Organisasi Digital

Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-8

Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi

Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)

Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP

Topik Pembahasan

• Organisasi Digital

• Electronic Business

• Electronic Commerce

• Electronic Government

• Electronic Governance

Organisasi Digital

Proses Transformasi Dokumen

Transformasi Digital

• Adalah proses mentransformasikan data dari bentuk non-digital menjadi bentuk digital

• Scanning : suatu cara yang digunakan untuk menangkapdan mentransformasikan beberapa bentuk format kedalambentuk citra yang dapat diedit, display, dan disimpandalam bentuk digital pada komputer.

• Resolusi scaning yang digunakan harus sesuai :

• Tingkat akurasi yang dibutuhkan

• Kemampuan resolusi scanner

• Media penyimpanan data yang disediakan

(dokumen kertas (dokumen kertas �� dokumen digital)dokumen digital)

Penandaan Digital

• Objektif � memastikan bahwa e-record :

• Otentik

� e-record diterima dari sumber/asal yang benar

• Memiliki integritas

� isinya tidak pernah dirubah, dihapus, serta memiliki akurasi dan waktu berlaku yang valid

• Handal

� mampu menyampaikan isinya kepada pihak yang bersesuaian dengan melakukan pengidentifikasian tanda

Penandaan Digital (lanjutan)

• Resiko yang dapat ditimbulkan :

• Kerugian finansial

• Kerugian reputasi

• Kerugian produktifitas

• Level Resiko :

• Standar

memiliki daya tarik penyelewengan rendah

• Medium

memiliki daya tarik penyelewengan cukup besar

• Tinggi

ancaman pada e-record jenis ini sangat tinggi, ataumemiliki konsekuensi yang cukup besar jika terjadipenyelewengan

Penandaan Digital (lanjutan)

• Metode penandaan dapat menggunakan salah satu ataukombinasi dari :

– Pengaman “what you know”

menggunakan informasi rahasia seperti PIN, password, atau kunci kriptografik

– Pengaman “what you have”

menggunakan token seperti smart card, ATM card, dan sejenisnya

– Pengaman “what you are”

menggunakan karakteristik biometrik seperti polasuara, retina, finger print, pola tulisan tangan, dll.

Electronic Business

The Future of Money (or)

Electronic Currency

Bank

Back Office

Bank

Back Office

Accounts

and

Authentication

Actuarial

Risk

Models

Bank

Distribution

Channels

Bank

Distribution

Channels

Investor

Funds

Physical

Network

Economy

Asset Access

or

Line of Credit

Internet

Cable TV

Set-top box

Consumers

Consumers

Merchants

Merchants

Deposits

Manfaat Internet Terhadap

Layanan Bisnis

• Mengatasi masalah ketimpangan informasi

(information asymmetry)

• Meningkatkan kekayaan informasi (richness of

information)

• Meningkatkan jangkauan kepada sasaran (reach to

target audience)

• Mengubah keterbatasan lingkungan penawaran

dan penerimaan (offer and acceptance)

Model Bisnis Internet -1

• Access provider: ISP, NAP, Carier. Contoh: cbn

• Virtual Storefront, menjual barang dan jasa langsung kepada

konsumen. Contoh: amazon.com

• Information broker, menyediakan informasi tentang produk, harga dan

ketersediaan barang, memperoleh penghasilan dari iklan atau jasa

mengarahkan pembeli kepada penjual. Contoh: industrialmall.com

• Transaction broker, menghemat biaya transaksi melalui transaksi

online. Memperoleh penghasilan dari fee. Contoh: E*TRADE.com,

expedia.com

• Online Marketplace, menyediakan “pasar” virtual di mana penjual dan

pembeli dapat berinteraksi membuat transaksi. Contoh: eBay.com,

priceline.com

Model Bisnis Internet -2

• Content provider, menyediakan konten digital seperti digital news, musik, photo, video melalui web. Contoh: detik.com, cnn.com, mp3.com

• Online service provider, menyediakan jenis layanan tertentu kepada individu atau perusahaan. Contoh: jobsdb.com salesforce.com

• Virtual community, menyediakan sarana pertemuan virtual antar-anggota yang memiliki kesamaan kepentingan.Contoh: ivillage.com, fortunecity.com

• Portal, menyediakan layanan awal (pintu masuk) untuk memperoleh berbagai macam informasi dan transaksi. Contoh: yahoo.com, msn.com

Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce

• Transaksi bisnis yang dilakukan melalui Internet.

• Click & Mortar dan Brick & Mortar

• B2C, B2B, C2C

• Manfaat:

– Memperluas jangkauan pasar

– Memotong rantai distribusi

– Menurunkan biaya investasi dan operasional

• Peluang bisnis baru, dapat diterapkan untuk berbagai jenis komoditi

• Perlu jasa lembaga keuangan dalam mekanisme pembayaran

What is Electronic Commerce?

• Internet enables new kind of behavior,

applications, etc.

– Instant response: e-mail, automatic interactive apps.

– Automation: Enterprise Resource Planning

– Streamlining/Integration: Just In Time

– Publishing: Electronic Catalogs

– Interaction: Electronic Data Interchange

– Transaction: Electronic Payment

– All but “e”

Jenis layanan E-Commerce

• Sale and delivery of products

• Online ordering

• Electronic services

• Online advertising

• Product information

• Online auctions

• Share trading

• Etc.

E-Commerce Membutuhkan

• Konektivitas ke jalur lebar (broadband), yang terpercaya (reliable), cepat (fast) and hemat biaya (cost-effective),

• Software and hardware yang mudah dikembangkan (scalable),

• Standarisasi Data Umum,

• Proses integrasi,

• Acuan untuk penatapan keamanan dan kepercayaan (security and trust).

Why Electronic Commerce?

• New revenue stream

• Wider market exposure → Global reach

• Reduce Transaction Costs

• Shorten product life cycle

• Increase customer loyalty

• Increase value chain

The Varieties of E-Commerce

• B2B, B2C, C2C

• Simple point-to-point exchanges with one or more pre-established trading partners

• Opportunistic procurement through a simple connection to one or more trading exchanges

• As a member of a group of companies forming tighter trading relationships for mutual business advantage, using common document standards and messaging formats

• As a member of a sophisticated trading network where B2B relationships are formalized, documented as common business processes and automated.

Traditional E-Commerce

Physical

AgentDigital

AgentVirtual

player

Physical Process

Digital Process

Virtual Process

Physical

Product

Digital

Product

Virtual

Product

Electronic

Commerce

Area

The Core Of

Electronic

Commerce

Pure EC

Type of ecommerce

VirtualVirtualVirtualPure

DigitalDigitalDigital

PhysicalPhysicalPhysicalTraditional

ProductProcessPlayerLevel

Ecommerce in Indonesia

• Just selling and buying

• Omzet US$ 100 Juta ( 0,026%)

• Only 0.07 % from total user using ecommerce

• Trust society

• Estimates Total User 8 million?

• Technical problem

• Non technical problem

Who are they

(indocentre.com)

• Art & Culture 3222

• Business 11725

• Computing 4475

• Educating 4526

• Entertainment 3991

• Food & Beverages 797

• Shopping 1863

Problems in IndonesiaCase of yogyakarta and central java

• Low understanding about e-commerce

– Image that e-commerce is an emerging business

– Image that e-commerce is solution of traditional

business

– Image that once the homepage ready the market

will response directly

– Image that one can develop the business easily

Fact shows that

• The market not ready to accept the new concept yet.

• Many company concentrate on technology not the business

• Market can’t be force to move to the new business easily

• Traditional distribution

• Financial payment

• Low trust the society

• Human resources problem (many start from

the hobby)

• The traditional market still has the

“old”problem and not ready to enter the

cyber market

• The advance of technology

• Life cycle of technology

Technical Problem in E-commerce

• Fraud

• Traditional way of buying ( see, touch and

bargain )

• Geographical problem

• Billing system (Credit card, cash, bank

Transfer money etc.)

• Rupiah and dollar

This is why

• Many DotCom Business fail to serve the

market

• B2C business fail to serve the market

• Some B2B’s “succeed” in the business

• Ecommerce is not a priority

• Some says high investment but low profit

A Typical Supply Chain of

E-Commerce

Source: CSIRO

Integrated business-to-business

e-commerce

Source: CSIRO

A Complete Integration

Solution Requires

• Broad, reliable, fast and cost-effective

connectivity,

• A scalable software and hardware platform,

• Common data standards,

• Reusable integration processes,

• A framework to establish security and trust.

Typical requirement

• Vision in senior leadership

• Very fast decisions

• Decentralized structures

• Radical thinking → New Business Model

• Scenario planning

Technology Features

• Infrastructure to support communication, both within an organization and across the Internet

• Data transformation between applications

• Supporting services such as security and directories

• Higher-level business processes and workflow automation

• Mechanisms that provide gateways to other technologies.

Hierarchy of E-Commerce

Technology

Platforms (e.g. Mainframe, Workstations, PCs)

Operating System (e.g. NT, UNIX, AS400, OS/2)

Services (e.g. Directories Security,

Persistence Events)

Distributed Midleware (e.g. CORBA, DICOM,

SOAP, MQ Series, XML)

Network Infrastructure

Households with Internet Access

Economy % households with Internet access

Hong Kong 49.5%

Singapore 48.4%

Korea 45.5%

Chinese Taipei 42.9%

Australia 40.0%

New Zealand 39.9%

Japan 24.1%

Source: Nielsen//NetRatings Global Internet Index

Key Issues for International

Agreement

• Customs and taxation

• Electronic payment

• Uniform commercial

code

• Intellectual Property

Protection

• Privacy

• Security

• Telecommunications infrastructure

• Content regulation

• Technical Standard

• Consumer protection

• Jurisdiction

• Alternative Dispute Resolution

• Cybercrime

Some -e- Principles

• Distances Meaningless

• Objects Meaningless

• e-Commerce

Accelerates Growth

• People are Everything

• One-on-one

Customization

• Real Transparency

• Time is Collapsing

• Markets a Click Away

• Exponential Value

with Market-share

• The MIDDLEMAN is

Alive and Well

• Fast Buying Decisions

• Source - Adapted from Business 2.0 8/98

Traditional

Middlemen ?

• Travel Agents

• Wholesalers - Distributors

• Insurance Brokers

• Stores - Branches

• Liaisons - Expediters

• Stock Brokers

• VARS - Traders

• etc.

Past the Middleman to the

Source?• The Road Ahead , Bill Gates

• Being Digital , Negroponte

• Their Models Eliminate the Intermediary

• Examples of Skipping the Middleman:

– Dell Computer– Amazon Books– Cisco Systems– NEI 2000– etc.

Past the Middleman to the

Source?• The Road Ahead , Bill Gates

• Being Digital , Negroponte

• Reality: New Middlemen = POWER

– Power of Net and Underlying Information

– Immediate Comparison Powers

– Buyers Empowered & Informed

– Does NOT Protect from Competition

– Adds Transparency Where Needed

How eProcurement Works

• Set up a WEB Site for your Product/Service

• Subscribe: Online Credit Card Authorizer

• Only Transact with Authorized Charges

• For High Value Transactions, Establish

Relationship with a Trade Finance Provider

• What is the Bank’s Role?

Government

Business

Groups

Companies

Individuals

Financial

Institutions

- Banks

- DLL

Buyers VendorsE-Procurement

D L L

Company

A

•Quotations

•Contracts

•Purchase Order

•Auctions

•Shipping Tracking

•Payments

Catalogs

• Transactional

• Trade Finance

• Credit Lines

• Security

Company

X

Company

D

Company

C

Company

B

Central

Servers

Payments in e-Commerce

• Banks want to “Stay in Charge”

• Local Banks not Responding

• Need a Progression of Acceptance for

– MTs /GYRO toward Credit/Debit Cards

– eWallets and/or Smart Cards

– eChecks

– microPayments

– eBill Presentment

eWallets & microPayments

• MTs and Checks - still 50% world-wide

• Credit/Debit Card Outside Indonesia

• eWallets with Digital ID “certificates”

– SET… GlobeSet, VariFone, etc

• eChecks via eMail - trials now in USA

• microPayments for Small Click Rate Fees

• eBill Presentment - trials now in USA

eBanking

• Well Established in Most Countries

• Banks Papan & Lippo in Indonesia– Papan - 3rd Pty Transfers within Indonesia – Lippo - Payments to Lippo Account Holders

• Other Local Banks only Provide Info Sites

Reasons for not Shopping

OnlineInternet security remains to be the biggest concern by online

users about online shopping.

Legal & Jurisdictional Issues

• Current laws may not adequately cover

situations that arise in e-commerce

• Legal systems around the world are having

difficulty in keeping pace with the rate of

technological change

• In cross-border trading, the question arises:

which law applies – local or foreign?

Contracts and Digital

Signatures

• "most e-commerce contracts ... do not have

to be signed, or even in writing, to be

enforceable"

• Malaysian Digital Signature Act (1997)

states that: Digitally signed document

deemed to be written document.

Dispute Resolution

• Should the dispute arise across borders,– can the initiating party afford to take action in another economy?

– Does relevant national law of the other party even permit legal action to be taken?

• The use of neutral dispute resolution providers,

• A range of options and cost-effective methods to resolve disputes at the earliest possible stage,

• An emphasis on continuity of business through isolating disputes and resolving them with minimal disruption to other transactions, and

• A commitment to use appropriate technology to aid dispute resolution

Electronic Government

Transactions

Business

GovernmentCitizen

G2BB2C

G2C

G2GC2C

� Information publishing

Government department websites, information about services

� Two-way transactions

Submit personal information to individual departments

� Multi-purpose portals

Access a variety of services at a single web site

� Portals personalisation

Customise portals with their desired features

� Clustering of common services

Group of transactions rather than group of agencies

� Full integration & Enterprise transformation

Full service centre with integration of front and back office

Stages of E-Government

Benefits of E-Government

� Digital Democracy

� Benefits to the citizen

� Benefits to the businesses

� Benefits to the government

Achieving EAchieving E--GovernmentGovernment

� Government on Web since 1996

� Downloadable Application forms available

� Government Email System of Public officers

� Training of Public Officers

� E-government masterplan and e-business plan for

Ministries/Departments

� 45 major projects operational and 20 major projects

under implementation

� Tradenet and Contributions Network Project

Citizens & Businesses

Government

Network / Intranet

Delivery Channels

MinistriesDepartments ParastatalsLocal

Government

Counter Call Centre Internet Interactive-TV Mail Kiosk

GovernmentGovernmentGovernmentGovernment

Online CentreOnline CentreOnline CentreOnline Centre

Government Online CentreGovernment Online Centre

Key Services

� Internet access and e-mail to Government Officers

� Government Portal and web hosting

� Online Services

� Hosting of horizontal applications and selected

backend applications for Government organisations.

Secure, reliable and high availability infrastructure provider

for services offered by Government

Government Intranet SystemGovernment Intranet System

Departments

ParastatalsLocal Government

Government Online

Centre

(GOC)

Ministries

� To establish the

infrastructure for a joined-up

Government built around the

Government Online Centre

� To support the E-

Government initiative

� To improve electronic

communication capability of

the Public Service

Objectives

Public Access PointsPublic Access Points

Channels using ICT as an enabling tool for

delivering government services to citizens

Examples of PAPs

Self-service kiosks

Manned counter services

The MSC Flagship Applications

Telehealth

Smart Schools Multipurpose Card

R&D Cluster

Electronic Government Technopreneur

Development

E-Business

Vision & Objectives of E-Govt

Government to

Citizens/ Business

• easy access, single window

• improved services quality

• multi-channel service delivery

To transform

administrative process

and service delivery

through the

use of IT and

multimedia

VISION

• Interconnectivity/ interoperability

• smooth information flow

• best practices in interactive multimedia information

• enhanced information analysis

Inter Agency

• process improvements

• people development

• better processed

Intra Agency

(G2G)

Govt

Domain

Business

Domain

Citizen

Domain

The E-Government Model

GovernmentBusiness

Citizen

(G2C)

(G2B)

Then…

Now…

DIV D

DIV E

Stove-pipe view of Government

DIV A

•Multiple divisions needed for complete solution

•Departments not willing to share or exchange data between each

other

DIV B

DIV G

DIV FDIV C

DIV H

Customer-focused Services

Moving towards…

Dept X.

? ???

Dept. XDept Y. Dept Z.

Towards a citizen-centric Government

Dept. Y Dept. Z

Imp. Coordination Unit

Public Service Dept

Treasury

Road Transport Dept

ELXMin Human Resource

GOE – Prime

Minister Dept

Lead agency:

MAMPU

The Projects in E-Government

eSyariah

JKSM

E-Services

Driver& Vehicle

Registration, Licensing

and Summons Services

(including Test Scheduling

& Test Taking)

Tenaga Nasional

Berhad (TNB)

Utility Bills Payment

Telekom Malaysia

Berhad (TM)

Utility Bill Payment

Ministry of Health (MOH)Road & Transport Dept. (JPJ)

MOH On-line

InformationElectronic Delivery of

Driver & Vehicle Registration,

Licensing and Summons

Services, Utility Payments,

Ministry of Health

On-line Information

Electronic Procurement (EP)

Buying and Selling via the Internet

Supplier Registration/

Central Contract

Direct Purchase,

Quotation, Tendering

Suppliers publish Catalogues on EP

Government Users browse catalogues

& place orders online

Government publishes Request For Tender on EP

for new supplies

Suppliers submit

quotations

Suppliers receive orders from Government

Government awards contract to Suppliers

Electronic Procurement

Phase 1

Phase 2

Generic Office Environment (GOE)

• Check electronic mail, meeting

schedule, and filtered news

• Accessing documents online

• Assigning tasks electronically

An electronic office environment to enhance

productivity through better information management,

communications and collaboration

Enterprise-wide Information Management System (EIMS)

1

Enterprise-wide Communication Management

System (EComMS)

2

Enterprise-wide Collaboration Management System

(ECollMS)

3

COMPETENCY

ASSESSMENT

A system providing full HRM functionality for the

Government to develop and manage its human

capital.

RESOURCINGRESOURCING

STRATEGY FORMULATION AND REVIEW

STRATEGY FORMULATION AND REVIEW

EMPLOYEE COMMUNICATIONS &

BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT

EMPLOYEE COMMUNICATIONS &

BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENTSupporting

Functions

Competency forms

the core of the HR

processes

PERSONAL & ESTABLISHMENT

RECORDS MANAGEMENT, JPA

CIRCULARS PUBLICATION

PERSONAL & ESTABLISHMENT

RECORDS MANAGEMENT, JPA

CIRCULARS PUBLICATION

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

CAREER

MANAGEMENT

CAREER

MANAGEMENT

REMUNERATION

& BENEFITS

REMUNERATION

& BENEFITS PERFORMANCE

MANAGEMENT

PERFORMANCE

MANAGEMENT

Human Resources Management Information

System (HRMIS)

An on-line end-to-end project monitoring system creating a collaborative

environment for better management of development projects

Information can be retrieved by agencies at any time

Consistent and timely information from centralised databases

PMS

Graphical and multimedia features and functions

Standardisation of project codes for consistency

Sending of real time online information electronically

Flexibility to produce reports according to requirements

Socio-economic impact analysis capability with simulation & forecasting in Phase 2 of the project

1223-055681-

1706

Project Monitoring System (PMS)

Electronic Governance

� “Due diligence”

� IT is critical to the business

� IT is strategic to the business

� Expectations and reality don’t match

� IT hasn’t gotten the attention it deserves

� IT involves huge investments and large risks

Why get into IT Governance?Why get into IT Governance?

E-Governance

E-governance is not just about government web site

and e-mail. It is not just about service delivery over

the Internet. It is not just about digital access to

government information or electronic payments. It

will change how citizens relate to governments as

much as it changes how citizens relate to each

other. It will bring forth new concepts of

citizenship, both in terms of needs and

responsibilities.

Ruang Lingkup IT &

Governance

IT & Governance

IT for Govervance

IT Governance

Public Sectors

Private Sectors

Public

Governance

Corporate

Governance

IT ScoreCard

IT Balanced Score Card

Information

Financial

Customer ProcessGoals Measures

Goals Measures

LearningGoals Measures

Goals Measures

IT Goals and MeasuresIT Goals and Measures

Hubungan IT Governance dan

IT for Governance

IT merupakan bagian integral IT merupakan bagian integral

dari organisasidari organisasi

IT governance merupakan IT governance merupakan

bagian integral dari corporate bagian integral dari corporate

dan public governancedan public governance

Makna Pemerintah (?)

• adanya keharusan menunjukkan kewajiban

untuk melaksanakan apa yang diperintahkan;

• adanya dua pihak, yaitu yang memberi dan

yang menerima perintah;

• adanya hubungan fungsional antara yang

memberi dan yang menerima perintah;

• adanya wewenang atau kekuasaan untuk memberi

perintah

Relasi Antara IT &

GovernanceIT

Governance

Efisien

EfektifTaat azas

Participatory

Sustainable

Legitimate

Equity

Equality

Respect, Trust, Accountable

Enabling

Transparan

Responsif

Desentralistis

Demokratis

Profesional Kompeten

partisipasi masyarakat

Kemitraan

Supremasi Hukum

Pro pasar

lingkungan hidup

Inovasi

Keunggulan bersaing

Pertumbuhan

Fisilitator

Available 24/7

Akses Global

Informasi

Akurat

Otomatisasi

Less Transaction Cost

Customer Satisfaction

Alat manajemen

Tanggung jawab

Implementasi IT for

Governance

• Parameter Public Governance

• Pembuatan Kebijakan di bidang ICT

• Penyediaan Sarana Layanan Publik (e-

government)

• Kemitraan dengan Sektor Swasta

Parameter Public Governance• Dibuat parameter untuk mengukur tingkat

governance bagi tiap instansi pemerintah

• Parameter tersebut antara lain:– Pemahaman aparat tentang prinsip tata pemerintahan

yang baik

– Ketaatan pada prosedur dan anggaran

– Tingkat partisipasi publik dalam proses kebijakan

– Tingkat kepuasan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat

– Efisiensi dan efektivitas penggunaan sumber daya publik

– Kemudahan masyarakat memperoleh informasi publik.