Services as a New Engine of Growth for ASEAN, the People’s Republic of China, and India

8/2/2019 Services as a New Engine of Growth for ASEAN, the Peoples Republic of China, and India

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2/57

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Xbf G}}im`gxìe ia ]ivxbfg}x G}`ge Egxìe} "

L|ighkp }~fgjèc+ ofg}v|f} gòfh gx |fhvmèc lg||`f|} xi fex|psb`mb ogjf og|jfx} kf}}mio~fx`x`qfgeh kisf|èc xbf mi}x} ia hièc lv}èf}} ai| hiof}x`m geh ai|f`ce }f|q`mf~|iq`hf|} gk`jf mge bgqf ogdi| ò~gmx} xb|ivcbivx xbf fmieiop% G oi|f ~|ihvmx`qf }f|q`mf}}fmxi| `} eix iekp ciih efs} ai| xbi}f h`|fmxkp mieefmxfh s`xb `x xb|ivcb èqf}xofex i|fo~kipofex+ lvx gk}i ai| ixbf| ~g|x} ia xbf fmieiop xbgx v}f }f|q`mf} è~vx} èxfe}`qfkp% G} dv}xief frgo~kf+ c|isxb è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} ief ia xbf aivehgxìe} ie sb`mb èxf|egxìegkciih} ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j} g|f lv`kx+ }èmf `x `} ò~i}}`lkf xi oiqf èxf|ofh`gxf è~vx} gm|i}}

li|hf|} geh vehf|xgjf mio~kfr mii|hègxìe ia ~|ihvmxìe ~|imf}}f} s`xbivx faa`m`fex og|jfx}ai| }f|q`mf} }vmb g} x|ge}~i|x+ xfkfmioove`mgxìe}+ geh lv}èf}} ~|imf}}f}%

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@e ghh`xìe xi x|gh`xìegk }f|q`mf} }fmxi|} }vmb g} aègemf geh xfkfmioove`mgxìe}sbf|f xbfcgè} a|io |fai|o |fogè ~ixfex`gkkp kg|cfxbf|f g|f gk}i g evolf| ia }ve|`}f }fmxi|} iaèxf|f}x xi xbf GM@ mivex|`f}% Bfgkxbmg|f `} ief frgo~kf+ s`xb mie}`hf|glkf ~ixfex`gk ai| x|ghfc|isxb xb|ivcb ivx}iv|mèc ia gkk`fh bfgkxb avemxìe}+ g} sfkk g} oiqfofex ia ~gx`fex}+oiqfofex ia ofh`mgk ~f|}ieefk+ geh ai|f`ce èqf}xofex è bi}~`xgk} geh ixbf| bfgkxb mg|f~|iq`hf|}% Lv}èf}} ~|imf}} ivx}iv|mèc bg} gk|fghp lfmiof ge ò~i|xgex fr~i|x fg|ef| è|fcìegk fmieio`f} }vmb g} @eh`g geh xbf ^b`k`~~èf}% Xbf|f `} mkfg| }mi~f ai| ~ik`mpogjf|} xi}v~~i|x fr~ge}ìe ia xb`} jèh ia x|ghf è xbf avxv|f%

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7% @EX\IHVMX@IE

Hfqfki~ofex ia g q`l|gex geh mio~fx`x`qf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} g jfp mbg|gmxf|`}x`m ia oihf|efmieio`f}% @e xbf hfqfki~fh si|kh+ }f|q`mf} a|fwvfexkp gmmivex ai| xsi/xb`|h} i| xb|ff/wvg|xf|}ia gkk fmieio`m gmx`q`xp% Xbf x|ge}`xìe a|io gc|`mvkxv|f xb|ivcb ogevagmxv|èc xi g }f|q`mf}fmieiop bg} lffe xbf bgkkog|j ia fmieio`m hfqfki~ofex ai| ogep mivex|`f}% @e kèf s`xb xb`}x|feh+ sf }ff ogep fof|cèc og|jfx} mv||fexkp si|jèc bg|h xi }v~~i|x geh hfqfki~ }f|q`mf}èhv}x|`f}+ geh xi ~vx è ~kgmf xbf |fcvkgxi|p }x|vmxv|f} |fwv`|fh ai| oi|f èxfc|gxfh èxf|egxìegk}f|q`mf} og|jfx}% Xbf G}}im`gxìe ia ]ivxbfg}x G}`ge Egxìe} "

Gcgè}x xbgx lgmjc|iveh+ xbf ~v|~i}f ia xb`} |f~i|x `} xsiaikh% A`|}x+ sf gò xi ~|f}fex gmio~feh`vo ia |fkfqgex hgxg ie xbf }xgxf ia xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ aimv}èc

ie `x} miex|`lvxìe xi iqf|gkk fmieio`m gmx`q`xp+ fo~kipofex+ geh c|isxb% Xi hi xb`}+ sf |fkpbfgq`kp ie }xgehg|h èxf|egxìegk }iv|mf}+ g} sfkk g} egxìegk }xgx`}x`m} è }iof mg}f}% ]fmieh+sf frgoèf xi xbf frxfex ~i}}`lkfc`qfe hgxg |f}x|`mxìe}xbf }f|q`mf} ~ik`mp feq`|ieofex èxbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ aimv}èc ie `x} ò~k`mgxìe} ai| |fcìegk geh èxf|egxìegk èxfc|gxìe ia}f|q`mf} og|jfx}% Lp geh kg|cf+ sf aèh xbgx gkxbivcb xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| bg} lffe c|isèc|g~`hkp è ogep ia xbf GM@ mivex|`f}geh miex|`lvxèc }vl}xgex`gkkp xi iqf|gkk fmieio`m c|isxbgeh hfqfki~ofex~ik`mp }fxxèc} è xbf |fcìe g|f+ ie gqf|gcf+ wv`xf |f}x|`mx`qf lp si|kh}xgehg|h}% Xbf|f `} xbv} ovmb xbgx ~ik`mpogjf|} mge hi xi èxfe}àp xbf x|feh} sf ivxkèf è xb`}|f~i|x+ èmkvhèc xb|ivcb fr`}xèc geh ~kgeefh |fcìegk èxfc|gxìe è`x`gx`qf}%

G]FGE) mivex|`f}+ gkiec s`xbxbf ^\M geh @eh`g "xbf GM@ mivex|`f})+ g|f ei }x|gecf|} xi xb`} x|feh% Gkxbivcb fr~f|`femfhàaf|} c|fgxkp a|io ief mivex|p xi geixbf|+ xbf hgxg |fq`fsfh è xb`} |f~i|x }x|ieckp }vccf}x xbgxge èm|fg}èc }f|q`mf} i|`fexgxìe `} k`jfkp xi lf g jfp afgxv|f ia xbf GM@ fmieio`f} iqf| xbfofh`vo/xf|o%

Xbf |f~i|x ~|imffh} g} aikkis}% @e xbf efrx }fmxìe+ sf ~|iq`hf ge è`x`gk iqf|q`fs ia xbf sgp} èsb`mb }f|q`mf} }fmxi| hfqfki~ofex `} kèjfh xi l|ighf| cigk} }vmb g} fmieio`m c|isxb gehfo~kipofex m|fgxìe% Sf h`}mv}} xbf fmieio`m ofmbge`}o} lfbèh xbf}f kèj}% @e ]fmxìe =+

sf ~|f}fex oi|f hfxg`kfh hgxg ie xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ aimv}èc iefof|cèc x|feh} è xbgx g|fg% ]fmxìe 8 ~|iq`hf} g cfef|gk h`}mv}}ìe ia }f|q`mf} }fmxi| ~ik`m`f}è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ aimv}èc ie xbf èxf|egxìegk "x|ghf/|fkgxfh) hòfe}ìe% Xbfe è ]fmxìe 6+sf aimv} xbf h`}mv}}ìe è oi|f hfxg`k ie ~g|x`mvkg| }f|q`mf} }vl/}fmxi|} xbgx g|f k`jfkp xi ~kgpge ò~i|xgex |ikf è xbf |fcìegk }f|q`mf} feq`|ieofex cièc ai|sg|h% ]fmxìe 1 miemkvhf}%


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8

A`cv|f 74 ^f| Mg~`xg @emiof è ^^^ xf|o} q}% ]f|q`mf} g} g ^f|mfexgcf ia CH^+ >0

]iv|mf4 Si|kh Hfqfki~ofex @eh`mgxi|}% Ief ivxk`f| "Fwvgxi|`gk Cvèfg) bg} lffe h|i~~fh a|io xbf }go~kf%

Ia miv|}f+ xbf `}}vf ia ~|ihvmx`q`xp hàaf|fex`gk} lfxsffe }f|q`mf} geh ogevagmxv|èc |fogè}ò~i|xgex "}ff av|xbf| lfkis)% @e }iof mivex|`f}+ }vmb g} @eh`g+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| bg} lffefr~f|`femèc ag}xf| ~|ihvmx`q`xp c|isxb xbge ogevagmxv|èc+ lvx xbf |fqf|}f `} x|vf è ixbf|mivex|`f}+ }vmb g} xbf ^\M% @x `} xbf|fai|f k`jfkp xbgx xbf iqf|gkk c|isxb ò~gmx ia }bàxèc xi g}f|q`mf fmieiop hf~feh} }`ceà`mgexkp ie xbf }fmxi|gk mio~i}`xìe ia }f|q`mf} qgkvf ghhfh gehfo~kipofex% ]bàxèc èxi gmx`q`x`f} xbgx }v~~i|x èeiqgxìe}vmb g} fecèff|èc }f|q`mf}+|f}fg|mb }f|q`mf}+ geh fhvmgxìe }f|q`mf}mge mkfg|kp bfk~ }v~~i|x xbf }fka/}v}xgèèc ~|imf}}xbgx `} gx xbf mi|f ia xbf o`hhkf xi b`cb/èmiof x|ge}`xìe ia mivex|`f} k`jf xbf \f~vlk`m ia Ji|fg%Bisfqf|+ g }bàx èxi kf}} ~|ihvmx`qf }f|q`mf} }fmxi|} mivkh lf g}}im`gxfh s`xb kf}} q`ci|iv}iqf|gkk c|isxb% Xbf o`r `} xbf|fai|f ò~i|xgex+ geh sf h`}mv}} è av|xbf| hfxg`k lfkis xbfèh`q`hvgk }fmxi|} xbgx o`cbx lf ia èxf|f}x xi xbf GM@ mivex|`f}%

@e ghh`xìe+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| }bivkh lf }ffe g} ge ò~i|xgex ~g|x ia xbf iqf|gkk egxìegkmio~fx`x`qfef}} gcfehg lfmgv}f `x bg} }x|iec kèjgcf} s`xb xbf |f}x ia xbf fmieiop% @ehffh+xbf c|isxb gcfehg oi|f l|ighkp bg} g kix xi hi s`xb }f|q`mf}+ sb`mb ~kgp g m|vm`gk |ikf èhfqfki~èc bvoge mg~`xgk xb|ivcb fhvmgxìe+ ai| frgo~kf% Xbf|f `} mieqèmèc ogm|ifmieio`mfq`hfemf xbgx }x|iecf| }f|q`mf} }fmxi| ~f|ai|ogemf ofge} ag}xf| fmieio`m c|isxb "f%c%+Bifjoge geh F}mbfelgmb >6: geh Ogxxii fx gk% >1)% Oi|fiqf|+ lgmjlief }fmxi|} }vmb g}aègemf+ xfkfmioove`mgxìe}+ geh x|ge}~i|x ogjf `x ~i}}`lkf ai| g s`hf |gecf ia a`|o} xi hilv}èf}}+ geh xi lf mio~fx`x`qf è èxf|egxìegk og|jfx} "f%c%+ G|eikh fx gk% >2)% Ai| frgo~kf+lfxxf| kic`}x`m} }f|q`mf} bgqf lffe }bise xi lf }x|ieckp mi||fkgxfh s`xb x|ghf ivxmiof} èciih} }fmxi|}+ geh è ~g|x`mvkg| ~g|x} geh mio~iefex} x|ghf xbgx xgjf} ~kgmf s`xbè èxf|egxìegkefxsi|j} "G|q`} fx gk% 7>: ]g}kgq}jp geh ]bf~bf|h+ Ai|xbmioèc)% Oi|f l|ighkp+ G|eikh fx gk%

"7>) aèh xbgx ò~|iqfofex} xi }f|q`mf} ~ik`m`f} è @eh`gmiqf|èc lgejèc+xfkfmioove`mgxìe}+ è}v|gemf+ geh x|ge}~i|xbgqf lffe ge ò~i|xgex }iv|mf ia ~|ihvmx`q`xpcgè} è ogevagmxv|èc% Xb|ivcb xbf}f jèh} ia |fkgxìe}b`~}+ g sfkk/hfqfki~fh }f|q`mf} }fmxi|mge avfk c|isxb eix iekp h`|fmxkp+ lvx gk}i èh`|fmxkp xb|ivcb }~`kkiqf|} xi ixbf| }fmxi|}%

Miex|g|p xi |fmf`qfh s`}hio è }iof m`|mkf}+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| mge lf g }`ceà`mgex }iv|mf ia~|ihvmx`q`xp cgè} è `x} ise |`cbx% Ag| a|io lfèc kò`xfh xi kis ~|ihvmx`q`xp+ kis ~ixfex`gkgmx`q`x`f}+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| eis èmkvhf} g |gecf ia immv~gxìe} xbgx ogjf g }vl}xgex`gkmiex|`lvxìe xi iqf|gkk qgkvf ghhfh ~f| si|jf|% Gkxbivcb xbf kfqfk ia qgkvf ghhfh ~f| si|jf| `}}x`kk cfef|gkkp kisf| è }f|q`mf} xbge è ogevagmxv|èc "Xglkf 7)+ xbf|f `} }ik`h fq`hfemf a|io


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6

g|iveh xbf |fcìe xbgx c|isxb è }f|q`mf} }fmxi| qgkvf ghhfh `} xgjèc ~kgmf gx g |g~`h ~gmf+ gehè }iof mg}f} `} ag}xf| xbge è xbf èhv}x|`gk }fmxi|+ gkxbivcb xb`} ivxmiof qg|`f} }vl}xgex`gkkpgm|i}} mivex|`f}% @e @eh`g+ ai| frgo~kf+ c|isxb ia ivx~vx ~f| si|jf| geh xixgk agmxi| ~|ihvmx`q`xpè }f|q`mf} bgqf lffe }vl}xgex`gkkp ag}xf| xbge è ogevagmxv|èc è |fmfex hfmghf} "Xglkf 3)

Gc|`mvkxv|f @ehv}x|p ]f|q`mf}

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>>>1

@eh`gIvx~vx ~f|

si|jf|7%= 7%8 =%= %3 >%0 >%1 7%1 =%7 7%0^\MIvx~vx ~f|

si|jf|8%1 8%< 7>%< 7>%8 8%3 1%>

XA^ 7%2 2) geh Li}si|xb geh Ogf|xfe} "7>)%

A`cv|f >>3 "&)

]iv|mf4 Si|kh Hfqfki~ofex @eh`mgxi|}%


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1

X|ghf/|fkgxfh ~ik`m`f} g|f ge ò~i|xgex fkfofex ia ge iqf|gkk gcfehg ia lii}xèc }f|q`mf} }fmxi|~|ihvmx`q`xp geh mio~fx`x`qfef}}% \fmfex |f}fg|mb }bis}+ ai| frgo~kf+ xbgx }f|q`mf} }fmxi|}xbgx g|f oi|f i~fe xi èxf|egxìegk mio~fx`xìe xfeh xi lf oi|f ~|ihvmx`qf+ geh fr~f|`femfag}xf| ~|ihvmx`q`xp c|isxb "O`|ivhix fx gk% 7>)% Bisfqf|+ ai| xbf}f faafmx} xi lfmiof |fgk`xp+ `x`} efmf}}g|p xi bgqf è ~kgmf sfkk/avemxìeèc kgli| geh mg~`xgk og|jfx} }i g} xi agm`k`xgxf xbfoiqfofex ia |f}iv|mf} xisg|h} oi|f ~|ihvmx`qf a`|o}% Xbf }gof }xvhp gk}i ~|ihvmf} }iofè`x`gk fq`hfemf }vccf}xèc xbgx |fcìegk k`lf|gk`tgxìe ia }f|q`mf} og|jfx} `} gmxvgkkp g}}im`gxfh

s`xb kisf| x|ghf mi}x} q`}//q`} xbf si|kh g} g sbikf: xbgx `}+ |fcìegk èxfc|gxìe ia }f|q`mf}og|jfx} g~~fg|} xi lf kf}} h`}m|òègxi|p xbge è ciih}+ geh xbv} bg} c|fgxf| ~ixfex`gk xi gmxg} g lv`khèc lkimj xisg|h} ovkx`kgxf|gk k`lf|gk`tgxìe |gxbf| xbge g }xvolkèc lkimj%

Xbf|f `} gk}i frxfe}`qf fq`hfemf }vccf}xèc xbgx k`lf|gk`tgxìe ia x|ghf è }f|q`mf} mge bgqf}~`kkiqf| faafmx} xi ixbf| ~g|x} ia xbf fmieiop+ ~g|x`mvkg|kp ogevagmxv|èc% Ai| frgo~kf+ Lkphfgeh ]èpgq}jgpg ">3) aèh xbgx+ ie gqf|gcf+ g 7>& èm|fg}f è }f|q`mf} x|ghf `} g}}im`gxfhs`xb g 1& èm|fg}f è ciih} x|ghf% Xbfp aèh xbgx xbf }x|iecf}x cgè} ai| ogevagmxv|èc fr~i|x}miof a|io ò~|iqfh faa`m`femp è x|ge}~i|x geh mioove`mgxìe }f|q`mf}% Oi|fiqf|+ xbf CGX]oihfk ia x|ghf k`lf|gk`tgxìe è }f|q`mf} èmkvhf} }f|q`mf} ai|f`ce h`|fmx èqf}xofex "AH@) s`xbè`x} gol`x+ sb`mb ofge} xbgx xbf }x|iec ~i}`x`qf }~`kkiqf|} a|io ai|f`ce èqf}xofex }bivkh gk}i lfxgjfe èxi gmmivex "f%c%+ G|eikh geh Dgqi|m`j >6)% @e ghh`xìe xi xb`} qg|`fxp ia ~i}`x`qffmieio`m ò~gmx}+ Li|mbf|x geh Ogxxii ">0) }bis xbgx x|ghf è }f|q`mf} xfeh} xi lf oi|f|f}`k`fex xi fmieio`m m|`}f} xbge x|ghf è ciih}%

Xbf gqg`kglkf wvgex`xgx`qf fq`hfemf }vccf}x} xbgx ~ik`mp |fai|o} è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| mge bgqfogdi| fmieio`m ò~gmx}% Si|kh Lgej ">1) aèh xbgx xbf cgè} a|io ckilgk x|ghfk`lf|gk`tgxìe mge lf lii}xfh lp glivx 2>& à }f|q`mf} g|f èmkvhfh è xbf |fai|o ~gmjgcf%V}èc hàaf|fex hgxg+ A|gemi`} fx gk% ">6) aèh xbgx g 6>& |fhvmxìe è }f|q`mf} |gxf} ia~|ixfmxìe ~|ihvmf} èmiof cgè} gx kfg}x fwv`qgkfex xi xbi}f a|io fkòègxìe ia xg|àa} gaafmxècogevagmxv|fh ciih}%

Lv}èf}} ~|imf}} iaa}bi|èc "LÎ) `} ief xp~f ia }f|q`mf} x|ghf xbgx `} ge èm|fg}èckp

ò~i|xgex afgxv|f ia xbf si|kh fmieiopgeh xbf GM@ |fcìe è ~g|x`mvkg|geh ief sb`mb bg} gevolf| ia ~i}`x`qf fmieio`m faafmx}% Ai| è}xgemf+ Go`x` geh Sf` ">1) }bis xbgx }f|q`mf}iaa}bi|èc gmmivexfh ai| 77& ia V] ~|ihvmx`q`xp c|isxb è ogevagmxv|èc lfxsffe 700< geh>>g~~|irògxfkp hivlkf xbf ò~gmx ia iaa}bi|èc ogxf|`gk è~vx}% Fqfe ie xbf fo~kipofex}`hf+ B`dtfe fx gk% ">3) }bis xbgx ò~i|xf|} ia èxf|ofh`gxf }f|q`mf}`%f%+ xbi}f xbgxiaa}bi|fhi eix xfeh xi fr~f|`femf c|fgxf| dil ki}}f} i| si|jf| xv|eiqf|% @ehffh+ xbfp xfeh xifr~f|`femf ag}xf| fo~kipofex c|isxb xbge a`|o} xbgx hi eix iaa}bi|f% ]ò`kg|kp+ Go`x` geh Sf`">6) aèh xbgx }fmxi|/kfqfk fo~kipofex è xbf Ve`xfh Jèchio "VJ) bg} eix lffe gaafmxfh lpiaa}bi|èc% M|èi ">3)+ ie xbf ixbf| bgeh+ aèh} xbgx xbf fo~kipofex faafmx} ia iaa}bi|èc hàaf|lp immv~gxìe4 iaa}bi|èc |g`}f} fo~kipofex è b`cb/}j`kk immv~gxìe}+ lvx kisf|} `x goiec kis/geh ofh`vo/}j`kkfh ief}% S`xbè }j`kk c|iv~}+ iaa}bi|èc xfeh} xi lfefa`x |fkgx`qfkp eie/x|ghglkfimmv~gxìe}+ lvx ~fegk`tf fg}`kp x|ghglkf ief}% Ie lgkgemf+ bisfqf|+ xbf fq`hfemf xfeh} xi

}vccf}x xbgx xbf iqf|gkk fmieio`m faafmx} ia }f|q`mf} iaa}bi|èc g|f ~i}`x`qf ai| lixb xbf }fehècgeh |fmf`qèc fmieio`f}%

@e ghh`xìe xi xbf sfgkxb ia wvgex`xgx`qf fq`hfemf }v~~i|xèc g kèj lfxsffe hfqfki~ofex ia xbf}f|q`mf} }fmxi| geh ~i}`x`qf fmieio`m ivxmiof}+ xbf|f `} gk}i }iof fof|cèc fq`hfemf iaò~i|xgex kèj} lfxsffe xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| geh g l|ighf| miemf~xìe ia c|isxb+ èmkvhècbvoge hfqfki~ofex% Bvoge }f|q`mf} }vmb g} bfgkxb geh fhvmgxìe g|f ge ò~i|xgex ~g|x ia xbfiqf|gkk }f|q`mf} fmieiop+ geh xbf`| hfqfki~ofex mge h`|fmxkp gaafmx ò~i|xgex bvogehfqfki~ofex ivxmiof} geh ò~|iqf xbf k`qf} ia ~ii| ~fi~kf+ èmkvhèc è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}%


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3

]bf~bf|h geh ^g}gh`kkg "77) ~|f}fex }iof ~|fkòèg|p wvgex`xgx`qf fq`hfemf ie xbf kèj}lfxsffe }f|q`mf} geh bvoge hfqfki~ofex% Ie xbf ief bgeh+ xbfp aèh xbgx oi|f |f}x|`mx`qf~ik`m`f} è g|fg} }vmb g} fhvmgxìe g|f h`|fmxkp g}}im`gxfh s`xb si|}f bvoge hfqfki~ofexivxmiof}+ }vmb g} kisf| }mbiikèc |gxf}% Xbf ò~k`mgxìe `} xbgx xbf faa`m`femp cgè} xbgx miofa|io kf}} |f}x|`mx`qf ~ik`m`f} mge x|ge}kgxf h`|fmxkp èxi ò~|iqfh bvoge hfqfki~ofex% Oi|fiqf|+xbf gvxbi|} g|cvf xbgx mf|xgè }f|q`mf} g|f ò~i|xgex è~vx} èxi xbf ~|iq`}ìe ia ixbf| ciih}geh }f|q`mf} xbgx g|f ò~i|xgex ai| bvoge hfqfki~ofex% Ai| frgo~kf+ x|ge}~i|x geh kic`}x`m}

}f|q`mf} ogjf `x ~i}}`lkf xi oiqf ofh`mèf}+ qgmmèf}+ geh ixbf| bfgkxb/|fkgxfh ~|ihvmx} xi~ii| ~fi~kf è |v|gk g|fg}+ geh xi hi }i gx g |fg}ieglkf mi}x% @e kèf s`xb xb`} èxv`xìe+ xbf hgxgèhffh }bis xbgx mivex|`f} s`xb kf}} |f}x|`mx`qf ~ik`m`f} è xbf h`}x|`lvxìe }fmxi| xfeh xi bgqfb`cbf| |gxf} ia òove`tgxìe+ fqfe gaxf| miex|ikkèc ai| ~f| mg~`xg èmiof% Gkxbivcb oi|f|f}fg|mb v}èc efs hgxg `} effhfh xi miea`|o xbf}f è`x`gk |f}vkx}+ xbf cfef|gk ò~k`mgxìe `}mkfg|4 ò~|iqèc xbf }f|q`mf} ~ik`mp feq`|ieofex `} eix iekp ciih ai| c|isxb è g eg||isfmieio`m }fe}f+ lvx mge gk}i l|èc ò~i|xgex lfefa`x} xi xbf l|ighf| hfqfki~ofex gcfehg%

=% X\FEH] @E ]F\Q@MF] ]FMXI\ HFQFKIÔFEX @E XBFGM@ MIVEX\@F]

Xb`} }fmxìe |fq`fs} |fmfex hfqfki~ofex} è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}% Sf a`|}xmie}`hf| qgkvf ghhfh geh xbf ~|i~i|xìe ia CH^ xbgx `} gmmivexfh ai| lp }f|q`mf}% Sf xbfeoiqf xi g mie}`hf|gxìe ia fo~kipofex è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi|% Xbf kg}x xsi ~g|x} ia xb`} }fmxìehfgk s`xb èxf|egxìegk x|ghf è }f|q`mf} è xbf GM@ |fcìe+ geh s`xb xbf }~fm`gk mg}f ia }f|q`mf}geh èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j}%

=%7 ]f|q`mf} ]fmxi| Qgkvf Ghhfh

Iqf| xbf kg}x afs hfmghf}+ xbf|f bg} lffe g mkfg| x|feh xisg|h} c|isxb ia xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| èxbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ geh sf fr~fmx xb`} hpego`m xi miexèvf è xbf ofh`vo xf|o% Ie gqf|gcf+ xbf~|i~i|xìe ia c|i}} hiof}x`m ~|ihvmx "CH^) gmmivexfh ai| lp }f|q`mf} |i}f a|io =3& è 702> xi86& è >3% Ia miv|}f+ xbf|f `} }iof bfxf|icfef`xp gm|i}} mivex|p c|iv~} "A`cv|f =)% Ai|

frgo~kf+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} eix`mfglkp kg|cf| è @eh`g xbge è xbf ^\M i|+ ie gqf|gcf+ èG]FGE% @x eis gmmivex} ai| oi|f xbge bgka ia gkk fmieio`m gmx`q`xp% Xbf }bg|f} ia }f|q`mf} èCH^ ai| xbf ^\M geh G]FGE "}ò~kf gqf|gcf) g|f g~~|irògxfkp mio~g|glkf+ geh goivex xioi|f xbge 8>& lg}fh ie xbf kgxf}x gqg`kglkf hgxg%


10/57


2

A`cv|f =4 ]f|q`mf} Qgkvf Ghhfh g} g ^f|mfexgcf ia CH^+ GM@ Mivex|`f}+ >>>0


@x `} ò~i|xgex xi lf mkfg|+ bisfqf|+ xbgx xbf sb`kf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| c|isxb `} g ag`|kp cfef|gk~bfeiofeie goiec xbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ èh`q`hvgk fr~f|`femf} hàaf| c|fgxkp% A`cv|f 8 }bis} xbfl|fgjhise ia CH^ lp gmx`q`xp xp~f ai| gkk GM@ mivex|`f} ai| sb`mb hgxg g|f gqg`kglkf è >3 "xbf|fmfex pfg| xbgx c`qf} xbf lf}x hgxg miqf|gcf)% Mie}`}xfex s`xb xbf m|i}}/mivex|p fq`hfemfh`}mv}}fh gliqf+ xbf oi}x hfqfki~fh fmieiop è xbf |fcìe+ ]ècg~i|f+ bg} g }vl}xgex`gkkpkg|cf| }f|q`mf} }fmxi| xbge xbf ixbf| mivex|`f}4 `x gmmivexfh ai| iqf| xsi/xb`|h} ia CH^ è >3+g a`cv|f sb`mb `} è kèf s`xb fr~f|`femf è xbf IFMH% @e L|vef` Hg|v}}gkgo+ lp miex|g}x+ xbf~|i~i|xìe ia }f|q`mf} è CH^ `} iekp g|iveh bgka g} kg|cf% @exf|f}xèckp+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| èmivex|`f} }vmb g} xbf ^\M geh @ehief}`g sg} }x`kk |fkgx`qfkp }ogkk g} ia >3+ gehg~~|irògxfkp ie g ~g| s`xb ovmb ~ii|f| fmieio`f} }vmb g} Kgi ^H\ geh Q`fx Ego%

A`cv|f 84 L|fgjhise ia CH^ lp Gmx`q`xp Xp~f+ >3


Hf}~`xf xb`} |gecf ia fr~f|`femf} è xf|o} ia xbf iqf|gkk }`tf ia xbf }fmxi|+ `x} c|isxb |gxf|fkgx`qf xi ixbf| }fmxi|} bg} cfef|gkkp lffe ò~|f}}`qf è gkk GM@ mivex|`f} "A`cv|f 6)% @e a`qffmieio`f}]ècg~i|f+ xbf ^b`k`~~èf}+ Ogkgp}`g+ @ehief}`g+ geh L|vef` Hg|v}}gkgoxbf


11/57


0

}f|q`mf} }fmxi| sg} xbf ag}xf}x c|isèc ~g|x ia xbf fmieiop è xf|o} ia qgkvf ghhfh iqf| xbf>>>3 ~f|ìh% @e xbf ^\M geh @eh`g+ xbf c|isxb |gxf ia }f|q`mf} qgkvf ghhfh sg}g~~|irògxfkp xbf }gof g} è ogevagmxv|èc% Iekp è Q`fx Ego+ Xbg`kgeh+ Kgi ^H\+ gehMgolih`g h`h xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| c|is eix`mfglkp }kisf| xbge ogevagmxv|èc% Gkxbivcb xb`}kgxxf| |f}vkx `} eix }v|~|`}èc ai| mivex|`f} gx xbf èmiof kfqfk} ia Mgolih`g+ Kgi ^H\+ geh Q`fxEgo+ `x `} ovmb oi|f }v|~|`}èc ai| Xbg`kgeh+ sb`mb bg} g kfqfk ia ~f| mg~`xg èmiof gkoi}xxb|ff xòf} b`cbf| xbge Q`fx Ego}% Ief ~i}}`lkf miemkv}ìe xbgx mivkh lf h|gse a|io xbf

m|i}}/mivex|p fq`hfemf h`}mv}}fh gliqf `} xbgx mie}x|gèx} ie c|isxb ia xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| g|fk`jfkp xi ò~gmx efcgx`qfkp ie Xbg`kgeh} iqf|gkk c|isxb ~ixfex`gk è xbf ofh`vo/xf|o%

A`cv|f 64 Gqf|gcf Geevgk C|isxb \gxf ia Qgkvf Ghhfh lp Gmx`q`xp Xp~f+ >>>3


Ief g|cvofex xbgx `} }iofxòf} oghf `} xbgx xbf èm|fg}èc }bg|f ia }f|q`mf} è CH^+~g|x`mvkg|kp è hfqfki~èc mivex|`f} k`jf @eh`g+ `} è agmx h`}cv`}fh ogevagmxv|èc gmx`q`xp |gxbf|

xbge cfevèf c|isxb è ge èhf~fehfex }f|q`mf} }fmxi|% Xbf `hfg `} xbgx g} ogevagmxv|f|}ivx}iv|mf oi|f ia xbf`| gmx`q`x`f}+ xbf mi||f}~iehèc qgkvf ghhfh o`cbx lf |fmi|hfh g} }f|q`mf}gmx`q`xp |gxbf| xbge ogevagmxv|èc% Bisfqf|+ F`mbfec|ffe geh Cv~xg "7>) gegkptf xbf @eh`gehgxg+ geh aèh xbgx èxf|ofh`gxf hfogeh gmmivex} ai| iekp glivx ief/xb`|h ia }f|q`mf} qgkvfghhfh% Xbf |fogèèc xsi/xb`|h} `} oghf v~ ia aègk hfogeh "èmkvhèc fr~i|x})+ sb`mb `}mie}`}xfex s`xb ge vehf|kpèc x|feh xisg|h} cfevèf c|isxb ia xbf }fmxi|%

=%< ]f|q`mf} geh Fo~kipofex

Xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi|} fmieio`m ò~i|xgemf ai| xbf GM@ mivex|`f} `} |fakfmxfh è fo~kipofexhgxg+ xii "A`cv|f 1)% Xgjèc xbf G]FGE gqf|gcf+ }f|q`mf} dil} gmmivex ai| glivx bgka ia xixgkfo~kipofex% G} sg} xbf mg}f ai| qgkvf ghhfh+ xbf|f `} gcgè mie}`hf|glkf bfxf|icfef`xp gm|i}}

mivex|`f} s`xbè G]FGE4 }f|q`mf} fo~kipofex oghf v~ g|iveh =3& ia xbf xixgk è Xbg`kgeh è>3+ lvx iqf| 36& è ]ècg~i|f% Gcgè+ xbf x|feh `} mkfg|kp xisg|h} ge èm|fg}èc ò~i|xgemfia xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| g} g cfef|gxi| ia fo~kipofex% Xbf |fkfqgex a`cv|f} g|f vehivlxfhkp kisf|è Q`fx Ego geh Mgolih`g+ lvx |fmfex hgxg g|f eix gqg`kglkf a|io xbf Si|kh Hfqfki~ofex@eh`mgxi|}%


12/57


7>

A`cv|f 14 ]f|q`mf} g} g ^f|mfexgcf ia Xixgk Fo~kipofex+ >>>3


]ècg~i|fxbf oi}x hfqfki~fh mivex|p è xbf c|iv~ |f~|f}fexfh è A`cv|f 1}xgeh} ivx g}bgqèc lp ag| xbf b`cbf}x ~|i~i|xìe ia fo~kipofex è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi|% Mio~g|fh xi g qgkvfghhfh miex|`lvxìe ia g|iveh 3>&+ fo~kipofex è }f|q`mf} gmmivex} ai| iqf| 36& ia xbf xixgk è]ècg~i|f% Xbv}+ fqfe è g hfqfki~fh fmieiop+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} |fkgx`qfkp kgli| èxfe}`qf%]f|q`mf} }fmxi| c|isxb ~|iq`hf} }x|iec ~|i}~fmx} ai| fo~kipofex m|fgxìe è xbf ofh`vo/ xikiec/xf|o xb|ivcbivx xbf GM@ mivex|`f}%

G }fmieh c|iv~ ia fmieio`f}xbf ^b`k`~~èf}+ @ehief}`g+ Xbg`kgeh+ geh f}~fm`gkkp Ogkgp}`gfrb`l`x fq`hfemf ia }x|vmxv|gk x|ge}ai|ogxìe è xbf kgli| og|jfx iqf| |fmfex pfg|}% ]f|q`mf}gmmivex ai| g eix`mfglkp kg|cf| ~|i~i|xìe ia xixgk fo~kipofex gx xbf feh ia xbf }go~kf ~f|ìhxbgx gx xbf lfcèeèc+ sb`mb `} gcgè mie}`}xfex s`xb xbf }fmxi|} èm|fg}èc fmieio`mò~i|xgemf% @exf|f}xèckp+ @ehief}`g `} xbf iekp ief ia xbf}f mivex|`f} è sb`mb xbf ~|i~i|xìe ia

}f|q`mf} è xixgk fo~kipofex `} c|fgxf| xbge xbf ~|i~i|xìe ia }f|q`mf} qgkvf ghhfh è CH^% @eixbf| si|h}+ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} oi}x kgli| èxfe}`qf è @ehief}`g+ lvx `} g }iv|mf ia |fkgx`qfkpb`cb qgkvf ghhfh ~f| si|jf| |fkgx`qf xi ixbf| }fmxi|} è xbf |fogèèc fmieio`f}%

Ofg}v|èc xbf kfqfk ia }f|q`mf} fo~kipofex è xbf ^\M |ve} èxi }fqf|f ~|ilkfo} ia hgxggqg`kgl`k`xp geh mie}`}xfemp% Xbf Si|kh Hfqfki~ofex @eh`mgxi|} "SH@) hgxglg}f iekp èmkvhf}èai|ogxìe ai| xbf ^\M xb|ivcb >< "sbikf fmieiop) `}3=3%8 o`kkìe+ lvx xbf }gof hgxg ai| >= "v|lge g|fg}) `} iekp 7>0%3 o`kkìe% C`qfe xbgx xbf

h`}x|`lvxìe ia fo~kipofex goiec gc|`mvkxv|f+ ogevagmxv|èc+ geh }f|q`mf} `} k`jfkp xi lf qf|phàaf|fex è v|lge geh |v|gk g|fg}+ fqfe ~|i~i|xìe} g|f vek`jfkp xi lf mio~g|glkf lfai|f gehgaxf| >


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77

g} ai| xbf ixbf| GM@ mivex|`f}+ }f|q`mf} è xbf ^\M |f~|f}fex eix iekp ge ò~i|xgex }iv|mf iaqgkvf ghhfh+ lvx gk}i g ogdi| }iv|mf ia fo~kipofex+ ~g|x`mvkg|kp è v|lge g|fg}%

@eh`g gk}i ~|f}fex} }f|ìv} hgxg hàa`mvkx`f} sbfe `x miof} xi ofg}v|èc xbf ~|i~i|xìe ia xixgkfo~kipofex gmmivexfh ai| lp }f|q`mf}% Ief }v|qfp/lg}fh hgxg }iv|mf }vccf}x} xbgx g|ivehief/xb`|h ia xbf si|jai|mf `} mv||fexkp fo~kipfh è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| "Ciqf|eofex ia @eh`g+7>+ }xgxfofex 8%=)% Xbf evolf|} |f~i|xfh lp Li}si|xb geh Ogf|xfe} "7>) lg}fh ie}xgx`}x`m} a|io xbf 701>} iesg|h} }vccf}x g }k`cbxkp kisf| ~|i~i|xìe+ egofkp dv}x iqf| ief/wvg|xf| è >1>3% \fcg|hkf}} ia sb`mb }fx ia a`cv|f} g|f v}fh+ bisfqf|+ g sfkk/jeiseafgxv|f ia xbf @eh`ge fmieiop `} xbgx }f|q`mf} ~kgp g |fkgx`qfkp kg|cf| |ikf è fo~kipofexcfef|gxìe xbge hif} èhv}x|p "1>3)% @eh`g} ~|imf}} iakfg~a|iccèc xisg|h} g }f|q`mf} fmieiopsbf|fg} xbf xp~`mgk ~|imf}} `} xbgx ge fmieiopa`|}x hfqfki~} g }vl}xgex`gk ogevagmxv|èc }fmxi| geh iekp xbfe oiqf} bfgq`kp xisg|h}}f|q`mf}~|iq`hf} ge èxf|f}xèc frgo~kf ia xbf sgp è sb`mb ge fmieiop mge kfqf|gcf}f|q`mf} }fmxi| c|isxb xi cfef|gxf fo~kipofex geh hfqfki~ofex% @eh`g} }vmmf}} è x|ghf/|fkgxfh g|fg} }vmb g} lv}èf}} ~|imf}} ivx}iv|mèc `} eis lfèc |f~k`mgxfh ie g }ogkkf| }mgkfè ixbf| mivex|`f}+ }vmb g} xbf ^b`k`~~èf}%

A`cv|f 34 L|fgjhise ia Xixgk Fo~kipofex lp Fmieio`m Gmx`q`xp è @eh`g

>>>7 >1>3

]iv|mf4 Li}si|xb geh Ogf|xfe} "7>)%

\fmfex si|j ie }f|q`mf} fo~kipofex è @eh`g gk}i bg} èxf|f}xèc ò~k`mgxìe} è xf|o} ia kgli|èxfe}`xp geh xbf }j`kk mio~i}`xìe ia xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| si|jai|mf% F`mbfec|ffe geh Cv~xg"7>) }vccf}x xbgx xbf o`r ia }j`kkfh geh ve}j`kkfh kgli| `} gmxvgkkp |fkgx`qfkp mki}f lfxsffe xbfogevagmxv|èc geh }f|q`mf} }fmxi|}+ sb`mb xfeh} xi }vccf}x xbgx mieqf|cfemf è ivx~vx ~f|si|jf| `} gk}i k`jfkp xi lf xgjèc ~kgmf% @ehffh+ xbf }gof gvxbi|} gk}i |f~i|x |f}fg|mb aèhèc}

}vccf}xèc xbgx }f|q`mf} }fmxi| c|isxb xfeh} xi lf |fkgx`qfkp kgli| èxfe}`qf+ è }iof }fmxi|}fqfe oi|f }i xbge ogevagmxv|èc% Xb`} faafmx `} f}~fm`gkkp eixglkf è xbf |g~`hkp c|isèclv}èf}} }f|q`mf} }fmxi|+ sb`mb bg} ge fo~kipofex fkg}x`m`xp efg|kp xb|ff xòf} g} b`cb g} ai|ogevagmxv|èc% Gkxbivcb oi|f hfxg`kfh hgxg g|f |fwv`|fh lfai|f xbf ò~k`mgxìe} ia xb`} aèhècai| hàaf|fex xp~f} ia kgli|}j`kkfh qf|}v} ve}j`kkfhmge lf avkkp vehf|}xiih+ xbf mkfg|ò~k`mgxìe `} xbgx xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} eix dv}x ge fecèf ia fmieio`m c|isxb+ lvx gk}i geò~i|xgex }iv|mf ia fo~kipofex è kgli|/glvehgex hfqfki~èc mivex|`f} }vmb g} xbi}f è xbfGM@ c|iv~%


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7&6>& ia CH^ i| fo~kipofex xbgx g|f gmmivexfh ai| lp }f|q`mf}% @e ixbf|si|h}+ èxf|egxìegk èxfc|gxìe ia }f|q`mf} og|jfx} è xbf |fcìegeh ~g|x`mvkg|kp è xbf ^\M`} |fkgx`qfkp kò`xfh% Bisfqf|+ xbf a`cv|f }bis} xbgx xbf x|feh `} mkfg|kp xisg|h} c|fgxf|èxfc|gxìe ia }f|q`mf} og|jfx} iqf| xòf+ geh s`xb xbf |`cbx ~ik`m`f}}ff av|xbf| lfkissffr~fmx xbgx x|feh xi èxfe}àp è xbf ofh`vo xf|o%

]fmieh+ xbf G]FGE mivex|`f} g|f ie gqf|gcf ovmb oi|f fecgcfh s`xb èxf|egxìegk }f|q`mf}og|jfx} xbge f`xbf| xbf ^\M i| @eh`g% Ia miv|}f+ xb`} ~ièx effh} xi lf evgemfh }iofsbgx èk`cbx ia xbf ò~i|xgex |ikf ~kgpfh lp ]ècg~i|f è xbf G]FGE hgxg4 }f|q`mf} x|ghf xbf|f xixgkfh06& ia CH^ è >0% Eiefxbfkf}}+ xbf miex|g}x |fogè} }x|`jèc lfxsffe xbf xsi kg|cffmieio`f} s`xb g |fkgx`qfkp kò`xfh hfc|ff ia èxf|egxìegk }f|q`mf} og|jfx èxfc|gxìe+ geh xbfovmb }ogkkf|+ lvx |fkgx`qfkp oi|f i~fe+ G]FGE fmieio`f}% Xb`} }xpk`tfh agmx `} è kèf s`xb xbfcfef|gk xfehfemp ia kg|cf| mivex|`f} xi lf kf}} èxfc|gxfh s`xb èxf|egxìegk og|jfx}+ sb`mb `}sfkk jeise a|io xbf x|ghf è ciih} k`xf|gxv|f%


15/57


7=

A`cv|f 24 ]f|q`mf} X|ghf g} g ^f|mfexgcf ia CH^+ GM@ Mivex|`f}+ >>>0


Xbf xb`|h }xpk`tfh agmx xi fof|cf a|io xbf hgxg `} xbf miex|g}x lfxsffe }f|q`mf} geh ciih}og|jfx} sbfe `x miof} xi èxf|egxìegk èxfc|gxìe% Xixgk of|mbgeh`}f x|ghffr~i|x} gehò~i|x}g} g ~f|mfexgcf ia CH^ `} ovmb b`cbf| xbge xbf }gof |gxì ai| }f|q`mf} "A`cv|f 0)% @exf|o} ia xbf G]FGE gqf|gcf+ of|mbgeh`}f x|ghf gmmivex} ai| sfkk è frmf}} ia 7>>& ia CH^%Gcgè+ xb`} a`cv|f effh} xi lf evgemfh }iofsbgx è k`cbx ia xbf |ikf ~kgpfh lp mivex|`f} k`jf]ècg~i|f "


16/57


78

Hvf xi xbf |fkgx`qf }mg|m`xp ia l`kgxf|gkkp h`}gcc|fcgxfh }f|q`mf} x|ghf hgxg+ `x `} hàa`mvkx xi~|iq`hf hfxg`kfh èai|ogxìe ie xbf frxfex ia }f|q`mf} x|ghf goiec xbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ g}i~~i}fh xi lfxsffe fgmb mivex|p geh xbf |f}x ia xbf si|kh g} g sbikf% Eiefxbfkf}}+ xbfgqg`kglkf hgxg hi gkkis g afs èaf|femf} xi lf h|gse% Xbf a`|}x `} xbgx ai| g kg|cf fmieiop k`jfxbf ^\M+ G]FGE mv||fexkp |f~|f}fex} iekp g xèp ~f|mfexgcf ia `x} }f|q`mf} ò~i|x} gehfr~i|x}4 xbf a`cv|f è >0+ sb`mb `} xbf iekp pfg| ai| sb`mb h`}gcc|fcgxfh hgxg g|f gqg`kglkf+ `}kf}} xbge >%7& è lixb mg}f} "Xglkf =)%

Xglkf =4 Xbf ^\M#} Fr~i|x} geh @o~i|x} ia ]f|q`mf}+ >0+ o`kkìe V](

Fr~i|x} @o~i|x}

G]FGE (08 ">%>3&) (73% Xb`} evolf| `} }x`kk qf|p }ogkk è gl}ikvxf xf|o}+ ia miv|}f+ geh

fo~bg}`tf} xbf h`qf|}f egxv|f ia @eh`g} x|ghèc |fkgxìe}b`~} è xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi|%
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76

Xglkf 84 @eh`g#} ]f|q`mf} Fr~i|x}+ >>>3+ o`kkìe V](

G]FGE \f}x ia Si|kh

>> %=6< "7%8&) 71868%36

>7 === 862%331 "&) 8 170%=2 "7%1&) =3117%66 3173 70)% G]FGE } ~|ir`fh lp hgxg ai| ]ècg~i|f%

Hgxg ai| xbf G]FGE mivex|`f} ~|iq`hf g c|fgxf| kfqfk ia h`}gcc|fcgxìe+ gkxbivcb xbfp g|f }x`kkeix ~f|afmx è xf|o} ia miqf|èc gkk l`kgxf|gk x|ghèc |fkgxìe}b`~}% A`cv|f 7> }bis} xixgk fr~i|x}l|ijfe hise èxi xbf goivex} gmmivexfh ai| lp èx|g/G]FGE x|ghf+ xbf ^\M+ @eh`g+ geh xbf |f}xia xbf si|kh |f}~fmx`qfkp% @x effh} xi lf èxf|~|fxfh s`xb mgvxìe hvf xi xbf kgmj ia l`kgxf|gkkph`}gcc|fcgxfh hgxg ai| g evolf| ia mivex|`f}+ geh ~|ilglkp vehf|/f}xògxf} xi }iof frxfex xbf

ò~i|xgemf ia |fcìegk x|ghèc |fkgxìe}b`~} |fkgx`qf xi xbf |f}x ia xbf si|kh% Eiefxbfkf}}+ xbfcfef|gk ~`mxv|f `} wv`xf mkfg|4 ai| G]FGE+ xbf GM@ og|jfx} gmmivex ai| g |fkgx`qfkp }ogkk lvxc|isèc ~|i~i|xìe ia xixgk fr~i|x}4 77& è >3+ mio~g|fh s`xb 2& è >>% Xbf lvkj ia xbgxxixgk `} gmmivexfh ai| lp èx|g/G]FGE x|ghf+ s`xb fr~i|x} xi xbf ^\M geh @eh`g ~kgpèc g|fkgx`qfkp }ogkkf| |ikf%

A`cv|f 7>4 G]FGE#} Fr~i|x} ia ]f|q`mf}+ >>>3+ o`kkìe V](

]iv|mf4 X|ghf e ]f|q`mf} Hgxglg}f "A|gemi`} fx gk%+ >0)%

G oi|f evgemfh ~`mxv|f fof|cf}+ bisfqf|+ à sf mieqf|x xbf hgxg xi kicg|`xbo} geh |f}mgkfxbfo xi lf fwvgk xi tf|i è >>+ xbv} ~|iq`hèc ge èhfr evolf| geh c|isxb |gxf} "A`cv|f 77)%@x `} òofh`gxfkp mkfg| xbgx fr~i|x} xi xbf ^\M geh @eh`g bgqf lffe c|isèc qf|p }x|ieckp iqf||fmfex pfg|}+ gx ge gqf|gcf geevgk`tfh |gxf ia


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71

xisg|h} èm|fg}èc èxfc|gxìe ia }f|q`mf} og|jfx} goiec xbf GM@ mivex|`f}+ gkxbivcb xbf|f `}}x`kk ge ò~i|xgex |ikf ai| ~ik`mpogjf|} è m|fgxèc g }v~~i|x`qf feq`|ieofex ai| ghh`xìegkèxfc|gxìe è xbf avxv|f}ff av|xbf| lfkis%

A`cv|f 774 C|isxb è G]FGE#} Fr~i|x} ia ]f|q`mf}+ >>>3

]iv|mf4 X|ghf e ]f|q`mf} Hgxglg}f "A|gemi`} fx gk%+ >0)%

L|ècèc xbf}f hgxg xicfxbf|geh lfèc mgvxìv} è mkgòèc xii ovmb hvf xi xbf`| }f|ìv}kò`xgxìe}`x `} ag`| xi miemkvhf xbgx xbf|f `} x|fofehiv} }mi~f ai| lii}xèc èxf|egxìegkèxfc|gxìe ia }f|q`mf} og|jfx} è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}% Ai| xbf oiofex+ }f|q`mf} fr~i|x} g|fxv|efh ovmb oi|f xisg|h} xbf |f}x ia xbf si|kh xbge xbf GM@ fmieio`f} xbfo}fkqf}% \fmfex|g~`h c|isxb è x|ghf lfxsffe xbf G]FGE mivex|`f} geh @eh`g geh xbf ^\M }vccf}x}+ bisfqf|+xbgx xb`} }`xvgxìe ogp vehf|ci mie}`hf|glkf mbgecf} è xbf ofh`vo/xf|o%

=%8 ]f|q`mf} geh ^|ihvmxìe Efxsi|j}

Ief jfp afgxv|f ia xbf Fg}x G}`ge fmieiop iqf| |fmfex pfg|} bg} lffe xbf fof|cfemf iaèxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j} "Gehi geh Jòv|g >6l)% Xbf}f efxsi|j} g|f oghf v~ iaqf|x`mgk ~|ihvmxìe mbgè} kèjèc qg|ìv} mivex|`f} è xbf |fcìe+ miolèfh s`xb |fcìegk gehckilgk h`}x|`lvxìe mbgeefk}% Xbf oi}x b`cb ~|ia`kf èhv}x|`f} èqikqfh è xb`} oihf ia ~|ihvmxìeèmkvhf fkfmx|ie`m} geh ogmbèf|p% G~~kf} `îh+ ai| frgo~kf+ miexgè} iqf| aiv| bveh|fhèxf|ofh`gxf mio~iefex} }iv|mfh a|io hiof}x`m geh iqf|}fg} i~f|gxi|} oi}xkp è xbf G}`g/^gmà`m |fcìe+ ai| aègk g}}folkp è Xg`~f`+Mbèg "Ki >2)% Xi g kf}}f| frxfex+ èhv}x|`f} }vmbg} xfrx`kf} geh mkixbèc g|f gk}i èqikqfh% Gkxbivcb xbf }~|fgh ia èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìeefxsi|j} bg} eis lffe eixfh ivx}`hf Fg}x G}`g "f%c%+ Gehi geh Jòv|g >6g: Jòv|g fx gk%>3)+ xbf |fcìe} fr~f|`femf |fogè} h`}xèmx`qf lfmgv}f ia xbf ò~i|xgex ~g|x ~kgpfh lpefxsi|jfh ~|ihvmxìe è h|`qèc iqf|gkk x|ghf akis}+ g} sfkk g} xbf èxfc|gxìe ia mivex|`f} gx

hàaf|fex èmiof kfqfk}%Gkxbivcb xbf|f `} eis g ciih goivex ia hf}m|`~x`qf ogxf|`gk gqg`kglkf ie xbf egxv|f geh frxfexia èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j}+ ovmb kf}} `} jeise glivx xbf hfxf|oègex}geh è~g|x`mvkg|+ xbf ~ik`mp hfxf|oègex}ia g mivex|p} gl`k`xp xi lfmiof ~g|x ia xbgx oihf ia~|ihvmxìe% Mkfg|kp+ x|ghf geh èqf}xofex ~ik`m`f} g|f ief ~g|x ia xbf fwvgxìe% K`lf|gk`tgxìe iaèxf|ofh`gxf ciih} }fmxi|}+ g} sfkk g} hvxp h|gslgmj }mbfof}+ ogjf ovkxègxìegk ~|ihvmxìeoi|f ~|ia`xglkf% F}xglk`}bèc ge è}x`xvxìegk geh fmieio`m feq`|ieofex xbgx `} miehvm`qf xiai|f`ce h`|fmx èqf}xofex `} gk}i ò~i|xgex+ }èmf fex|p ia ai|f`ce mio~ge`f} l|ècèc xfmbeikicpgeh og|jfx jeiskfhcf `} g mfex|gk ~g|x ia xbf efxsi|jfh ~|ihvmxìe ~bfeiofeie%


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73

Xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} geixbf| g|fg xbgx hf}f|qf} }~fm`gk gxxfexìe g} g ~ixfex`gk hfxf|oègex ia~g|x`m`~gxìe è èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j}% Oiqèc èxf|ofh`gxf ciih} gm|i}} li|hf|}ovkx`~kf xòf} ~|ì| xi aègk g}}folkp |fwv`|f} sfkk/hfqfki~fh x|ge}~i|x geh kic`}x`m} }f|q`mf}% Gsfkk/avemxìeèc aègem`gk }fmxi| mge gk}i ~|iq`hf ovmb effhfh x|ghf aègemèc+ g} sfkk g}gmmf}} xi mg~`xgk ai| èqf}xofex è iqf|}fg} ~|ihvmxìe bvl}% Xbf|f `} g} pfx ei hfxg`kfh|f}fg|mb ie xb`} ~ièx+ lvx A`cv|f 7< miea`|o} xbf lg}`m èxv`xìe% V}èc ogmbèf|p ~g|x} gehmio~iefex} g} g ~f|mfexgcf ia xixgk fr~i|x} g} g ~|irp ai| xbf hfc|ff ia ~g|x`m`~gxìe è

èxf|egxìegk`tfh ~|ihvmxìe+ xbf|f `} g mkfg| ~i}`x`qf g}}im`gxìe s`xb xbf }`tf ia xbf }f|q`mf}}fmxi|%7

A`cv|f 73

@exf|f}xèckp+ bisfqf|+ xbf ^\M geh xbf G]FGE mivex|`f} g|f gkk iqf|/gmb`fqf|} s`xb|f}~fmx xi xbf gqf|gcf |fkgxìe}b`~ lfxsffe }f|q`mf} }fmxi| hfqfki~ofex geh ~g|x`m`~gxìe è~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j}4 xbfp k`f eix`mfglkp gliqf xbf |fc|f}}ìe kèf+ sb`mb }vccf}x} xbgx xbf|f `}ilqìv}kp ovmb oi|f cièc ie è xbf`| ~ik`mp feq`|ieofex} xbge dv}x xbf hfqfki~ofex ia}f|q`mf}% @eh`g+ lp miex|g}x+ k`f} frgmxkp ie xbf |fc|f}}ìe kèf+ sb`mb `} è kèf s`xb `x} kf}}f|hfc|ff ia èxfc|gxìe è èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j}%

]iv|mf4 VE Miox|ghf "x|ghf hgxg)+ geh Si|kh Hfqfki~ofex @eh`mgxi|} "}f|q`mf} hgxg)%

G} eixfh gliqf+ ief g}~fmx ia xbf }f|q`mf} feq`|ieofex xbgx `} ~g|x`mvkg|kp k`jfkp xi frb`l`x}x|iec kèj} s`xb èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j} `} kic`}x`m}% \fmfex fmieiofx|`m si|j lp]g}kgq}jp geh ]bf~bf|h "Ai|xbmioèc) miea`|o} xb`} èxv`xìe% Xbf gvxbi|} aèh xbgx x|ghf èogmbèf|p ~g|x} geh mio~iefex} `} }`ceà`mgexkp oi|f }fe}`x`qf xi ò~|iqfofex} è kic`}x`m}~f|ai|ogemf xbge `} x|ghf è aè`}bfh ciih}% G} ge i|hf| ia ogce`xvhf+ `x `} eix ve|fg}ieglkf xi}vccf}x xbgx x|ghf akis} è ~g|x} geh mio~iefex} g|f efg|kp 6>& oi|f }fe}`x`qf xi kic`}x`m}~f|ai|ogemf xbge x|ghf è aègk ciih}% Oi|fiqf|+ xbf faafmx `} ~g|x`mvkg|kp }x|iec è xbf G}`g/^gmà`m |fcìe+ sb`mb `} mie}`}xfex s`xb xbf ò~i|xgemf ia èxf|egxìegk`tfh ~|ihvmxìe è xbf|fcìe%

A`cv|f 7= ~|f}fex} xbf èxv`xìe lfbèh xbf ]g}kgq}jp geh ]bf~bf|h "Ai|xbmioèc) |f}vkx} lp~kixxèc xbf }bg|f ia ogmbèf|p ~g|x} geh mio~iefex} è xixgk x|ghf gcgè}x xbf kic`}x`m}}f|q`mf} mio~iefex ia xbf Si|kh Lgej} Kic`}x`m} ^f|ai|ogemf @ehfr% Xbf|f `} mkfg|kp g }x|iec+~i}`x`qf |fkgxìe}b`~ lfxsffe xbf xsi qg|`glkf}+ sb`mb }vccf}x} xbgx g }x|iecf| kic`}x`m} }f|q`mf}feq`|ieofex} `} g}}im`gxfh s`xb g c|fgxf| hfc|ff ia }~fm`gk`tgxìe è èxf|egxìegk`tfh~|ihvmxìe% Gcgè+ xbf ^\M geh gkk lvx ief G]FGE mivex|p "@ehief}`g) g|f }x|iecf| xbge

7Xbf mkg}}à`mgxìe ia x|ghf akis} èxi ogmbèf|p ~g|x} geh mio~iefex} qf|}v} aègk ciih} `} lg}fh ie Gehi gehJòv|g ">6l)% \< ai| xbf |fc|f}}ìe `} >%


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72

gqf|gcf ~f|ai|of|} sbfe `x miof} xi xb`} |fkgxìe}b`~% @eh`g+ è xb`} mg}f+ k`f} }k`cbxkp lfkis xbf|fc|f}}ìe kèf+ sb`mb `} gcgè mie}`}xfex s`xb xbf kf}} ò~i|xgex |ikf mv||fexkp ~kgpfh lpèxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j} è `x} fmieiop%

A`cv|f 7=4 ^g|x`m`~gxìe è ^|ihvmxìe Efxsi|j} q}% Kic`}x`m} Mio~fxfemf ]mi|f+ >3

]iv|mf4 VE Miox|ghf "x|ghf hgxg)+ geh Kic`}x`m} f|ai|ogemf @ehfr%

L|ècèc xbf}f |f}vkx} xicfxbf|+ xbf|f `} mkfg| }mi~f ai| }pef|c`f} lfxsffe xbf }f|q`mf} ~ik`mpgcfehg geh xbf fr~ge}ìe geh }x|fecxbfeèc ia èxf|egxìegk ~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j} è xbf GM@mivex|`f}% Gkxbivcb ogep agmxi|} g|f èqikqfh è xbf }~|fgh ia èxf|egxìegk`tfh ~|ihvmxìegeh ovmb |f}fg|mb }x`kk effh} xi lf hief ie xbf |ikf ~kgpfh lp ~ik`mp`x `} k`jfkp xbgxciqf|eofex gmxìe xi }v~~i|x hfqfki~ofex ia g q`l|gex geh mio~fx`x`qf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| `} ~g|x iaxbf oi}x faafmx`qf o`r% Ief g|fg xbgx hf}f|qf} ~g|x`mvkg| gxxfexìegeh èhffh bg} |fmf`qfh `xè xbf miexfrx ia G]FGE èxfc|gxìe`} kic`}x`m} }f|q`mf}% Kic`}x`m} c|fg}f} xbf sbffk} iaèxf|egxìegk`tfh ~|ihvmxìe+ geh }v~~i|xèc xbf hfqfki~ofex ia ~|`qgxf }fmxi| mg~gm`xp è xb`}

g|fg }bivkh lf g ~|ì|`xp cièc ai|sg|h%

8% ]F\Q@MF] ÎK@M@F] @E XBF GM@ MIVEX\@F]

Xbf ~ik`mp feq`|ieofex `} g m|`x`mgk qg|`glkf è g}}f}}èc xbf ~|i}~fmx} ai| xbf GM@ }f|q`mf}}fmxi| iqf| xbf ofh`vo xf|o% Bisfqf|+ wvgexàpèc geh miehvmxèc m|i}}/mivex|p mio~g|`}ie}ia ~ik`m`f} gaafmxèc x|ghf è }f|q`mf} `} ge frx|fofkp hàa`mvkx xg}j "}ff Hff >6 ai| g |fq`fs)%Ie xbf ief bgeh+ oi}x }f|q`mf}/|fkgxfh ~ik`m`f} g|f |fcvkgxi|p ofg}v|f} xbgx mgeeix fg}`kp lfx|ge}ai|ofh èxi gh qgki|fo fwv`qgkfex} }ò`kg| xi xg|àa} è ciih} og|jfx}% L|ighkp }~fgjèc+}f|q`mf} x|ghf ~ik`m`f} bgqf xsi }fx} ia fmieio`m faafmx}% Ief jèh ia ~ik`mp xfeh} xi èm|fg}fxbf mi}x} agmèc èmvolfex i~f|gxi|} è g og|jfx+ xbf|flp kfghèc xi ki}x faa`m`femp geh b`cbf|

~|`mf} ai| v}f|} ia xbf }f|q`mf% Ge frgo~kf `} g |fcvkgxìe xbgx xgrf} xbf ~|ia`x} ia kimgk gehai|f`ce i~f|gxi|} hàaf|fexkp% Sf |faf| xi xb`} }fx ia ~ik`m`f} cfef|gkkp g} lfèc mi}x èm|fg}ècofg}v|f}% Xbf }fmieh jèh ia ~ik`mp xbgx sf g|f miemf|efh s`xb |f}x|`mx} og|jfx miexf}xgl`k`xplp m|fgxèc lg||`f|} xi xbf fex|p ia efs a`|o}% Ge frgo~kf `} g |fwv`|fofex xbgx kò`x} xbfevolf| ia k`mfe}f} gqg`kglkf ai| xfkfmioove`mgxìe} i~f|gxi|}% Sf |faf| xi xb`} }fmieh }fx ia~ik`m`f} g} m|fgxèc fex|p lg||`f|}%

Mkfg|kp+ ogep ciqf|eofex ofg}v|f} mge bgqf ief i| lixb ia xbf |f}x|`mx`qf faafmx} ofexìefhgliqf% A|io ge fmieio`m faa`m`femp ~ièx ia q`fs+ |fcvkgxi|p mi}x/lfefa`x gegkp}`} mge bfk~~ik`mpogjf|} hf}`ce og|jfx èxf|qfexìe} xbgx gmb`fqf kfc`xògxf ~vlk`m ~ik`mp ildfmx`qf} gx


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70

oèòvo fmieio`m mi}x+ èmkvhèc xb|ivcb xbf gqi`hgemf ia fex|p lg||`f|} geh kò`xgxìe ia mi}xèm|fg}èc faafmx}% A|io g x|ghf ~ik`mp ~ièx ia q`fs+ bisfqf|+ xbf jfp qg|`glkf `} h`}m|òègxìe4|fcvkgxìe} xbgx m|fgxf hàaf|fex og|jfx mieh`xìe}+ f`xbf| hf dv|f i| hf agmxi+ ai| hiof}x`m qf|}v}ai|f`ce i~f|gxi|} g|f cfef|gkkp mie}`hf|fh xi lf x|ghf/|fkgxfh+ geh xbv} xi ai|o ~g|x ia xbfl|ighf| èxf|egxìegk èxfc|gxìe gcfehg% Hfm`hèc sbf|f frgmxkp xi h|gs xbf kèf lfxsffe|fcvkgxi|p ofg}v|f} s`xb frmkv}`qfkp hiof}x`m faafmx} geh xbi}f s`xb èxf|egxìegk faafmx} `} iamiv|}f g hàa`mvkx wvf}xìe% @e sbgx aikkis}+ sf |fkp ie hf agmxi mieqfexìe} ghi~xfh lp

èxf|egxìegk gcfem`f} xi `hfexàp x|ghf/|fkgxfh ~ik`m`f} è qg|ìv} }f|q`mf} og|jfx}%Xsi ogdi| hgxg mikkfmxìe faai|x} g|f mv||fexkp vehf|sgpief gx xbf IFMH geh xbf ixbf| gx xbfSi|kh Lgejè ge faai|x xi ~|ihvmf }f|q`mf} x|ghf |f}x|`mx`qfef}} èh`mf} xbgx sivkh bfk~gegkp}x} geh ~ik`mpogjf|} oiqf ai|sg|h è g}}f}}èc g~~k`fh }f|q`mf} x|ghf ~ik`mp }fxxèc}g|iveh xbf si|kh% Bisfqf|+ ef`xbf| i|cge`tgxìe bg} pfx oghf xbf`| hgxg ~vlk`mkp gqg`kglkf+ geh}i `x `} cfef|gkkp eix ~i}}`lkf xi èmkvhf xbfo è xbf mv||fex |f~i|x% Sf xbf|fai|f aimv} iemv||fexkp gqg`kglkf ~|ir`f} ai| xbf }xgxf ia ~ik`m`f} gaafmxèc èxf|egxìegk èxfc|gxìe ia }f|q`mf}og|jfx} è xbf GM@ mivex|`f}%

8%7 X|ghf Mi}x} è ]f|q`mf} Og|jfx}

A`|}x+ sf v}f efs hgxg ie x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf} mio~`kfh lp O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>)% Xbf

gvxbi|} v}f g xbfi|p/mie}`}xfex ofxbihikicp xi mio~vxf gkk/èmkv}`qf gh qgki|fo fwv`qgkfexofg}v|f} ia xbf mi}x ia x|ghèc }f|q`mf} èxf|egxìegkkp |fkgx`qf xi xbf mi}x ia x|ghèc xbfohiof}x`mgkkp% Gkxbivcb xbf evolf|} ~|ihvmfh è xb`} sgp g|f }fe}`x`qf xi oihfk ~g|gofxf|}+ xbf~gxxf|e ia x|ghf mi}x} gm|i}} mivex|`f} geh xb|ivcb xòf `} eix% @x `} ò~i|xgex xi lf gsg|f+bisfqf|+ xbgx x|ghf mi}x} è xbf O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>) ofxbihikicp g|f eix gjè xi ofg}v|f} ia~|ixfmxìe% Xbfp èmkvhf g ag| s`hf| |gecf ia mi}x agmxi|}+ }iof ia sb`mb g|f gofeglkf xi ~ik`mpèxf|qfexìe}+ geh }iof ia sb`mb g|f eix% @e }f|q`mf} }fmxi|}+ x|ghf mi}x} g|f ~g|xkp |fkgxfh xi|fcvkgxi|p ofg}v|f}+ }iof ia sb`mb mge gmx g} hf agmxi ~|ixfmxìe+ lvx gk}i cfic|g~b`mgk+mvkxv|gk+ geh è}x`xvxìegk hàaf|femf}% Xbf O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>) ofg}v|f} xgjf gmmivex ia gkk iaxbf}f agmxi|} xicfxbf|% Hvf xi hgxg kò`xgxìe}+ xbf gvxbi|} iekp miqf| ~v|f m|i}}/li|hf|}f|q`mf} x|ghf "CGX] Oihf @)% @exv`x`qfkp+ xbf`| g~~|igmb |fk`f} ie xbf il}f|qfh ~gxxf|e ia èx|g/egxìegk qf|}v} èxf|egxìegk x|ghf xi èaf| xbf kfqfk ia èxf|egxìegk |fkgx`qf xi hiof}x`m x|ghf

mi}x}% Xbf oi|f g mivex|p x|ghf} s`xb `x}fka |fkgx`qf xi `x} ~g|xef|}+ xbf b`cbf| xbf kfqfk iaèxf|egxìegk |fkgx`qf xi hiof}x`m x|ghf mi}x}% X|ghf mi}x} mgkmvkgxfh è xb`} sgp g|f g xi~hise ofg}v|f+ è xbf }fe}f xbgx xbfp mg~xv|f gkk }iv|mf} ia x|ghf mi}x}+ fqfe veil}f|qglkf}%

Xbf O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>) gegkp}`} miqf|} v~ xi 17 mivex|`f}+ lvx iekp xb|ff a|io xbf GM@ c|iv~4@ehief}`g+ xbf ^\M+ geh @eh`g% \f}vkx} ai| xbi}f mivex|`f}+ mio~g|èc x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf}og|jfx} s`xb xbi}f è ciih} og|jfx}+ g|f è A`cv|f 78% @e gkk mg}f}+ x|ghf mi}x} g|f mio~vxfh|fkgx`qf xi xbf |f}x ia xbf si|kh g} g sbikf% Xbf a`|}x |f}vkx xi fof|cf a|io xbf O`|ivhix fx gk%"7>) gegkp}`} `} xbgx x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf} g|f ovmb b`cbf| xbge è ciih} }fmxi|} è gkk xb|ffog|jfx}% Xbf hàaf|femf |gecf} a|io glivx =>& è @eh`g xi efg|kp hivlkf è @ehief}`g geh xbf^\M% Xb`} |f}vkx `} è kèf s`xb xbf l|ighf| aèhèc} ia xbf O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>) }xvhp+ gehb`cbk`cbx} xbf ogdi| }mi~f ~ik`mpogjf|} bgqf xi lii}x èxf|egxìegk x|ghf è }f|q`mf} lpkisf|èc x|ghf mi}x} xb|ivcb xg|cfxfh |fai|o}%

@e ghh`xìe+ A`cv|f 78 }bis} xbgx x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf} g|f b`cb è gkk xb|ff mivex|`f}% Xgjècxbf oi}x |fmfex pfg| ai| sb`mb hgxg g|f gqg`kglkf+ xbf gh qgki|fo fwv`qgkfex} g|f 73=& è xbf^\M+ 722& è @eh`g+ geh 70=& è @ehief}`g% @e gkk xb|ff mg}f}+ xbf|fai|f+ xbf mi}x ia x|ghèc}f|q`mf} èxf|egxìegkkp `} a|io xb|ff/wvg|xf|} b`cbf| xi xs`mf g} b`cb g} xbf mi}x ia }fkkèc}f|q`mf} s`xbè egxìegk li|hf|}% Xbf}f evolf|} g|f mie}`hf|glkp b`cbf| xbge xbf si|khgqf|gcf "766& è >3)% Xb`} aèhèc }vccf}x} xbgx ~ik`mpogjf|} effh xi ~gp èm|fg}fhgxxfexìe xi |fcvkgxi|p ofg}v|f} xbgx g|f hf agmxi h`}m|òègxi|p gcgè}x ai|f`ce }f|q`mf~|iq`hf|}+ fqfe à xbf|f `} ei hf dv|f h`}m|òègxìe% @x gk}i èh`mgxf} ge ò~i|xgex |ikf ai| ~|`qgxf}fmxi| mg~gm`xp lv`khèc goiec }f|q`mf ~|iq`hf|}+ }i xbgx xbfp mge lfxxf| egq`cgxf xbf mio~kfr


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|fcvkgxi|p+ }im`gk+ geh mvkxv|gk hàaf|femf} èbf|fex è x|ghèc }f|q`mf} gm|i}} li|hf|}% Lv`khècv~ xbf }f|q`mf} }fmxi|+ g} ~|fqìv}kp eixfh+ `} ge ò~i|xgex ~g|x ia l|ighf| faai|x} gx ~|`qgxf}fmxi| hfqfki~ofex%

A`cv|f 784 X|ghf Mi}x} è xbf ^\M+ @eh`g+ geh @ehief}`g+ >>>6

]iv|mf4 O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>)%

@x `} gk}i ò~i|xgex xi eixf xbf hpego`m} è A`cv|f 78% @e xbf ^\M geh @eh`g+ xbf|f `} mkfg|fq`hfemf xbgx x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf} bgqf lffe hfmkèèc iqf| |fmfex pfg|}+ sb`mb sivkh lfmie}`}xfex s`xb xbf èx|ihvmxìe ia }iof faafmx`qf ~ik`mp |fai|o}% @e xbf mg}f ia xbf ^\M+ x|ghfmi}x} è }f|q`mf} sf|f g|iveh 3%1& kisf| è >6 xbge è >>+ s`xb g ~g|x`mvkg| |fhvmxìeeix`mfglkf gaxf| xbf mivex|p} SXI gmmf}}ìe è >7% @e @eh`g+ xbf mio~g|glkf evolf| `} 6%7&%@e @ehief}`g+ lp miex|g}x+ x|ghf mi}x} gmxvgkkp |i}f lp 3%2& iqf| xbf >>>6 ~f|ìh% Xbf|f `}mkfg|kp }mi~f ai| ~ik`mpogjf|} xb|ivcbivx xbf GM@ mivex|`f} xi |fhvmf x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf}av|xbf|+ lvx xbf `}}vf `} g ~g|x`mvkg| ~|ì|`xp ai| @ehief}`g% Gkxbivcb @ehief}`g} fr~f|`femf `} eix

efmf}}g|`kp |f~|f}fexgx`qf ia xbf l|ighf| G]FGE fr~f|`femf+ `x eiefxbfkf}} c`qf} mgv}f ai|miemf|e iqf| xbf faafmx`qfef}} ia |fmfex faai|x} gx èxfc|gxèc èxf|egxìegk }f|q`mf} og|jfx} èxbf |fcìe% îk`mpogjf|} s`kk effh xi c`qf |fefsfh gxxfexìe xi xb`} `}}vf g} xbfp ~v|}vf faai|x}gx èxfc|gxèc }f|q`mf} og|jfx} è xbf miexfrx ia xbf GFM Lkvf~|èx%

8%< ]f|q`mf} îk`mp @eh`mgxi|}

Xbf O`|ivhix fx gk% "7>) ofg}v|f `} g v}favk ioe`lv} èh`mgxi| ia x|ghf mi}x} è }f|q`mf}}fmxi|}+ è xbf }fe}f xbgx `x mg~xv|f} gkk agmxi|} xbgx gaafmx xbf mi}x ia }v~~kpèc }f|q`mf}èxf|egxìegkkp |gxbf| xbge kimgkkp% Bisfqf|+ `x hif} eix `}ikgxf ~ik`mp/|fkgxfh agmxi|} a|io ixbf|agmxi|} xbgx xfeh xi èm|fg}f x|ghf mi}x}+ }vmb g} cfic|g~b`mgk+ mvkxv|gk+ geh }im`gk hàaf|femf}%G} ~|fqìv}kp eixfh+ ilxgèèc hgxg ie g~~k`fh }f|q`mf} ~ik`m`f} `} mv||fexkp hàa`mvkx lfmgv}f xbf

xsi i|cge`tgxìe} fecgcfh è hgxg mikkfmxìexbf IFMH geh xbf Si|kh Lgejbgqf eix pfx|fkfg}fh xbf`| }f|q`mf} x|ghf |f}x|`mx`qfef}} èh`mf} ie g mivex|p lg}`}% Eiefxbfkf}}+ }iof~|ir`f} ai| xbf }xgxf ia }f|q`mf} }fmxi| ~ik`m`f} g|f mv||fexkp gqg`kglkf+ geh sf |fq`fs xbfo èxbf |fogèhf| ia xb`} }fmxìe%

A`cv|f 76 }bis} hgxg a|io xbf IFMH} ^|ihvmx Og|jfx \fcvkgxìe @eh`mgxi|} "Ô\})% XbfÔ\} g|f s`hfkp v}fh g} g ~|irp ai| g~~k`fh }f|q`mf} ~ik`m`f}+ geh bgqf lffe aiveh xi bgqf g}`ceà`mgex ò~gmx ie èxf|egxìegk x|ghf è }f|q`mf} "f%c%+ ]bf~bf|h geh Qge Hf| Og|fk 7>)%Veai|xvegxfkp+ Ô\ hgxg g|f iekp gqg`kglkf ai| xbf ^\M geh @eh`g+ geh hi eix miqf| gep G]FGEmivex|`f}% Sf ~|f}fex xbf IFMH gqf|gcf g} g ~ièx ia mio~g|`}ie%


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2)% @ehffh+ xbf ildfmx`qf ia G]FGEèxfc|gxìe `} g kiaxp ief4 xbf|f s`kk lf }vl}xgex`gkkp ei |f}x|`mxìe xi G]FGE }f|q`mf} }v~~k`f|}è ~|iq`hèc }f|q`mf} geh è f}xglk`}bèc mio~ge`f} gm|i}} egxìegk li|hf|} s`xbè xbf |fcìe+}vldfmx xi hiof}x`m |fcvkgxìe} "G]FGE >2)% Mie}`}xfex s`xb ~|fqìv} g~~|igmbf} xik`lf|gk`tgxìe ia }f|q`mf} è G]FGE+ xbf GFM Lkvf~|èx `hfexà`f} aiv| ~|ì|`xp }fmxi|} ai|èxfc|gxìe lp 7>4 g`| x|ge}~i|x+ f/G]FGE+ bfgkxbmg|f+ geh xiv|`}o% Kic`}x`m} `} xbf aàxb ~|ì|`xp}fmxi|+ s`xb k`lf|gk`tgxìe hvf lp 7=% Ai| ixbf| }fmxi|}+ k`lf|gk`tgxìe `} xi lf gmb`fqfh

~|ic|f}}`qfkp xb|ivcb 76% @e gkk mg}f}+ xbf|f `} akfr`l`k`xp ai| }vl/c|iv~} ia mivex|`f} xi~|imffh gx hàaf|fex }~ffh} xb|ivcb ge G]FGE Oèv} R ai|ovkg% Xbf Lkvf~|èx gk}i hfgk}}f~g|gxfkp s`xb aègem`gk }f|q`mf}+ geh v}f} kgecvgcf xbgx }vccf}x} xbgx xbf ~gmf geh }mi~f iak`lf|gk`tgxìe g|f k`jfkp xi lf kf}}f| è xbgx }fmxi| xbge è }iof ixbf|}+ ~|òg|`kp hvf xi ieciècmiemf|e} glivx xbf |fkgxìe}b`~ lfxsffe k`lf|gk`tgxìe geh aègem`gk }fmxi| }xgl`k`xp è }iofmivex|`f}%

K`lf|gk`tgxìe ofg}v|f} è gkk }fmxi|} aimv} ie CGX] Oihf} 7=+ s`xb }~fmà`m cv`hfkèf}miqf|èc xbf |foiqgk ia |f}x|`mxìe} ie m|i}}/li|hf| x|ghf g} sfkk g} ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ gehfwv`xp kò`xgxìe}% Ai| frgo~kf+ è xbf aiv| i|`cègk ~|ì|`xp }fmxi|}+ ai|f`ce fwv`xp kò`x} g|f xi lf


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& lp 7>: xbf }gof `} xi bg~~fe ai| kic`}x`m} lp 7=% Ai| eie/~|ì|`xp }fmxi|}+fwv`xp kò`x} g|f xi |`}f xi 67& lp 7> geh 3>& lp 76 ai| eie/aègem`gk }fmxi|}% X|fgxofex iaOihf 8 `} kf}} hfxg`kfh+ gkxbivcb xbf miemkv}ìe ia Ovxvgk \fmice`xìe Gc|ffofex} è g evolf|ia g|fg}g|mb`xfmxv|f+ gmmivexgemp+ }v|qfpèc+ ofh`mèf+ geh hfex`}x|pmge lf fr~fmxfh xiagm`k`xgxf xbf xfo~i|g|p oiqfofex ia }f|q`mf ~|iq`hf|}%

Gkxbivcb xbf GFM Lkvf~|èx ie }f|q`mf} `} ge gol`xìv} himvofex+ xbf wvf}xìe iaò~kfofexgxìe ie xbf c|iveh |fogè} g }f|ìv} ief% ]vmmf}}`qf k`lf|gk`tgxìe ~gmjgcf}xbff`cbxb ia sb`mb sg} miemkvhfh è 7>bgqf `hfexà`fh g |gecf ia ofg}v|f} ai| ofolf|} xiò~kfofex% Xbf G]FGE ]fm|fxg|`gx} GFM ]mi|fmg|h èh`mgxf} ò~|f}}`qf ~|ic|f}}+ s`xb iqf|3>& ia xg|cfx} gmb`fqfh lp 7>+ èmkvhèc iqf| 2>& ia ]èckf Og|jfx xg|cfx} "G]FGE 7>)%Xbf ]mi|fmg|h gk}i èh`mgxf}+ bisfqf|+ xbgx mie}`hf|glkf si|j |fogè} xi lf hief è xbf}f|q`mf} g|fg+ g} ghh`xìegk |fai|o ~gmjgcf} miof ie kèf%

Ixbf| }iv|mf} g|f oi|f }jf~x`mgk è |fkgxìe xi ~|ic|f}} ie xbf GFM Lkvf~|èx è }f|q`mf}%]vooèc v~ xbf fr~f|`femf vehf| }vmmf}}`qf ~gmjgcf}+ Aèj geh Oikèvfqi ">3) miemkvhfxbgx G]FGE ofolf|} mioo`xofex} g|f kò`xfh è l|fghxb geh hf~xb% Oi|fiqf|+ V]@XM "7>)b`cbk`cbx} ~f|mf`qfh ò~kfofexgxìe cg~} è }iof mivex|`f} è xbf g|fg ia kic`}x`m} }f|q`mf}4 gxxbf xòf ia s|`xèc+ g evolf| ia G]FGE ofolf|} bgh eix pfx l|ivcbx xbfo}fkqf} èximio~k`gemf s`xb xbf |fwv`|fofex ia gx kfg}x g 67& fwv`xp mf`kèc ie ai|f`ce ~g|x`m`~gxìe è

kic`}x`m} a`|o}% @ehv}x|p }iv|mf} m`xfh lp V]@XM "7>) èh`mgxf miexèvfh ai|f`ce isef|}b`~|f}x|`mxìe} è Xbg`kgeh+ xbf ^b`k`~~èf}+ geh @ehief}`g+ sb`mb }vccf}x} xbgx xbf|f `} èhffh gcg~ lfxsffe ilk`cgxìe} geh ò~kfofexgxìe gx kfg}x è |fkgxìe xi }iof fkfofex} ia xbf GFM}f|q`mf} gcfehg% ]ò`kg|kp+ Hff "7>) miemkvhf} xbgx è lgejèc+ xbf ogdi|`xp ia G]FGEmivex|`f} bgqf pfx xi |fgmb xbf Lkvf~|èx xg|cfx+ geh è g`| }f|q`mf}+ iekp ief mivex|p bg}|fgmbfh xbf xg|cfx ia gkkisèc gx kfg}x 3>& ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ ia hiof}x`m g`|kèf}% Gmmi|hèc xixbf }gof gvxbi|+ ei G]FGE mivex|p bg} |fgmbfh xbf Lkvf~|èx xg|cfx ia gkkisèc gx kfg}x 67&ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ è og|`xòf }f|q`mf} a`|o} lp 7>% Fqfe è xfkfmioove`mgxìe}+ iekp xsiG]FGE mivex|`f} mv||fexkp offx gkk ia xbf Lkvf~|èx} ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ xg|cfx}% Mkfg|kp+ G]FGEofolf| mivex|`f} s`kk effh xi ~gp av|xbf| gxxfexìe xi xbf}f g}~fmx} cièc ai|sg|h%

Xbf ixbf| ò~i|xgex g}~fmx ia |fcìegk èxfc|gxìe è`x`gx`qf} è xb`} g|fg |fkgxf} xi G]FGE}gc|ffofex} s`xb+ |f}~fmx`qfkp+ xbf ^\M geh @eh`g% Gkxbivcb gc|ffofex} ai| x|ghf è ciih} bgqf

lffe miemkvhfh s`xb lixb mivex|`f}+ g }f|q`mf} gc|ffofex `} }x`kk vehf| efcix`gxìe s`xb @eh`ggeh bg} eix pfx lffe aègk`tfh% ^|ic|f}} ie Oihf 8 x|ghf è ~g|x`mvkg| bg} ~|iqfh hàa`mvkx% S`xbxbf ^\M+ lp miex|g}x g X|ghf è ]f|q`mf} "X@]) Gc|ffofex sg} }`cefh geh fexf|fh èxi ai|mf è>3% Xbf gc|ffofex `} lg}fh ie g ~i}`x`qf k`}x g~~|igmb`%f%+ k`lf|gk`tgxìe mioo`xofex} g|fiekp xgjfe ie è k`}xfh }fmxi|}geh g bpl|`h "~i}`x`qf geh efcgx`qf) g~~|igmb xi k`}xèc xbf kfqfkia i~feef}} "Aèj geh Oikèfvqi >2)% Mio~g|èc xbf ^\M} ilk`cgxìe} vehf| xbf X@] s`xb `x}CGX] mioo`xofex} }vccf}x} xbgx `x bg} iekp gc|ffh xi g kò`xfh goivex ia ghh`xìegkk`lf|gk`tgxìe~|òg|`kp è Oihf =xb|ivcb xbf ghh`xìe ia efs lèhèc} i| xbf frxfe}ìe ialèhèc} xi efs }fmxi|}% Xbf }gof `} cfef|gkkp x|vf ai| G]FGE mivex|`f}+ gkxbivcb ]ècg~i|f}}mbfhvkf ia mioo`xofex} cif} }vl}xgex`gkkp lfpieh `x} CGX] lèhèc} è gkk aiv| oihf} ia}v~~kp+ geh Ogkgp}`g bg} xgjfe ie }iof }vl}xgex`gk efs ilk`cgxìe} è Oihf = "Aèj gehOikèvfqi+ >3)%

Cièc ai|sg|h+ `x s`kk lf ò~i|xgex ai| xbf GM@ mivex|`f} xi miexèvf xi kfqf|gcf |fcìegkèxfc|gxìe è`x`gx`qf} xi ~|ioixf |fcvkgxi|p |fai|o ia jfp }f|q`mf} }fmxi|}% Ia miv|}f+ xbf|f `} gmio~kfr èxf|~kgp lfxsffe |fcìegk geh ve`kgxf|gk è`x`gx`qf}+ ~g|x`mvkg|kp è }f|q`mf}4 xbf kgxxf|g|f iaxfe g ofge} ia kimjèc è xbf ai|of|+ |gxbf| xbge g cfevèf }iv|mf ia k`lf|gk`tgxìe èxbf`| ise |`cbx% Sbf|fg} |fcìegk gc|ffofex} xi k`lf|gk`tf ciih} x|ghf iaxfe bgqf g }x|ieckph`}m|òègxi|p ivxmiof+ xbgx `} ovmb kf}} x|vf ai| }f|q`mf} "O`|ivhix fx gk% 7>)% Xbf |fg}ie `}xbgx fqfe sbfe xbfp g|f ~|io~xfh lp |fcìegk èxfc|gxìe |gxbf| xbge ovkx`kgxf|gk gc|ffofex}+|fai|o} xi kisf| fex|p lg||`f|} i| |fhvmf xbf mi}x lv|hfe} agmèc èmvolfex} xfeh xi g~~kpfwvgkkp xi gkk x|ghèc ~g|xef|} |gxbf| xbge iekp è agqi| ia ~|faf|femf ~g|xef|}% Ia miv|}f+ xbf|f `}


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27/57


6

]iv|mf4 @exf|egxìegk Mio~g|`}ie |ic|go%

G} gk|fghp eixfh+ hgxg gqg`kgl`k`xp mie}x`xvxf} g ogdi| mie}x|gèx è gegkptèc x|ghf è }f|q`mf}goiec xbf GM@ mivex|`f}% @x `} ò~i}}`lkf xi ~|iq`hf g }fmxi|gk l|fgjhise ia l`kgxf|gk x|ghfakis}+ i| èx|g/ qf|}v} frx|g/|fcìegk x|ghf+ lvx fr`}xèc }iv|mf} hi gkkis v} xi ~|iq`hf }iof}fmxi|gk hfxg`k ie }f|q`mf} fr~i|x} xi xbf |f}x ia xbf si|kh "A`cv|f 72)% ]èmf xbf}f hgxg g|f

lg}fh ie fgmb mivex|p} lgkgemf ia ~gpofex} }xgx`}x`m}+ èmkvhèc o`||i| hgxg sbfe g~~k`mglkf+xbfp oi}xkp mg~xv|f CGX] Oihf 7 x|ghf%

@x `} òofh`gxfkp g~~g|fex a|io A`cv|f 72 xbgx xsi }fmxi|}x|gqfk geh x|ge}~i|xgmmivex ai| gogdi| }bg|f ia xixgk }f|q`mf} fr~i|x} è g |gecf ia GM@ mivex|`f}% @e lixb mg}f}+ xbf }bg|f iaxbf}f }fmxi|} è fr~i|x} g~~fg|} xi lf mie}`hf|glkp kg|cf| xbge è fr~feh`xv|f g} g sbikf"CH^: A`cv|f 73)% Oi|f cfef|gkkp+ `x `} g~~g|fex xbgx xbf ~gxxf|e} ia fr~feh`xv|f geh x|ghf hàaf|}`ceà`mgexkp gm|i}} mivex|`f}% @e }iof mg}f}+ ge ò~i|xgex ~g|x ia xbf fr~kgegxìe `} xbf agmx xbgxeix gkk }f|q`mf} mge fg}`kp lf x|ghfh q`g Oihf 74 mie}x|vmxìe+ sb`mb gmmivex} ai| g ogdi| }bg|fia fr~feh`xv|f lvx+ gmmi|hèc xi xbf}f a`cv|f}+ g xèp }bg|f ia x|ghf+ `} ge frgo~kf% @e ixbf|mg}f}+ bisfqf|+ ~ik`mp `} k`jfkp xi ~kgp g kg|cf| |ikf% Og|jfx h`}xi|xìe} g}}im`gxfh s`xbh`}m|òègxi|p fex|p lg||`f|} geh mi}x lv|hfe} kfgh mie}vof|} xi mbii}f hiof}x`m iqf| ai|f`ce}f|q`mf ~|iq`hf|}% G mkfg| ò~k`mgxìe ia xbf hàaf|femf} lfxsffe A`cv|f} 73 geh 72 `} xbgx xbf|f`} oi|f xbgx ~ik`mpogjf|} mge hi xi |fhvmf }f|q`mf} }fmxi| h`}xi|xìe}+ geh è ~g|x`mvkg| xi l|ècglivx g oi|f efvx|gk }fx ia èmfex`qf} gm|i}} }fmxi|}%


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2

]iv|mf4 X|ghf e ]f|q`mf} Hgxglg}f Qf|}ìe 3 "A|gemi`} fx gk%+ >0)%

Xbf }fmieh ò~i|xgex ~ièx xi fof|cf a|io A`cv|f 72 `} xbgx mio~vxf|} geh ixbf| lv}èf}}}f|q`mf} ~kgp g ogdi| |ikf è xbf }f|q`mf} x|ghf kgeh}mg~f è xbf |fcìe% Eisbf|f `} xb`} x|vf|+ iamiv|}f+ xbge è @eh`g4 g} g ckilgk @X ivx}iv|mèc bvl+ `x frb`l`x} g ~g|x`mvkg|kp b`cb ~|i~i|xìe iamio~vxf| }f|q`mf} è xixgk }f|q`mf} fr~i|x}+ g|iveh 8>&% Ei ixbf| mivex|p frb`l`x} }vmb g b`cbhfc|ff ia èxfc|gxìe s`xb ckilgk og|jfx} è @X }f|q`mf}% Bisfqf|+ lv}èf}} ~|imf}}ivx}iv|mècsb`mb `} mg~xv|fh lp xbf ixbf| lv}èf}} }f|q`mf} }fmxi| hfaè`xìe`} g ogdi|fr~i|x fg|ef| è oi}x ia xbf GM@ mivex|`f}% @x gmmivex} ai| oi|f xbge 76& ia xixgk fr~i|x} è}fqfe mg}f}% @exf|f}xèckp+ ixbf| lv}èf}} }f|q`mf} |f~|f}fex g }`ceà`mgex }bg|f ia xixgk fr~i|x}è hfqfki~fh fmieio`f} "]ècg~i|f) g} sfkk g} hfqfki~èc ief} "xbf ^\M geh xbf ^b`k`~~èf}+ai| frgo~kf)%

]fmxi|/}~fmà`m hgxg gk}i gkkis v} xi aimv} è oi|f hfxg`k ie èh`q`hvgk mio~iefex} ia xbf ixbf|lv}èf}} }f|q`mf} }fmxi| "A`cv|f 70)% \f~i|xèc mieqfexìe} qg|p }`ceà`mgexkp gm|i}} mivex|`f}+

geh hgxg effh xi lf èxf|~|fxfh s`xb mgvxìe ai| L|vef` Hg|v}}gkgo geh Kgi ^H\+ geh xi gkf}}f| frxfex Mgolih`g geh Q`fx Ego+ hvf xi xbf |fkgx`qf kgmj ia hfxg`k è iaa`m`gk }xgx`}x`m}%Eiefxbfkf}}+ xbf l|fgjhise }bis} xbf frxfex xi sb`mb lv}èf}} geh ogegcfofex }f|q`mf}gmmivex ai| g }`ceà`mgex ~|i~i|xìe ia xixgk x|ghf è xbf }fmxi|% Miolèfh s`xb xbf hgxgh`}mv}}fh è xbf ~|fqìv} ~g|gc|g~b+ xbf|f `} }vccf}x`qf fq`hfemf ia xbf fof|cfemf ia~|ihvmxìe efxsi|j} è }f|q`mf} g|iveh xbf |fcìe+ lp gegkicp s`xb hfqfki~ofex} è ciih}og|jfx} iqf| |fmfex hfmghf}% Lv}èf}} ~|imf}} ivx}iv|mèc `} xgjèc ~kgmf xi g }`ceà`mgexfrxfex+ èqikqèc lixb hfqfki~fh geh hfqfki~èc fmieio`f}% \f}fg|mb geh hfqfki~ofexavemxìe} g|f èm|fg}èckp lfèc x|ghfh g} sfkk% ]ècg~i|f `} xbf }xgehivx frgo~kf+ lvx @eh`ggeh fqfe Xbg`kgeh g|f gk}i èqikqfh è xb`} ~|imf}} xi g eixglkf hfc|ff%


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]iv|mf4 X|ghf e ]f|q`mf} Hgxglg}f Qf|}ìe 3 "A|gemi`} fx gk%+ >0)%

@e xbf |fogèhf| ia xb`} }fmxìe+ sf h`}mv}} èh`q`hvgk }fmxi|} è oi|f hfxg`k% Sbf|fg} xbfh`}mv}}ìe xbv} ag| bg} aimv}fh ie `hfexàpèc fmieio`mgkkp ò~i|xgex }f|q`mf} }fmxi|} è xf|o}ia fr~feh`xv|f} geh x|ghf+ sf eis frgoèf ~ik`m`f} oi|f mki}fkp% Iv| ildfmx`qf `} xi g}}f}} xbf

kfqfk ia ~ik`mp |f}x|`mx`qfef}} è xbf |fcìe+ geh xi `hfexàp xbf xp~f} ia ofg}v|f} ~ik`mpogjf|}mivkh ò~kfofex xi ò~|iqf èxf|egxìegk geh |fcìegk og|jfx èxfc|gxìe è xbf miexfrx ial|ighf| GM@ è`x`gx`qf}%

6%7 Xfkfmioove`mgxìe}

G} xbf }xg|xèc ~ièx ai| iv| h`}mv}}ìe ia ~ik`m`f} gaafmxèc x|ghf è xfkfmioove`mgxìe}+ sf xgjfxbf Si|kh Lgej} X|ghf \f}x|`mx`qfef}} @eh`mf}% Gcgè+ xbf}f hgxg bgqf eix pfx lffe oghf~vlk`m ie g mivex|p/lp/mivex|p lg}`}+ }i sf mge iekp |f~i|x xbf |fkfqgex |fcìegk gcc|fcgxf}a|io Ciix``t geh Ogxxii ">0) "A`cv|f )% @e kèf s`xb xbf cfef|gk |f}vkx} ~|f}fexfh gliqf+ xbfFg}x G}`g geh ]ivxb G}`g |fcìe} g|f lixb b`cbkp |f}x|`mxfh lp si|kh }xgehg|h} è xbfxfkfmioove`mgxìe} }fmxi|% @ehffh+ xbfp g|f |f}~fmx`qfkp xbf oi}x geh }fmieh/oi}x |f}x|`mxfh

|fcìe} è xbf si|kh+ gmmi|hèc xi xbf}f Si|kh Lgej hgxg% Gkxbivcb sf mge fr~fmx xbf|f xi lfmie}`hf|glkf bfxf|icfef`xp gm|i}} mivex|`f} xbgx `} eix |fqfgkfh lp xbf}f gcc|fcgxf a`cv|f}+ xbfiqf|gkk ~`mxv|f xbgx fof|cf} sbfe mio~g|fh s`xb+ ai| frgo~kf+ xbf si|kh gqf|gcf i| xbf IFMHgqf|gcf `} }x|`jèc%


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31/57


) x|ghf mi}x} ofg}v|f `} lg}fh ieOihf 7 x|ghf+ `x vehivlxfhkp c`qf} g kf}}f| |ikf xi fex|p lg||`f|} ia xbf xp~f fo~bg}`tfh è xbfIFMH hgxg+ sb`mb ~|òg|`kp gaafmx Oihf = x|ghf%

A`cv|f >6


Sbgx xp~f} ia ofg}v|f} hi ~ik`mpogjf|} effh xi aimv} ie è i|hf| xi |fhvmf x|ghf mi}x} geh~ik`mp/|fkgxfh h`}xi|xìe} è xfkfmioove`mgxìe} }f|q`mf} og|jfx}9 H`bfk geh ]bf~bf|h ">3)`hfexàp g |gecf ia ~i}}`l`k`x`f} è xbf miexfrx ia hfqfki~èc xbf`| x|ghf |f}x|`mx`qfef}} èh`mf} ai|a`rfh geh oil`kf xfkfmioove`mgxìe}% @e xf|o} ia Oihf 7 x|ghf+ ~|ì|`x`f} èmkvhf |fcvkgxìe}
http://www.oecd.org/document/1/0,3746,en_2649_34323_2367297_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/document/1/0,3746,en_2649_34323_2367297_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/document/1/0,3746,en_2649_34323_2367297_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/document/1/0,3746,en_2649_34323_2367297_1_1_1_1,00.html


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=>

xbgx feglkf i~f|gxi|} xi mieefmx xi fr`}xèc efxsi|j} s`xbivx h`}m|òègxìe+ g} sfkk g} gkkisècxbf hfqfki~ofex ia èxf|efx/lg}fh xfkf~biep }f|q`mf}% Bisfqf|+ xbf m|vm`gk g|fg ai| oiqècai|sg|h è xb`} g|fg |fkgxf} xi mioof|m`gk ~|f}femf "Oihf =)% \fèai|mèc mio~fx`x`qf ei|o} èxbf }fmxi|+ èmkvhèc xb|ivcb xbf f}xglk`}bofex ia ge èhf~fehfex |fcvkgxi|+ `} g m|vm`gk }xf~%Kisf|èc hf dv|f geh hf agmxi lg||`f|} xi fex|p mge femiv|gcf ai|f`ce mio~ge`f} xi fexf| xbfog|jfx+ xbf|flp lii}xèc mio~fx`xìe+ kisf|èc ~|`mf}+ geh ò~|iqèc }f|q`mf% K`mfe}ècg||gecfofex} g|f g m|vm`gk ~g|x ia xbf fwvgxìe+ geh }bivkh lf hf}`cefh è }vmb g sgp g} xi

agm`k`xgxf fex|p s`xbivx vehvf h`}m|òègxìe gcgè}x ai|f`ce }f|q`mf ~|iq`hf|}%

6%< X|ge}~i|x+ H`}x|`lvxìe+ geh Kic`}x`m}

Xbf Si|kh Lgej ~|iq`hf} |f}x|`mx`qfef}} hgxg ie og|`xòf x|ge}~i|x "A`cv|f 0)%


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=7

A`cv|f


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=>6


Ge ghh`xìegk èai|ogxìe }iv|mf è xb`} }fmxi| `} xbf hgxg mikkfmxfh lp Bikksfc geh Siec">0)% Xbf gvxbi|} v}f g qg|`fxp ia }iv|mf} xi mie}x|vmx |f}x|`mx`qfef}} èh`mf} ai| kic`}x`m}}f|q`mf}+ g} sfkk g} g`|+ og|`xòf+ geh kgeh x|ge}~i|x% \f}vkx} g|f ~|f}fexfh è A`cv|f


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=8

@e xf|o} ia miem|fxf ~ik`mp ofg}v|f} xbgx mge bfk~ |fhvmf x|ghf mi}x} è xbf}f }fmxi|}+ H`bfkgeh ]bf~bf|h ">3) ~|iq`hf g xp~ikicp lp oihf ia }v~~kp ai| h`}x|`lvxìe }f|q`mf}% Xbf ogè~ixfex`gk g|fg ai| |fgk`tèc av|xbf| fmieio`m cgè} è xb`} g|fg k`f} è oiqèc ai|sg|h ie }v~~kplp mioof|m`gk ~|f}femf "Oihf =)% îk`m`f} xbgx |f}x|`mx gmmf}} xi mioof|m`gk kgeh+ kò`x xbf }`tfgeh xp~f ia mioof|m`gk ivxkfx} xbgx mge lf i~fefh+ g} sfkk g} l|ighf| kò`xgxìe} ie ai|f`cefwv`xp ~g|x`m`~gxìe+ mge gkk mie}x`xvxf lg||`f|} xi fex|p% @ehffh+ }iof }vmb ofg}v|f} g|f eix}ò~kp h`}m|òègxi|p gcgè}x ai|f`ce i~f|gxi|} lvx |f}x|`mx xbf fex|p ia ~ixfex`gkkp faa`m`fex

~|iq`hf|} oi|f cfef|gkkp%V]@XM "7>) `hfexà`f} g} ia 7> g evolf| ia }~fmà`m frgo~kf} ia Oihf = |f}x|`mxìe} xbgxs`kk effh xi lf hfgkx s`xb è xbf miexfrx ia mio~kfxèc xbf GFM% Xbg`kgeh+ ai| frgo~kf+ ~|ib`l`x}ogdi|`xp ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ ia hiof}x`m x|ge}~i|xgxìe gmx`q`x`f}+ èmkvhèc xbi}f xbgx g|f ~g|x iage èxf|egxìegk }b`~ofex% Xbf kfcgk a|gofsi|j ai| kic`}x`m}/|fkgxfh ai|f`ce èqf}xofex `} vemkfg|è xbf ^b`k`~~èf}4 xbf kfc`}kgx`qf kò`x g~~fg|} xi lf 8>&+ lvx `x bg} lffe aiveh eix xi lfg~~k`mglkf xi g`| a|f`cbx ai|sg|hf|}: xbf feh |f}vkx `} xbgx xbf `}}vf ogp bgqf xi lf k`x`cgxfh+sb`mb m|fgxf} }`ceà`mgex vemf|xgèxp ai| }f|q`mf ~|iq`hf|}% G >0 kgs è @ehief}`g faafmx`qfkp|f}f|qf} gkk kic`}x`m} gmx`q`x`f} xi kimgk}+ gkxbivcb kò`xfh gmmf}} `} c|gexfh xi ai|f`ce }f|q`mf~|iq`hf|} è mikkgli|gxìe s`xb hiof}x`m ~g|xef|}% Gkxbivcb Ogkgp}`g bg} k`lf|gk`tfh ai|f`cefex|p è g evolf| ia }fmxi|}+ xbf|f `} }x`kk g |fwv`|fofex xbgx g ogdi|`xp }xgjf è mv}xio}l|ijf|gcf lf bfkh lp èh`cfeiv} Ogkgp}% Ie xbf ixbf| bgeh+ Q`fx Ego geh Mgolih`g bgqflixb v}fh xbf`| SXI gmmf}}ìe ~|imf}} xi kimj è }`ceà`mgex |fai|o}% @e Q`fx Ego+ xbf mg~ ieai|f`ce isef|}b`~ ia fr~|f}} hfk`qf|p a`|o} `} xi lf kàxfh fex`|fkp è 7+ }vldfmx xi ge fmieio`meffh} xf}x% Mgolih`g bg} }ò`kg|kp vehf|xgjfe eix xi ò~i}f ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ |f}x|`mxìe} è|igh a|f`cbx x|ge}~i|x geh miv|`f| }f|q`mf}%

Bikksfc geh Siec ">0) gk}i `hfexàp g |gecf ia ~ik`m`f} xbgx mge gaafmx |f}x|`mx`qfef}} è xbfkic`}x`m} }fmxi|% @e ghh`xìe xi cfef|gk |f}x|`mxìe} ie m|i}}/li|hf| oiqfofex} ia mg~`xgk "Oihf=) geh ~fi~kf "Oihf 8)+ xbfp gk}i `hfexàp xbf |ikf ia ciqf|eofex oiei~ik`f} è }iof kic`}x`m}/|fkgxfh }fmxi|}% @e ~g|x`mvkg|+ ciqf|eofex oiei~ik`f} è g|fg} }vmb g} mg|ci bgehkèc+ c|ivehbgehkèc+ }xgxf x|ghèc+ i| miexgèf| x|vmjèc+ mge |f}vkx è b`cbf| ~|`mf} ai| feh/v}f|} g} sfkk g}hpego`m èfaa`m`fem`f} hvf xi xbf kgmj ia mio~fx`x`qf ~|f}}v|f% C`qfe xbf ò~i|xgemf ia kic`}x`m}

}f|q`mf} è ~|ioixèc |fcìegk geh èxf|egxìegk x|ghfèmkvhèc xb|ivcb efxsi|j }x|vmxv|f}+ g}h`}mv}}fh gliqf|fai|o} è xbf}f g|fg} g|f k`jfkp xi bgqf ~g|x`mvkg|kp kg|cf fmieio`m ~gpiaa}%

6%= Aègemf

Xbf Si|kh Lgej} }f|q`mf} ~ik`mp hgxg gcgè }vccf}x xbgx Fg}x geh ]ivxb G}`g g|f goiec xbfoi}x |f}x|`mxfh |fcìe} è xbf si|kh sbfe `x miof} xi x|ghf è aègem`gk }f|q`mf} "A`cv|f


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=6

A`cv|f ) }v~~i|x xbf q`fs ~vx ai|sg|h è xbf ~|fqìv} ~g|gc|g~b+ gx kfg}x è }iag| g} xbf ^\M geh @eh`g g|f miemf|efh "A`cv|f )%

H`bfk geh ]bf~bf|h ">3) `hfexàp g |gecf ia ~ik`m`f} xbgx mge ~ixfex`gkkp gaafmx x|ghf è xbflgejèc geh è}v|gemf }fmxi|}% Ief }fx ia ~ik`m`f} gaafmx} Oihf 7 x|ghf+ lp m|fgxèc lg||`f|} xi~v|f m|i}}/li|hf| oiqfofex} ia aègem`gk }f|q`mf}% Ai| è}xgemf+ |f}x|`mxìe} ie li||isèc a|ioi| hf~i}`xèc s`xb ai|f`ce lgej} faafmx`qfkp kò`x xbf }`tf ia xbf og|jfx xi xbi}f è}x`xvxìe}~bp}`mgkkp ~|f}fex s`xbè g ~g|x`mvkg| mivex|p% Xi xbf frxfex xbgx }vmb |f}x|`mxìe} gaafmx xbfi~f|gxìe} ia aègem`gk }fmxi| mio~ge`f}+ xbfp eix iekp mie}x`xvxf ge fex|p lg||`f|+ lvx xbfp gk}ixfeh xi |g`}f xbf i~f|gxèc mi}x} ia èmvolfex}% Ia miv|}f+ mioof|m`gk ~|f}femf "Oihf =) `}


38/57


=1

gk}i ge ò~i|xgex oihf ia }v~~kp è xbf aègem`gk }fmxi|% Ofg}v|f} xbgx kò`x xbf f}xglk`}bofexia ai|f`ce l|gembf}+ g} sfkk g} |f}x|`mxìe} ie ai|f`ce fwv`xp ~g|x`m`~gxìe è xbf }fmxi|+ ogjf xbfhiof}x`m og|jfx kf}} miexf}xglkf% \fcvkgxìe} ciqf|eèc xbf `}}vgemf ia lgejèc k`mfe}f} effhxi lf ghoè`}xf|fh è g x|ge}~g|fex geh eie/h`}m|òègxi|p sgp è i|hf| xi fe}v|f xbgx ai|f`cemio~fx`xi|} mge fexf| xbf hiof}x`m og|jfx lg}fh ie xbf`| ~f|mf`qfh mio~fx`x`qfef}}%

Hff geh Hèb ">0) ~|iq`hf av|xbf| hfxg`k} ie xbf xp~f} ia ~ik`mp |f}x|`mxìe} xbgx g|f oi}xmiooie è xbf G]FGE miexfrx% @e xbf lgejèc }vl/}fmxi|+ xbfp aèh xbgx ]ècg~i|f `} lp ag| xbfoi}x i~fe og|jfx ai| ai|f`ce }f|q`mf ~|iq`hf|}% @e ixbf| mivex|`f}+ ~ik`m`f} gaafmxèc mioof|m`gk~|f}femf "oihf =) geh èx|g/mi|~i|gxf x|ge}af|ff} "oihf 8) g|f oi}x ~|fqgkfex% Opgeog|}og|jfx `} gkoi}x mio~kfxfkp mki}fh xi ai|f`ce ~|iq`hf|}+ ~|òg|`kp hvf xi xbf}f xp~f} ia|f}x|`mxìe}% Xbf efrx oi}x |f}x|`mxfh c|iv~ `} Q`fx Ego+ Ogkgp}`g+ Xbg`kgeh+ geh Kgi ^H\%L|vef` Hg|v}}gkgo geh xbf ^b`k`~~èf} g|f }k`cbxkp kf}} |f}x|`mx`qf xbge xbf G]FGE gqf|gcf+sbf|fg} Mgolih`g geh @ehief}`g g|f mie}`hf|glkp oi|f i~fe% Xbf ogè |fg}ie ai| xbfhàaf|femf è |f}x|`mx`qfef}} }mi|f} lfxsffe xbf}f xsi c|iv~} `} xbf |fkgx`qfkp kf}}f| |f}x|`mxìe}ie mioof|m`gk ~|f}femf è Mgolih`g geh @ehief}`g%

@e ghh`xìe xi faa`m`femp miemf|e}+ x|ghf k`lf|gk`tgxìe è xbf aègem`gk }fmxi| gk}i effh} ximiea|iex xbf effh xi fe}v|f ge g~~|i~|`gxf kfqfk ia hiof}x`m ~|vhfex`gk |fcvkgxìe ai| gkki~f|gxi|}+ hiof}x`m geh ai|f`ce% Xbf ~ièx `} g ~g|x`mvkg|kp ò~i|xgex ief è Fg}x G}`g+ sbf|f

xbf 7003 m|`}`} |fogè} g hfaèèc afgxv|f ia xbf }fmxi|gk kgeh}mg~f% Xbf jfp ai| |fcvkgxi|} gehx|ghf efcix`gxi|} oiqèc ai|sg|h `} xi }x|`jf ge g~~|i~|`gxf lgkgemf lfxsffe k`lf|gk`tgxìe geh|fcvkgxìe% Cfef|gkkp+ `x }bivkh lf ~i}}`lkf xi offx ~|vhfex`gk ildfmx`qf} geh fe}v|f aègem`gk}fmxi| }xgl`k`xp è g sgp xbgx hif} eix h`}m|òègxf lfxsffe ai|f`ce geh hiof}x`m }f|q`mf~|iq`hf|}+ i| lfxsffe èmvolfex} geh efs fex|gex}%

6%8 Bfgkxb ]f|q`mf}

X|ghf è ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} `} g }ve}bèf }fmxi| è G}`g% Xbg`kgeh+ ]ècg~i|f+ Ogkgp}`g+ geh@eh`g bgqf lffe ofh`mgk xiv|`}o hf}xègxìe} ai| oi|f xbge g hfmghf+ ie xbf lgmj ia xbf`| b`cb/wvgk`xp geh |fkgx`qfkp mbfg~ ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} mio~g|fh xi xbi}f è hfqfki~fh sf}xf|emivex|`f}% @e CGX] ~g|kgemf+ xb`} `} Oihf < mie}vo~xìe ia ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} sbf|f ai|f`cemie}vof|} x|gqfk xi xbf }v~~kpèc mivex|p xi gqg`k xbfo}fkqf} ia bfgkxb }f|q`mf}% Xbf ofh`mgkxiv|`}o og|jfx `} fr~fmxfh xi c|is oi|f g} kg|cf mi}x hàaf|fex`gk} ia bfgkxb mg|f }f|q`mf} èsf}xf|e hfqfki~fh mivex|`f} geh G}`ge hfqfki~èc mivex|`f} ~f|}`}x% ^}pmbikic`mgk gehfoixìegk lg||`f|} xi gmmf}}èc bfgkxb }f|q`mf} ivx}`hf ief} mivex|p xbgx+ bf|fxiai|f+ bgqf~|iq`hfh g l|gjf ie oi|f ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} x|ghf mivkh c|ghvgkkp f|ihf gaxf| ogep agqi|glkffr~f|`femf} ia |fxv|eèc xiv|`}x}+ geh mivkh avfk oi|f ai|f`ce hfogeh ai| xbf }gof ofh`mgk}f|q`mf}% S`xbè G}`g+ xii+ g} xbf o`hhkf mkg}} ~i~vkgxìe èm|fg}f} geh lfmiof} oi|f gaakvfex+x|ghf è ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} s`xbè xbf |fcìe `} fr~fmxfh xi av|xbf| gmmfkf|gxf%

Oi}x ia xbf lv}èf}} è ofh`mgk xiv|`}o bg} mgxf|fh xi Sf}xf|e xiv|`}x} |gxbf| xbge èx|g/|fcìegk mie}vof|}% Oi}x ai|f`ce ~gx`fex} è ]ècg~i|f geh Ogkgp}`g g|f m`x`tfe} ia ixbf|G]FGE mivex|`f}+ sb`kf Xbg`kgeh gxx|gmx} oi|f mv}xiof|} a|io ivx}`hf G]FGE+ xbf ogdi|`xp iasbio g|f Dg~gef}f+ f`xbf| a|io Dg~ge i| k`qèc g} fr~gx|`gxf} "}ff Xglkf 6)% @eh`g h|gs} ogep

ia `x} ~gx`fex} a|io xbf kg|cf @eh`ge h`g}~i|g ~i~vkgxìe sbi miof lgmj xi @eh`g ai| xiv|`}o gehai| ofh`mgk ~|imfhv|f}+ g} sfkk g} a|io ixbf| hfqfki~èc ef`cbli|èc ]ivxb G}`ge mivex|`f}sbf|f ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} g|f ag| kf}} hfqfki~fh% Mio~fx`x`qfef}} è ofh`mgk xiv|`}o è Xbg`kgeh+]ècg~i|f+ geh Ogkgp}`g |fk`f} eix iekp ie kisf| ~|`mfh }f|q`mf} mio~g|fh xi xbi}f èhfqfki~fh mivex|`f}+ lvx gk}i ie xbf f}xglk`}bfh |f~vxgxìe ia b`cb wvgk`xp }f|q`mf} geh}~fm`gk`tfh }f|q`mf} xbgx g|f eix gqg`kglkf è ixbf| G]FGE mivex|`f}%


39/57


=3

Xglkf 64 Fr~i|x} ia Bfgkxb Xiv|`}o ]f|q`mf}

Fr~i|x |fqfevf} Evolf| ia~gx`fex}

I|`cè ia ~gx`fex} ]x|fecxb}

Ogkgp}`g \O76> o`kkìe"(8> O) ">=)

Oi|f xbge7>>+>>>

">=)8>>+>>>">6)

1>& @ehief}`g+7>& ixbf| G]FGE

Mg|hìkicp+ mg|hì/xbi|gm`m}v|cf|p+ mi}ofx`m }v|cf|p

]ècg~i|f (8 o`kkìe">>>">+>>>">6)

86& @ehief}`g+& Ogkgp}`g+ =&ixbf| G]FGE

K`qf| x|ge}~kgex}+ dièx|f~kgmfofex}+ mg|h`gm}v|cf|p

Xbg`kgeh G~~|ir l`kkìelgbx ">=)"(82< o`kkìe)

83>+>>>">7)+1=>+>>>"> o`kkìe">6)

6>>+>>>">6)

O`hhkf Fg}x+ VJ+Mgeghg+hfqfki~ècmivex|`f}

Mg|h`gm }v|cf|p+ dièx|f~kgmfofex}+ fpf }v|cf|p

]iv|mf4 Xglkf 7 e G|vegeiehmbg` geh Aèj ">3): VEF]MG^ ">3)%

Xi }f|q`mf |`}èc hfogeh ai| ofh`mgk xiv|`}o+ m|i}}/li|hf| AH@ è bfgkxbmg|f agm`k`x`f}gehxbv} ~|ilglkp gk}i CGX] Oihf = x|ghfbg} gk}i |`}fe% Ai| frgo~kf+ ]ècg~i|f} ^g|jsgpC|iv~ Bfgkxbmg|f bg} dièx qfexv|f} s`xb bi}~`xgk} è @ehief}`g+ @eh`g+ Ogkgp}`g+ ]|` Kgejg+ gehxbf VJ% Xbg`kgeh} Lvo|vec|gh Bi}~`xgk fexf|fh èxi ogegcfofex miex|gmx} s`xb bi}~`xgk} èLgeckghf}b geh Opgeog|+ geh ai|ofh g dièx qfexv|f s`xb G}`ge Bi}~`xgk è xbf ^b`k`~~èf}%Lgecjij Bi}~`xgk bg} 7< l|gembf} è ]ivxbfg}x geh ]ivxb G}`g+ ~|òg|`kp è xiv|`}x xise}

"G|vegeiehmbg` geh Aèj+ >3)%

Lf}`hf} ofh`mgk xiv|`}o+ ofh`mgk x|ge}m|`~xìe }f|q`mf} "Oihf 7 x|ghf ia bfgkxb }f|q`mf}) `}geixbf| ogdi| fr~i|x }f|q`mf% @eh`g geh xbf ^b`k`~~èf} "gkiec s`xb Mvlg) g|f kfghf|} è xbffr~i|x ia ofh`mgk x|ge}m|`~xìe }f|q`mf}+ xfkf~gxbikicp+ geh xfkfh`gcei}x`m }f|q`mf}% Goiec xbfG]FGE mivex|`f}+ xbf ^b`k`~~èf} bg} g mio~g|gx`qf ghqgexgcf è xb`} fr~i|x lv}èf}} hvf xi gkg|cf ~iik ia fhvmgxfh Feck`}b/}~fgjèc si|jf|}% X|ge}m|`~xìe`}x} g|f v}vgkkp ofh`mgk }mbiikc|ghvgxf} sbi si|j ~g|x/xòf sb`kf gsg`xèc xbf |f}vkx} ia xbf`| ofh`mgk lig|h frgo}% Xbfogdi|`xp ia xbf ofh`mgk x|ge}m|`~xìe mio~ge`f} g|f isefh lp V] èqf}xi|}+ lvx @eh`gemio~ge`f} bgqf gk}i+ oi|f |fmfexkp+ }fx v~ è xbf ^b`k`~~èf og|jfx+ }bàxèc }iof ia xbflv}èf}} è @eh`g xi xbf ^b`k`~~èf}%

6%8%7 îk`m`f} è Bfgkxb ]f|q`mf}

Xbivcb eix gkk G]FGE mivex|`f} bgqf CGX] mioo`xofex} ie bfgkxb }f|q`mf}+ ciqf|eofex} èxbf |fcìe bgqf ~|igmx`qf ~ik`m`f} xi lii}x mio~fx`x`qfef}} è xbf }fmxi| geh xi gxx|gmx AH@%Xbg`kgeh+ @ehief}`g+ geh xbf ^b`k`~~èf} bgqf ei liveh mioo`xofex} ie bfgkxb }f|q`mf}+ sb`kfOgkgp}`g bg} fwv`xp kò`xgxìe} v~ xi =>& è `x} Oihf = mioo`xofex}% Q`fx Ego geh Mgolih`gbgqf qf|p cfef|iv} mioo`xofex} è bi}~`xgk }f|q`mf} è xbf`| CGX] mioo`xofex}+ s`xb ei i|afs |f}x|`mxìe} ie og|jfx gmmf}} geh egxìegk x|fgxofex è gkk oihf} frmf~x Oihf 8% Q`fx Ego|fwv`|f} iekp g oèòvo èqf}xofex mg~`xgk goivex ai| bi}~`xgk èqf}xofex} g} sfkk g} }~fm`gkxpmkè`m}+ sb`kf Mgolih`g |fwv`|f} gx kfg}x ief Mgolih`ge xfmbe`mgk h`|fmxi|%


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=2

Mio~g|fh s`xb CGX] mioo`xofex}+ gmxvgk ~ik`m`f} mge lf oi|f k`lf|gk è }iof mg}f}4 Q`fxEgo+ Kgi ^H\+ geh Mgolih`g gkkis avkk ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ ia bi}~`xgk agm`k`x`f}+ sb`kf xbf^b`k`~~èf}+ Ogkgp}`g+ geh Xbg`kgeh bgqf ai|f`ce fwv`xp mg~} |gecèc a|io =>& xi 80&%@ehief}`g} ai|f`ce isef|}b`~ kò`x `} v~ xi 7>>& gmmi|hèc xi `x} èqf}xofex ~ik`mp+ lvx 0>&gmmi|hèc xi Oè`}x|p ia Bfgkxb "Xglkf 0 è G|vegeiehmbg` geh Aèj >3l)% Oi|fiqf|+ }iofèmfex`qf} g|f c`qfe lp ciqf|eofex} è xbf |fcìe xi gxx|gmx ai|f`ce èqf}xofex% Ai| frgo~kf+xbf ^b`k`~~èf} ~|iq`hf xsi/pfg| xgr bik`hgp} ai| efsmiof|} è xbf ofh`mgk x|ge}m|`~xìe

lv}èf}}+ g} sfkk g} x|gèèc }v~~i|x ai| c|ghvgxf} xi lf fo~kipfh è xbf a`fkh%]ffoèckp+ G]FGE ciqf|eofex} ~|faf| xi hfgk s`xb bfgkxb }f|q`mf} x|ghf f`xbf| ve`kgxf|gkkp+ i| à|fcìegkkp+ ivx}`hf xbf a|gofsi|j ia x|ghf gc|ffofex}% G]FGE ciqf|eofex} gc|ffh xi bgqfbfgkxbmg|f g} ief ia xbf`| ~|ì|`xp }fmxi|}+ geh ghi~xfh g \ighog~ ai| |fcìe/s`hf èxfc|gxìeia xbf bfgkxbmg|f }fmxi| è >8% G }v|qfp ia bfgkxb }fmxi| |fcvkgxìe è G]FGE mivex|`f}+bisfqf|+ |fqfgkfh }`ceà`mgex si|j gbfgh+ ~g|x`mvkg|kp ie ~fi~kf/|fkgxfh |fcvkgxìe}+ ai|frgo~kf k`mfe}èc+ x|gèèc ia kimgk }xgaa+ geh xbf evolf| ia egxìegk} è ai|f`ce bi}~`xgk}% Xbf|fg|f+ k`jfs`}f+ |f}x|`mxìe} ie xbf xp~f ia f}xglk`}bofex} "s`xb hiof}x`m ~g|xef|}) geh }mi~f ia}f|q`mf}+ lvx k`xxkf xi eief ie ~|`qgxf qf|}v} ~vlk`m isef|}b`~ geh è mie}vo~xìe ia ofh`mgk}f|q`mf} gl|igh "A`cv|f =>)%

A`cv|f =>4 \f}x|`mxìe} ie Bi}~`xgk ]f|q`mf} è G]FGE

]iv|mf4 Gvxbi|} mio~vxgxìe}+ lg}fh ie hgxg a|io Hff geh Hèb ">0)% ]mi|f} |f~|f}fex xbf }ò~kf gqf|gcf gm|i}}G]FGE mivex|`f} ia gkk |f}x|`mxìe} e g c`qfe oihf ia }v~~kp%

Xbf b`cb c|isxb ~ixfex`gk ia x|ghf è ofh`mgk }f|q`mf} `}+ bisfqf|+ kò`xfh lp xbf }bi|xgcf iawvgkà`fh ofh`mgk ~f|}ieefk% Xbf ^b`k`~~èf} `} g kg|cf fr~i|xf| ia ofh`mgk ~|iaf}}ìegk}+f}~fm`gkkp ev|}f}+ gkiec s`xb @ehief}`g% A`k`~èi ev|}f} hf}xègxìe} g|f oi}xkp ivx}`hf G}`g+ xiixbf| Feck`}b/}~fgjèc |fcìe} k`jf xbf V]G+ VJ+ Gv}x|gk`g+ Mgeghg+ geh @|fkgeh+ g} sfkk g} xbfO`hhkf Fg}x% @ehief}`ge ev|}f} fr~i|x hf}xègxìe} g|f xi ixbf| @}kgo`m mivex|`f}+ g} sfkk g}

Ogkgp}`g geh ]ècg~i|f "G|vegeiehmbg` geh Aèj >3)% Sb`kf Ogkgp}`g bi}x} ai|f`ce ofh`mgksi|jf|}+ }iof ia `x} bfgkxbmg|f si|jf|} g|f kv|fh lp xbf b`cbf| sgcf} è ]ècg~i|f% Xbfèm|fg}fh hfogeh a|io ofh`mgk xiv|`}o s`kk efmf}}g|`kp ~|iq`hf ~|f}}v|f è xbf ofh`mgk kgli|og|jfx xi gkkis oi|f ai|f`ce himxi|} geh ofh`mgk }~fm`gk`}x} xi ~|gmx`mf è hiof}x`m bi}~`xgk}%Gk|fghp+ G]FGE bg} }`cefh g ovxvgk |fmice`xìe gc|ffofex "O\G) ai| ofh`mgk geh hfexgk~|gmx`xìef|} g} sfkk g} ai| ev|}èc }f|q`mf} xi fg}f xbf hàa`mvkxp ia kgli| oil`k`xp è xbf ofh`mgka`fkh%


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6%8%< Avxv|f X|feh}

Ckilgk`tgxìe ia bfgkxb mg|f èm|fg}f} xbf |ikf ia }xgehg|h}/}fxxèc i|cge`tgxìe}% Ai| frgo~kf+bi}~`xgk} geh ofh`mgk agm`k`x`f} èqikqfh è ofh`mgk xiv|`}o qikvexg|`kp }ffj xbf DièxMioo`}}ìe @exf|egxìegk "DM@) gmm|fh`xgxìe% G DM@ ò~|ògxv| `} eix iekp v}favk g} g wvgk`xp}`cegk ai| ai|f`ce ~gx`fex} xi affk }gaf glivx }ffjèc x|fgxofex gl|igh è ~g|x`mvkg| bi}~`xgkagm`k`x`f}: `x `} gk}i v}favk ai| agm`k`xgxèc xbf ~i|xgl`k`xp ia ~|`qgxf bfgkxb è}v|gemf miqf|gcf%]iof èxf|egxìegk bfgkxb è}v|f|} |fav}f xi aègemf ofh`mgk x|fgxofex gl|igh vekf}} xbf agm`k`xp`} gmm|fh`xfh s`xb DM@% Bgqèc g DM@ gmm|fh`xgxìe+ xbf|fai|f+ èm|fg}f} hfogeh ai| ofh`mgkxiv|`}o }f|q`mf} lfmgv}f ~gx`fex} sbi sivkh bgqf lffe bgo~f|fh è }ffjèc ai|f`ce ofh`mgkx|fgxofex lp kgmj ia bfgkxb è}v|gemf ~i|xgl`k`xp g|f feglkfh xi hi }i à xbf bi}~`xgk bg} xbf~|i~f| gmm|fh`xgxìe xbgx èxf|egxìegk bfgkxb è}v|f|} |fmice`tf%

Geixbf| fr~fmxfh x|feh `} èm|fg}fh mikkgli|gxìe ia bi}~`xgk} s`xb lìxfmbeikicp |f}fg|mb% Ai|frgo~kf+ è @eh`g+ G~ikki C|iv~ ia Bi}~`xgk}+ g ogdi| ~kgpf| è xbf ofh`mgk xiv|`}o g|feg+ `}xfgoèc v~ s`xb B`}xixfo @em%+ g Ji|fge V]/lg}fh lìxfmbeikicp a`|o+ xi ~|iq`hf }xfo mfkkxbf|g~p geh hfqfki~ efs x|fgxofex}% B`}xixfo `} f}xglk`}bèc g kg|cf vol`k`mgk mi|h lkiih lgejai| }xfo mfkk} è @eh`g+ g`hfh lp xbf mivex|p} b`cb l`|xb |gxf% S`xb g~~|irògxfkp 3>> l`|xb}hg`kp+ xbf }xi|gcf ia }xfo mfkk |`mb lkiih hf|`qfh a|io xbf}f vol`k`mgk mi|h}+ sb`mb sivkh bgqfixbf|s`}f lffe h`}mg|hfh+ mge ~|iqf xi lf xbf lf}x ~i}}`lkf è}v|gemf gcgè}x kàf xb|fgxfeèc

h`}fg}f} "Eg}ò geh Oiogpg 7>)% S`xb @eh`g lfèc g ~i~vkg| ofh`mgk xiv|`}o hf}xègxìe+~g|x`mvkg|kp ai| }v|c`mgk ~|imfhv|f}+ }pef|c`f} s`xb }xfo mfkk} a|io mi|h lkiih lgej} g~~fg|bfghfh è xbf |`cbx h`|fmxìe+ s`xb xbf kgxxf| ~|iq`hèc g av|xbf| lii}x xi @eh`g} ofh`mgk xiv|`}oèhv}x|p%

6%6 Fhvmgxìe ]f|q`mf}

G}`g bg} gk}i lffe biof xi g kix ia xbf gmxìe è x|ghf è fhvmgxìe }f|q`mf}+ f}~fm`gkkp b`cbf|fhvmgxìe+ iqf| xbf ~g}x hfmghf% Eix iekp bgqf G}`ge ve`qf|}`x`f}+ f}~fm`gkkp xbi}f è]ècg~i|f: Ogkgp}`g: Biec Jiec+ Mbèg: geh ]bgecbg`+ lffe gmx`qf è ~g|xef|èc s`xbf}xglk`}bfh ve`qf|}`x`f} è Ei|xb Gof|`mggeh Fv|i~f è hfk`qf|èc qg|ìv} fhvmgxìe ~|ic|go}+f`xbf| xb|ivcb xsèeèc g||gecfofex}+ =

=G xsèeèc g||gecfofex `} sbfe g ~|iq`hf| è }iv|mf fmieiop G mikkgli|gxf} s`xb g ~|iq`hf| è bi}x fmieiop L }i

xbgx }xvhfex} xgjf miv|}f m|fh`x} è bi}x fmieiop L gehi| }iv|mf fmieiop G% Xbf wvgkà`mgxìe `} gsg|hfh lp xbf~|iq`hf| è }iv|mf fmieiop G% G||gecfofex} v}vgkkp mio~kp s`xb xbf |fcvkgxìe} ia }iv|mf fmieiop G% G^FM ">0)~|iq`hf} g av|xbf| hf}m|`~xìe ia qg|ìv} ixbf| g||gecfofex} ~|fqg`kèc è xf|x`g|p fhvmgxìe%

dièx ~|ic|go hfk`qf|p+ a|gemb`}f g||gecfofex}+ i|h`}xgemf kfg|eèc: ogdi| m`x`f} è G}`g bgqf gk}i èq`xfh ai|f`ce ve`qf|}`x`f} xi lv`kh l|gembmgo~v}f} i| |f~k`mg} ia xbfo}fkqf}% G}`g `} efrx xi xbf O`hhkf Fg}x è lfèc g xi~ kimgxìe ai|l|gemb mgo~v}f}+ bi}xèc


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A`cv|f =74 @exf|egxìegk L|gemb Mgo~v}f} lp G}`ge Mivex|p g} Bi}x "&)

]iv|mf4 Gvxbi|} mio~vxgxìe} lg}fh ie hgxg a|io Geefr G e Lfmjf| ">0)%

G}`ge mivex|`f} gxx|gmx ai|f`ce ve`qf|}`x`f} xi f}xglk`}b è xbf`| xf||`xi|`f} lp bfk~èc lv`kh xbfagm`k`x`f}+ xb|ivcb |fhvmfh |fexgk aff}+ i| xb|ivcb }xvhfex }mbikg|}b`~ aègemèc% @e miex|g}x+O`hhkf Fg}xf|e mivex|`f}+ lf}`hf} ~|iq`hèc }ò`kg| ~vlk`m }vl}`h`f}+ gk}i v}vgkkp ~|iq`hfi~f|gxèc |fqfevf} ai| xbf l|gemb mgo~v}f}% @e ogep fhvmgxìe bvl}+ bisfqf|+ wvg}`/ciqf|eofexgk geh eieciqf|eofexgk fex`x`f} gmx g} }~ie}i|} i| ~g|xef|}+ s`xb g oèòvo iaciqf|eofex }v~~i|x% Oi}x l|gemb mgo~v}f} bgqf kimgk dièx qfexv|f ~g|xef|}+ xbivcb g afs g|favkkp/isefh lp xbf ~g|fex ve`qf|}`x`f}% ]iof frgo~kf} ia l|gemb mgo~v}f} è G}`g g|f g}aikkis}4

Fhvm`xp è Dibi|+ Ogkgp}`g+ bg} xb|ff VJ mgo~v}f} lfèc lv`kx4 Efsmg}xkf Ve`qf|}`xp+]ivxbgo~xie Ve`qf|}`xp+ geh Og|kli|ivcb Mikkfcf% Lfai|f xbfo+ }fqf|gk Gv}x|gk`geve`qf|}`x`f} gk}i }fx v~ }bi~ è Ogkgp}`g% Xbf a`|}x goiec xbfo sg} Oieg}b Ve`qf|}`xp+xbfe L|`xgè} Eixxècbgo Ve`qf|}`xp aikkisfh+ g} sfkk g} ixbf| Gv}x|gk`ge ve`qf|}`x`f}% XbfOg}}gmbv}fxx} @e}x`xvxf ia Xfmbeikicp `} m|fgxèc xbf @e}x`xvxf ai| ]v~~kp Mbgè @eeiqgxìeè Ogkgp}`g+ sb`kf Dibe} Bi~jè} Ve`qf|}`xp `} fr~fmxfh xi f}xglk`}b g ofh`mgk }mbiik "XbfFmieio`}x+ 3 Ogp 77)% @e gxx|gmxèc ai|f`ce f}xglk`}bofex}+ xbf Ogkgp}`ge ciqf|eofexsgex} ve`qf|}`x`f} xi }fx v~ agmvkx`f} è g|fg} sbf|f `x bg} g }x|gxfc`m èxf|f}x è hfqfki~ècxbf mi||f}~iehèc }fmxi|}+ }vmb g} è fecèff|èc i| ofh`mèf%

]ècg~i|f bg} }ò`kg| gmx`qf fecgcfofex} s`xb ai|f`ce ve`qf|}`x`f}% @e agmx+ `x bg} xbfb`cbf}x evolf| ia l|gemb mgo~v}f} "7< ivx ia 87 G}`ge mgo~v}f})% Xbf}f ve`qf|}`x`f}

èmkvhf4 Ve`qf|}`xp ia Mb`mgci "]mbiik ia Lv}èf}})+ Efs Pi|j Ve`qf|}`xp "X`}mb ]mbiik ai|xbf G|x})+ Lg|vmb Mikkfcf+ g} sfkk g} Gv}x|gk`ge ve`qf|}`x`f} k`jf Ve`qf|}`xp ia Efsmg}xkf gehMv|xè Ve`qf|}`xp ia Xfmbeikicp%

@e Biec Jiec+ Mbèg+ ]gqgeegb Mikkfcf ia G|x geh Hf}`ce "]MGH) |feiqgxfh g 701>}miv|xbiv}f s`xb dg`k mfkk} è Ei|xb Jiskiie è frmbgecf ai| mki}f xi tf|i |fex geh }xg|xfhiaaf|èc 78 vehf|c|ghvgxf geh c|ghvgxf hfc|ff} è }vldfmx} k`jf ~bixic|g~bp+ èxf|gmx`qfhf}`ce+ geh cgof hfqfki~ofex "@BX+ 0 Ogp 77)% @x }ffj} xi mg~`xgk`tf ie xbf mfex|gkkimgxìe ia Biec Jiec+ Mbèg xi gxx|gmx }xvhfex} a|io xbf ^\M geh ixbf| G}`ge mivex|`f}%]ò`kg|kp+ Biec Jiec+ Mbèg gò} xi gxx|gmx l|gemb mgo~v}f} ai| }~fm`gkxp miv|}f} k`jf


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87

sbgx ]MGH iaaf|}+ è}xfgh ia avkk/lkise ve`qf|}`x`f} sb`mb sivkh mio~fxf s`xb fr`}xècBiec Jiec+ Mbèg ve`qf|}`x`f}%

]fqfe ivx ia 7> l|gemb mgo~v}f} è xbf ^\M g|f V] ve`qf|}`x`f} geh mikkfcf}% Xbf}fèmkvhf Dibe} Bi~jè} Ve`qf|}`xp+ Ve`qf|}`xp ia Og|pkgeh "]mbiik ia Lv}èf}})+ Lg|vmbMikkfcf+ geh Aki|`hg @exf|egxìegk Ve`qf|}`xp%

Lf}`hf} l|gemb mgo~v}f}+ G}`g bg} gk}i lffe gmx`qf è xsèeèc geh a|gemb`}f g||gecfofex}+

iaxfe iaaf|èc dièx hfc|ff} s`xb ai|f`ce ve`qf|}`x`f}+ f}~fm`gkkp è lv}èf}} a`fkh}% Sb`kf xbf|f `}ei mio~|fbfe}`qf hgxg ie bis ogep geh sbgx }i|x ia ~|ic|go} xbf}f g|f+ efs}~g~f|ghqf|x`}fofex} iqf| xbf kg}x hfmghf bgqf lffe avkk ia frfmvx`qf ~|ic|go}+ lixb }bi|x/xf|o gehhfc|ff c|gexèc%

S`kk xb`} x|feh è fhvmgxìe }f|q`mf} x|ghf miexèvf xi c|is9 Xbf|f g|f }x|iec |fg}ie} xi lfk`fqf}i% A`|}x+ è xbf ~g}x+ G}`ge }xvhfex} bgqf mie}x`xvxfh xbf ogdi|`xp ia ai|f`ce }xvhfex} ~i~vkgxècve`qf|}`x`f} è xbf Sf}x+ lvx g} xbf ^\M geh G}`g c|is+ xbf|f bg} lffe mie}`hf|glkf èxf|f}xgoiec Ei|xb Gof|`mge geh Fv|i~fge }xvhfex} è kfg|eèc oi|f glivx G}`g% @e g |fmfex }v|qfpia }xvhfex oil`k`xp g|iveh xbf si|kh+ xbf ^\M `} eis |gejfh }`rxb è xbf xi~ hf}xègxìe} iaai|f`ce }xvhfex} "IFMH+ 7>)+ xicfxbf| s`xb xbf x|gh`xìegk xi~ }~ix} immv~`fh lp V]+ VJ+ gehA|gemf% Wv`xf }v|~|`}èckp

Services as a New Engine of Growth for ASEAN, the People’s Republic of China, and India

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Transcript of Services as a New Engine of Growth for ASEAN, the People’s Republic of China, and India