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KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
MODELS
CHAPTER 3
Kimiz Dalkir
2005
BASIC PARADIGMS
Knowledge is subjective, complex, and dynamic
It need a holistic KM approach
Need a measurement tools to assess the implementation
progress
Knowledge should drive innovation on product, service, &
systems
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BASIC PARADIGMS
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DATA
INFORMATION
KNOWLEDGE
3
BASIC PARADIGMS
3 types of content to managed ;
Combination of experience, value, contextual information, &
expert point of view, as an evaluation foundation to produce
new experience and information - knowledge
Message in the form of document and audio visual -
information
A collection of objectives fact on an event - data
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BASIC PARADIGMS
Davenport & Prusak, 1998 knowledge creation take
place between & within human
Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995 knowledge is a dynamic
human process of justifying personal belief toward the truth
Polanyi, 1966 tacit is a personal way of knowledge
construction, affected by emotions
80/20 rules (80% tacit & 20% explicit)
Most of our knowledge reside in the mind of the knowers
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BASIC PARADIGMS
EXPLICIT Knowledge
Codified (arrange in a systematic code)
Formally expressed
Easy to be acquired, shared, stored, distributed
Book, audio video, graph, images, database
Stated using words and algorithm (set of rules to follow)
Contain a little/small knowledge
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BASIC PARADIGMS
TACIT Knowledge
Difficult to understand
Difficult to communicate
Difficult to translate or abstract
Personally
Root of all knowledge
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BASIC PARADIGMS
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TACIT EXPLICIT TACIT
8
KM MODELS
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KM Models are the approaches which used by the
organisation to collect, store, analyze, and use knowledge
to build the advantages over their competitors.
KM MODELS
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Choo – Sense making model (1998)
Von Krogh & Roos – Organizational Epistemology model (1995)
• Epistemology investigation of what distinguish justified belief from opinion
Nonaka & Takeuchi - Knowledge spiral model (1995)
Wiig – Build & Use Knowledge (1993)
Boisot – I-Space model (1998)
KM MODELS – The Reason
Implemented and field tested with respect to reliability & validity
Reviewed, critiqued, and discussed extensively in the KM literature, by practitioners, academics, and researchers.
Represent a holistic approach to knowledge management (comprehensive and take into consideration people, process, organization, & technology
dimensions).
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Von KROGH & ROOS
Model of Organizational Epistemology
Membedakan antara pengetahuan individu dan sosial
odel yang mempelajari pengetahuan dari asal, dasar, sifat
& jenis pengetahuan
No knowledge without knower
Ada hubungan antara objek pengetahuan dengan orang
yang memiliki pengetahuan (experts, experience user)
Cognitive perspective indicate that a cognitive system
(human brain or computer) creates representation (model)
of reality, & learning occurs when it manipulated
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Van KROGH & ROOS
The cognitive epistemology approach
View organizational knowledge as self-organizing system
Human transparent from outside information
The brain is a machine based on logic and deduction
Organization pick up or search information from environment
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Van KROGH & ROOS
The connectionist approach
Knowledge is wholeness (brain is not sequentially process)
Information generated from environment & internally (thru
familiarity/practice)
Knowledge reside in the mind of individual & in the connection
between the individuals
Unbreakable bond between knowledge & those who absorb &
make use of them
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Van KROGH & ROOS
Factor that prevent the successful KM ; (p.51)
Mind-set of individual
Communication in organization
Organizational structure
Relationship between member
Management of human resources (knowers)
Knowledge Enabling
Organization activities that positively acknowledge the
knowledge creation
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Van KROGH & ROOS
The Illustration
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Knowledge Spiral Model
Knowledge forms, sharing, diffusion of knowledge needed
to create or produce innovation
Study of japanese company key success in innovation base
on tacit approach
One-ness of humanity, nature, mind, body, self, other
Individual involvement with object thru self-involvement &
commitment to create knowledge
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Knowledge creation process
Begin with individual, personnal, & private knowledge
(researcher, manager, worker)
Translate into valuable, public, organizational knowledge
Continuously and occurs at all level in organization
In many cases, happen in unexpected & unplanned way
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
The creation of knowledge consist of social process between individual in which knowledge transformation is not simply unidirectional, but interactive & spiral
Tacit, complex knowledge, developed and internalized by the knower over a long period of time,
• Almost impossible to reproduce in a document or a database.
• Terdiri dari rangkuman, paduan, dan koleksi pengetahuan yang melekat pada diri individu (Davenport & Prusack, 1998)
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Tacit tacit ; process of
socialization
Tacit Explicit ;
externalization
Explicit Explicit ;
combination
Explicit Tacit ;
internalization
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Socialization
Sharing knowledge thru social interaction
Discussion, exchange of thought, mentoring
Informal way (in a coffee shop, paking lot)
Rarely capture or written formally (remain tacit)
Easy & effective but limited way to create & share
knowledge
Example ; knowledge day, brainstorming activitiy
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READ THE EXAMPLE IN THE TEXTBOOK – PAGES 54
NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Externalization
Convert tacit to explicit (visible form of tacit)
Need an intermediary to transform knowledge
Taped, recorded, written, drawn, made tangible
Need someone (something) that can interprete, extract, synthesize
the idea into a concrete way (format, length, detail)
Once the knowledge materialize, the scope increased
Tangible
Wider audience can use, understand, & apply it
Easily share & leveraged
Example ; journalist
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READ
TH
E E
XAM
PLE I
N T
HE T
EXTBO
OK –
PAG
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5
NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Combination
Combine pieces of explicit knowlegde into new form
Trend analysis, executive summary, review, new database
No new knowledge, just combining, complement
Concept are sorted & systematized
Example : preparing lecture material
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READ THE EXAMPLE IN THE TEXTBOOK – PAGES 55
NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Internalization
Diffusing & embedding newly acquired behaviour
Learning by doing
Convert or integrate shared or individual experiences into
other individual mental model
Broaden, extend, reframe within their tacit base
Understand & learn from experiences, best practise
People, then do the job differently
Example : pool of customer complain & how to handling it
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READ THE EXAMPLE IN THE TEXTBOOK – PAGES 56
NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
Knowledge Spiral
Knowledge creation is a dynamic & continous interaction
between tacit & explicit
Show how organization articulate, organize, & systematize
individual tacit knowledge
Continuous activity of knowledge flow, sharing, &
conversion by individual, community, & organization
Using metaphore, model, & analogy in converting tacit
explicit tacit
its strengths is in its simplicity—both in terms of understanding the basic tenets of the model and in terms of
being able to quickly internalize and apply the KM model
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
• Intention: an organization‘s aspiration to its goals
• Autonomy: individuals act autonomously and involved in cross-functional self-organized teams.
• Fluctuation & Creative Chaos: condition that stimulates the interaction between the organization & the external environment
• Redundancy: existence of information that goes beyond the immediate operational requirements of organizational members;
• Requisite Variety: internal diversity to match the variety and complexity of the environment, and to provide everyone in the organization with the fastest access to the broadest variety of necessary information
Enabling condition for
organizational knowledge
creation
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NONAKA & TAKEUCHI
CHOO MODEL
Sense Making Model
Stress on the importance of sense–making, knowledge
creation, & decision making
Focus on how information elements are selected and
subsequently fed into organizational actions
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CHOO MODEL
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CHOO MODEL
Sense Making
Identify priorities & filter the information
Construct interpretations by exchange & negotiate
information (within oneself)
Combine with previous experience
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CHOO MODEL
Sense making consist of 4 integrated process (Weick, 2001)
Ecological change (environtment)
Enactment (construct, rearrange, clarify, single out)
Selection (interpret & rationale changes)
Retention (provide the organization with new experiences)
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CHOO MODEL
Knowledge creating
Viewed as the transformation of personal knowledge between
individuals through dialogue, discourse, sharing, & storytelling.
Directed by a knowledge vision of ―as is‖ (current situation) & ―to
be‖ (future, desired state).
Widens the spectrum of potential choices in decision making by
providing new knowledge & new competencies.
Feeds the decision-making process with innovative strategies that
extend the organization‘s capability to make informed, rational
decisions.
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CHOO MODEL
Decision making
Situated in rational decision-making models that are used to
identify and evaluate alternatives by processing the information
and knowledge collected to date.
Bounded rationality characterized by individual use of limited
information analysis, evaluation and processing, shortcuts and
rules of thumb (sometimes called heuristics), and ―satisficing‖
behavior, which means it may not be fully optimized but it is good
enough.
The strength of Choo KM model is the holistic treatment of key KM cycle processes extending to
organizational decision making, which is often lacking in other theoretical KM approaches. This makes the
Choo model one of the more ―realistic‖ or feasible models of KM, for the model represents organizational
actions with ―high fidelity
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AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION
Think for a while
Pick one of many important experiences in Ur life which
require your decision making skills
What did you do
How did you think it over
What is the reason for Ur decision
How that decision affect Ur life afterward
Is it the right or wrong decision?
What you learned from the situation
Do U think it‘s worth to share as an valuable experience
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WIIG MODEL
In order to be useful & valuable, knowledge must be
organized, depending on what will the knowledge use for
Dimensions in Wiig model
Completeness - knowledge sources relevance & existance
Connectedness – relations between different knowledge object
Congruency – consistency between knowledge object (no
inconsistency, no misunderstanding), facts, concepts,
perspectives, values, judgments
Perspective & purpose – know something using dual dimension
(purpose & perspective) to organize knowledge
Using semantic network to represent different perspective
of the same knowledge content
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WIIG MODEL
WIIG MODEL
Three level of knowledge
Public – explicit (book, cd, public information)
Shared expertise – held by knower & share at work
Personal – tacit, most complete from, unconciously use in daily
life
Four types of knowledge
Factual – data, measurement
Conceptual – concept & perspective
Expectational – hypothesis, judgement
Methodological - reasoning, strategies, dec. making
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WIIG MODEL
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WIIG MODEL
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WIIG MODEL
BOISOT I-SPACE MODEL
Information Space Model
Knowledge concept of an ‗information good‘
What an observer extract from data, based on their expectation
or prior knowledge
Effective knowledge sharing require sender & receiver to
share context & coding scheme
Propose 2 key points
More easily data can be structured & converted into information,
more diffusible
Less data that has been so structured requires a shared context
for its diffusion, the more diffusible it becomes
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BOISOT I-SPACE MODEL
I-Space Model
Data is structured & understood thru codification &
abstraction
Codification
Arrange into a systematic code
Creation of content categories
More categories, less abstract
Needs a shared context for its interpretation & implies face-to-
face interaction and spatial proximity (socialization)
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BOISOT I-SPACE MODEL
I-Space Model
Visualized in 3 dimensions
Codified – uncodified
• Link to categorization & classification
Abstract – concrete
• Link to knowledge creation thru analysis & understanding
Diffused – undiffused
• Link to information access & transfer
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BOISOT I-SPACE MODEL
Social Learning Cycle
Scanning
Problem solving
Abstraction
Diffusion
Absorption
Impacting
Jelaskan pengertian dari masing2 siklus pembelajaran sosial
tersebut.
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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
Viable System Model
View the organization as an intelligence complex adaptive
system
A system which can adapt intelligently
Consist of many independent agents that interact with one
another
Their combined behaviour gives rises to complex adaptive
phenomena
Self-organize, no overall authority that direct how the
independent agent act
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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
Organization that
Composed of a large number of self-organizing component,
Seeks to maximize its own specific goals
Operate according to the rule & contect of relationships with other
component & external world
Take from environment, transform it into higher value outputs
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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
Key process in ICAS model
Understanding
Creating new ideas
Solving problems
Making decisions
Take action to achieve desired results
Emphasize on individual knowledge worker with their
competency, capacity, & learning
Leverage thru multiple networks
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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
8 emergent characteristic
1. Organizational intelligent
2. Shared purpose
3. Selectivity
4. Optimum complexity
5. Permeable boundaries
6. Knowledge centricity
7. Flow
8. Multidimensionality
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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
The emergent characteristic
Result of nonlinear interactions, synergitic interaction, &
self-organizing system
Serve to endow the organizations with internal capability to
deal with the future unanticipated environment yet to be
encountered
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CONCLUSION
KM encompass data, information, & knowledge (tacit &
explicit)
Model Krogh & Roos used organizational epistemology
approach & emphasize that knowledge resides in the mind
of individual and in relation with others
Nonaka & Takeuchi focus on knowledge spiral that explain
the transformation of tacit into explicit, then back again to
tacit as the basis of innovation & learning
Choo & Weick‘s sense making approach focus on how
information element fed into organization thru sense
making, knowledge creating, & decision making
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CONCLUSION
Wiig model based on principle in order to be useful &
valuable, knowledge must organize thru semantic network,
that is connected, congruent, & complete, and that has
perspective & purpose
ICAS view organization as a living entity concern with
independent existence & survival
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SUMBER INFORMASI
http://www.eknowledgecenter.com/articles/1010/1010.htm
http://www.ahg.com/absolutely%20knowledge%20management%20s
ystem.htm
http://www.prescientdigital.com/articles/content-management/content-
management-in-a-knowledge-management-context/
http://www.lc-stars.com/knowledge.html
http://peterpaulperez.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/knowledge-
management-in-the-call-center-industry/
http://www.ugc.edu.hk/tlqpr01/site/abstracts/098_hui.htm
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/mifacility/activities/knowl
edge.htm
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http://www.hcklab.org/research/knowledgemanagement/tacit-explicit-
knowledge.htm
http://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/KM/ExplicitTacit.htm
http://serbaserbikm.blogspot.com/2010/07/2-macam-tipe-knowledge-
yaitu.html
http://www.systems-thinking.org/kmbh/kmbh.htm
http://www.kmnetwork.com/WhatIsKM.html
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DRESSED 4 SUCCESS
Conduct a brief review after every class.
Complete the assigment on time.
Prepare and conduct the presentation seriously
Pay full attention about what the class discussed
Make notes to help understand the lecture.
Read & understand the main references/books
Look for the other lecture materials from other class
Keep 100% attendance
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