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핵심인재양성을위한솔루션 · Session 2: 긍정적삶을위한롤플레잉게임 [오프라인] 학습원정대 Session 1: 체험학습현장 Session 2: 미션수행 Session
Session 1 Ross (2)
27
1-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Corporate Finance, 7/e © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance
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Thanks to the authors
Transcript of Session 1 Ross (2)
1-1
McGraw-Hill/IrwinCorporate Finance, 7/e © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved.
CHAPTER
1Introduction to
Corporate Finance
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What is Corporate Finance?
Corporate Finance addresses the following three questions:
1. What long-term investments should the firm engage in?
2. How can the firm raise the money for the required investments?
3. How much short-term cash flow does a company need to pay its bills?
Corporate Finance addresses the following three questions:
1. What long-term investments should the firm engage in?
2. How can the firm raise the money for the required investments?
3. How much short-term cash flow does a company need to pay its bills?
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The Balance-Sheet Modelof the Firm
Current Assets
Fixed Assets
1 Tangible
2 Intangible
Total Value of Assets:
Shareholders’ Equity
Current Liabilities
Long-Term Debt
Total Firm Value to Investors:
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The Balance-Sheet Modelof the Firm
Current Assets
Fixed Assets
1 Tangible
2 IntangibleShareholders’
Equity
Current Liabilities
Long-Term Debt
What long-term investments should the firm engage in?
The Capital Budgeting Decision
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The Balance-Sheet Modelof the Firm
How can the firm raise the money for the required investments?
The Capital Structure Decision
Current Assets
Fixed Assets
1 Tangible
2 IntangibleShareholders’
Equity
Current Liabilities
Long-Term Debt
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The Balance-Sheet Modelof the Firm
How much short-term cash flow does a company need to pay its bills?
The Net Working Capital Investment Decision
Net Working Capital
Shareholders’ Equity
Current Liabilities
Current Assets
Fixed Assets
1 Tangible
2 Intangible
Long-Term Debt
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Capital Structure
The value of the firm can be thought of as a pie.
The goal of the manager is to increase the size of the pie.
The Capital Structure decision can be viewed as how best to slice up the pie.
If how you slice the pie affects the size of the pie, then the capital structure decision matters.
50% Debt
50% Equity
25% Debt
75% Equity
70% Debt
30% Equity
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Hypothetical Organization Chart
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Board of Directors
President and Chief Operating Officer (COO)
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
Treasurer Controller
Cash Manager
Capital Expenditures
Credit Manager
Financial Planning
Tax Manager
Financial Accounting
Cost Accounting
Data Processing
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The Financial Manager
To create value, the financial manager should:
1. Try to make smart investment decisions.
2. Try to make smart financing decisions.
To create value, the financial manager should:
1. Try to make smart investment decisions.
2. Try to make smart financing decisions.
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Cash flowfrom firm (C)
The Firm and the Financial Markets
Tax
es (D)
Firm
Government
Firm issues securities (A)
Retained cash flows (F)
Investsin assets(B)
Dividends anddebt payments (E)
Current assetsFixed assets
Financialmarkets
Short-term debt
Long-term debt
Equity shares
Ultimately, the firm must be a cash generating activity.
The cash flows from the firm must exceed the cash flows from the financial markets.
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1.2 Corporate Securities as Contingent Claims on Total Firm Value
The basic feature of a debt is that it is a promise by the borrowing firm to repay a fixed dollar amount of by a certain date.
The shareholder’s claim on firm value is the residual amount that remains after the debtholders are paid.
If the value of the firm is less than the amount promised to the debtholders, the shareholders get nothing.
The basic feature of a debt is that it is a promise by the borrowing firm to repay a fixed dollar amount of by a certain date.
The shareholder’s claim on firm value is the residual amount that remains after the debtholders are paid.
If the value of the firm is less than the amount promised to the debtholders, the shareholders get nothing.
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Debt and Equity as Contingent Claims
$F
$F
Payoff to debt holders
Value of the firm (X)
Debt holders are promised $F.
If the value of the firm is less than $F, they get the whatever the firm if worth.
If the value of the firm is more than $F, debt holders get a maximum of $F.
$F
Payoff to shareholders
Value of the firm (X)
If the value of the firm is less than $F, share holders get nothing.
If the value of the firm is more than $F, share holders get everything above $F.
Algebraically, the bondholder’s claim is: Min[$F,$X]
Algebraically, the shareholder’s claim is: Max[0,$X – $F]
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$F
$F
Combined Payoffs to debt holders and shareholders
Value of the firm (X)
Debt holders are promised $F.
Payoff to debt holders
Payoff to shareholders
If the value of the firm is less than $F, the shareholder’s claim is: Max[0,$X – $F] = $0 and the debt holder’s claim is Min[$F,$X] = $X.
The sum of these is = $X
If the value of the firm is more than $F, the shareholder’s claim is: Max[0,$X – $F] = $X – $F and the debt holder’s claim is:
Min[$F,$X] = $F.
The sum of these is = $X
Combined Payoffs to Debt and Equity
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1.3 The Corporate Firm
The corporate form of business is the standard method for solving the problems encountered in raising large amounts of cash.
However, businesses can take other forms.
The corporate form of business is the standard method for solving the problems encountered in raising large amounts of cash.
However, businesses can take other forms.
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Forms of Business Organization
The Sole ProprietorshipThe Partnership
General PartnershipLimited Partnership
The CorporationAdvantages and Disadvantages
Liquidity and Marketability of OwnershipControlLiabilityContinuity of ExistenceTax Considerations
The Sole ProprietorshipThe Partnership
General PartnershipLimited Partnership
The CorporationAdvantages and Disadvantages
Liquidity and Marketability of OwnershipControlLiabilityContinuity of ExistenceTax Considerations
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A Comparison of Partnershipand Corporations
Corporation Partnership
Liquidity Shares can easily be exchanged.
Subject to substantial restrictions.
Voting Rights Usually each share gets one vote
General Partner is in charge; limited partners may have some voting rights.
Taxation Double Partners pay taxes on distributions.
Reinvestment and dividend payout
Broad latitude All net cash flow is distributed to partners.
Liability Limited liability General partners may have unlimited liability. Limited partners enjoy limited liability.
Continuity Perpetual life Limited life
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1.4 Goals of the Corporate Firm
The traditional answer is that the managers of the corporation are obliged to make efforts to maximize shareholder wealth.
The traditional answer is that the managers of the corporation are obliged to make efforts to maximize shareholder wealth.
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Financial Goals
Profit maximization (profit after tax)
Maximizing Earnings per Share
Shareholder’s Wealth Maximization
Profit maximization (profit after tax)
Maximizing Earnings per Share
Shareholder’s Wealth Maximization
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Profit Maximization
Maximizing the Rupee Income of Firm Resources are efficiently utilized
Appropriate measure of firm performance
Serves interest of society also
Maximizing the Rupee Income of Firm Resources are efficiently utilized
Appropriate measure of firm performance
Serves interest of society also
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Objections to Profit Maximization
It is VagueIt Ignores the Timing of ReturnsIt Ignores RiskAssumes Perfect CompetitionIn new business environment profit maximization is regarded as
UnrealisticDifficultInappropriate Immoral.
It is VagueIt Ignores the Timing of ReturnsIt Ignores RiskAssumes Perfect CompetitionIn new business environment profit maximization is regarded as
UnrealisticDifficultInappropriate Immoral.
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Maximizing EPS
Ignores timing and risk of the expected benefitMarket value is not a function of EPS. Hence maximizing EPS will not result in highest price for company's sharesMaximizing EPS implies that the firm should make no dividend payment so long as funds can be invested at positive rate of return—such a policy may not always work
Ignores timing and risk of the expected benefitMarket value is not a function of EPS. Hence maximizing EPS will not result in highest price for company's sharesMaximizing EPS implies that the firm should make no dividend payment so long as funds can be invested at positive rate of return—such a policy may not always work
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Shareholders’ Wealth Maximization
Maximizes the net present value of a course of action to shareholders.
Accounts for the timing and risk of the expected benefits.
Benefits are measured in terms of cash flows.
Fundamental objective—maximize the market value of the firm’s shares.
Maximizes the net present value of a course of action to shareholders.
Accounts for the timing and risk of the expected benefits.
Benefits are measured in terms of cash flows.
Fundamental objective—maximize the market value of the firm’s shares.
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The Set-of-Contracts Perspective
The firm can be viewed as a set of contracts.
One of these contracts is between shareholders and managers.
The managers will usually act in the shareholders’ interests.
The shareholders can devise contracts that align the incentives of the managers with the goals of the shareholders.
The shareholders can monitor the managers behavior.
This contracting and monitoring is costly.
The firm can be viewed as a set of contracts.
One of these contracts is between shareholders and managers.
The managers will usually act in the shareholders’ interests.
The shareholders can devise contracts that align the incentives of the managers with the goals of the shareholders.
The shareholders can monitor the managers behavior.
This contracting and monitoring is costly.
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Managerial Goals
Managerial goals may be different from shareholder goals
Expensive perquisites
Survival
Independence
Increased growth and size are not necessarily the same thing as increased shareholder wealth.
Managerial goals may be different from shareholder goals
Expensive perquisites
Survival
Independence
Increased growth and size are not necessarily the same thing as increased shareholder wealth.
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Separation of Ownership and Control
Board of Directors
Management
AssetsDebt
Equity
Shareholders
Debtholders
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Do Shareholders ControlManagerial Behavior?
Shareholders vote for the board of directors, who in turn hire the management team.
Contracts can be carefully constructed to be incentive compatible.
There is a market for managerial talent—this may provide market discipline to the managers—they can be replaced.
If the managers fail to maximize share price, they may be replaced in a hostile takeover.
Shareholders vote for the board of directors, who in turn hire the management team.
Contracts can be carefully constructed to be incentive compatible.
There is a market for managerial talent—this may provide market discipline to the managers—they can be replaced.
If the managers fail to maximize share price, they may be replaced in a hostile takeover.
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1.5 Financial Markets
Primary MarketWhen a corporation issues securities, cash flows from investors to the firm.
Usually an underwriter is involved
Secondary MarketsInvolve the sale of “used” securities from one investor to another.
Securities may be exchange traded or trade over-the-counter in a dealer market.
Primary MarketWhen a corporation issues securities, cash flows from investors to the firm.
Usually an underwriter is involved
Secondary MarketsInvolve the sale of “used” securities from one investor to another.
Securities may be exchange traded or trade over-the-counter in a dealer market.
