
Process Simulation Feedstock Data
Alcohol Products
Energy +/-
Adjust Boiler Temp Alcohol Products
Boiler Temp
GHG Data
Economic data
Environmental and Economic Analysis
Emissions Data Sources
Aspen model
Material and energy balance
US LCI database emission factors
Process chemicals
Waste water treatment
Waste transportation
Inorganic landfill
GREET emission factors
Fuel combustion
Results
18
GHG Emission Sources
-86.95%
62.23%
35.90%
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
MJ Ethanol from Loblolly Pine
Pe
rce
nt
of
To
tal
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns
Fuel Combustion
Fuel Transport
Fuel Production
Raw Materials
Raw Materail Transport
Sequestured Carbon
Global Warming Potential Cradle-to-grave
8.66E-02
4.57E-03 7.24E-03 1.58E-04
7.45E-02
2.71E-02
-1.80E-01
3.07E-04
3.46E-03
1.29E-01
1.58E-04
7.45E-02
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Total SequesturedCarbon
Raw MaterailTransport
Raw Materials FuelProduction
FuelTransport
FuelCombustion
kg
CO
2 E
qu
iva
len
ts p
er
MJ
Fu
el
Axis Title
Gasoline
Ethanol From Pine
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol: 69% reduction in GHG
100%
31%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Global Warming Potential
Gasoline
Ethanol
Lifecycle GHG Thresholds Specified in EISA (percent reduction from 2005 baseline)
Renewable fuela
20%
Advanced biofuel
50%
Biomass-based diesel
50%
Cellulosic biofuel
60%
Sensitivity Analysis Evaluated raw material characteristics effects with ASPEN
model simulations:
Δ (kg CO2)/Δ(% Moisture Content )= 1.0 45% MC is 69% reduction
50% MC is 62% reduction
55% MC is 54% reduction
Δ (kg CO2)/Δ(% Ash Content )= 0.8
MC and Ash (and not chemical composition) correlated with model results within the set of hybrid poplar, hardwoods, pine, eucalyptus, corn stover, switchgrass, miscanthus
Fossil Fuel Depletion: 4 units of energy produced/1 unit of fossil fuel input
0.24
1.26
Biomass Gasification for Electricity: 16 units of energy produced/1 unit of fossil fuel input
Life Cycle Assessment of a Biomass Gasification Combined-Cycle System,
Margaret K. Mann, Pamela L. Spath, NREL, 1997
Conclusions Biomass growth and emissions during thermochemical
conversion dominate the GHG balance for biothenol production
Production and use of TC bioethanol reduces GHG emissions by 69% relative to gasoline, qualifies as cellulosic biofuel
The production of TC bioethanol produces 4 units of energy per 1 unit of fossil fuel consumed, lower yield than biomass gasification to electricity
Acknowledgements Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials
Department of Energy
Maureen Puettmann – SimaPro assistance
Introduction
27
CO2 and Temperature
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 Time (ybp)
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
CO
2 (
pp
mv)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Tem
per
atu
re
Rohling et al. 2009. Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the last five glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience 2:500.
EISA Renewable Fuel Volume Requirements (billion gallons)
Year Cellulosic
biofuel requirement
Biomass-based diesel
requirement
Advanced biofuel
requirement
Total renewable fuel requirement
2008 n/a n/a n/a 9.0
2009 n/a 0.5 0.6 11.1
2010 0.1 0.65 0.95 12.95
2011 0.25 0.80 1.35 13.95
2012 0.5 1.0 2.0 15.2
2013 1.0 a 2.75 16.55
2014 1.75 a 3.75 18.15
2015 3.0 a 5.5 20.5
2016 4.25 a 7.25 22.25
2017 5.5 a 9.0 24.0
2018 7.0 a 11.0 26.0
2019 8.5 a 13.0 28.0
2020 10.5 a 15.0 30.0
2021 13.5 a 18.0 33.0
2022 16.0 a 21.0 36.0
2023+ b b b b
Predicted GHG Reductions
30
• 138 million metric tons CO2e/year by 2022
• Equivalent to removing 27 million vehicles off the road.
• 254.4 million registered passenger vehicles in the US, 2007 DOT
Feedstock
GHG
Displacement % S Feedstock
GHG
Displacement % S
Switchgrass -114 1 Corn -86 9
Switchgrass combustion
compared with coal
combustion -109 2 Corn-soy -38 10
Miscanthus (gasification) -98 3 Corn (starch) -25 11
Switchgrass -93 4 Corn (starch) -24 12
Switchgrass -73 5 Corn -3 13
Switchgrass -11 6 Corn (starch) 66 14
Switchgrass 43 7 Corn (starch) 93 15
Switchgrass 50 8
Biofuel GHG Studies
Sources: 1(Adler, Grosso et al. 2007), 2(Ney and Schnoor 2002), 3(Lettens, Muys et al. 2003), 4(Schmer, Vogel et al. 2008), 5(Wu, Wu et al. 2006), 6(Lemus and Lal 2005), 7(Delucchi 2006), 8(Searchinger, Heimlich et al. 2008), 9(Delucchi, 2006), 10(Adler, Grosso et al. 2007) 11(DiPardo 2004), 12(Wu, Wu et al. 2006), 13(Niven 2005), 14(Delucchi, 2006), 15(Searchinger, Heimlich et al. 2008) (Table modified from Davis et al 2009)
Feedstock
GHG
Displacement % S Feedstock
GHG
Displacement % S
Switchgrass -114 1 Corn -86 9
Switchgrass combustion
compared with coal
combustion -109 2 Corn-soy -38 10
Miscanthus (gasification) -98 3 Corn (starch) -25 11
Switchgrass -93 4 Corn (starch) -24 12
Switchgrass -73 5 Corn -3 13
Switchgrass -11 6 Corn (starch) 66 14
Switchgrass 43 7 Corn (starch) 93 15
Switchgrass 50 8
Previous GHG Studies
Average GHG reductions
Cellulosic: 59%
Corn: 2.2%
Sources: 1(Adler, Grosso et al. 2007), 2(Ney and Schnoor 2002), 3(Lettens, Muys et al. 2003), 4(Schmer, Vogel et al. 2008), 5(Wu, Wu et al. 2006), 6(Lemus and Lal 2005), 7(Delucchi 2006), 8(Searchinger, Heimlich et al. 2008), 9(Delucchi, 2006), 10(Adler, Grosso et al. 2007) 11(DiPardo 2004), 12(Wu, Wu et al. 2006), 13(Niven 2005), 14(Delucchi, 2006), 15(Searchinger, Heimlich et al. 2008) (Table modified from Davis et al 2009)
LCA Boundary: Cradle to Grave: Residue Collection and Chipping
Feedstock Transportation
Thermochemical Conversion Process
Ethanol Distribution
Combustion Logging slash:ysc.nb.ca
Upstream and Waste Emissions
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
MgO Olivine Molydbenum Wastetreatment
Landfill Landfilltransportation
Kg
CO
2 e
q /
ho
ur
Global Warming Potential: 2005 Study
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of an integrated biomass gasification combined cycle (IBGCC)
with CO2 removal. Matteo Carpentieri *, Andrea Corti, Lidia Lombardi, Energy Conversion
and Management 46 (2005) 1790–1808
Global Warming Potential: 1997 Study
Life Cycle Assessment of a Biomass Gasification Combined-Cycle System,
Margaret K. Mann, Pamela L. Spath, NREL, 1997