SERIES Workshop, 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK Role of Research ...SERIES Workshop, 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK...

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIESFP7- INFRASTRUCTURES-2008-1SP4-Capacities

S E R I E SSEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES

SP4 Capacities

FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIESSERIES Workshop, 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK

Role of Research Infrastructures in Performance-based Earthquake Engineering

Structural and Behaviour Constraints of L S l E i tLarge Scale ExperimentsZoran RakicevicAleksandra BogdanovicDimitar JurukovskiInstitute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology – IZIIS“SS Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje, MK

SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES

P fPreface

• 1963 - Skopje Catastrophic Earthquake

DATE JULY 26 1963DATE JULY 26 1963

TIME (GMT) 04:17:11

EPICENTRAL LATITUDE 42º 00.5' N

EPICENTRAL LONGITUDE 21º 27.3' E

HYPOCENTRAL DEPTH 5 km

MAGNITUDE (M) 6.2

EPICENTRAL INTENSITY (MCS) IX

SERIES Workshop: “Role of Research Infrastructures in Performance-based Earthquake Engineering” 02.09.2010, Ohrid, MK


P f 1963 Sk j h kPreface-1963 – Skopje Earthquake



P f APreface - MAEE

• 1964 - MAEE (Macedonian Association of Earthquake Engineering) as a part of the Yugoslav Association for

h k i iEarthquake Engineering• 1964 - Under the auspices of UNESCO, MAEE and IZIIS

organized the International Seminar on Earthquake organized the International Seminar on Earthquake Engineering, Skopje, Sep. 29 – Oct. 3, 1964 (nowadays referred to as the First EAEE Symposium). The most referred to as the First EAEE Symposium). The most significant achievement of the Skopje International Seminar was the foundation (October 1, 1964) of the EAEE, initially called the European Commission (of IAEE) for Earthquake Engineering



P f SPreface - IZIIS

• 1965 - IZIIS is established within the University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, upon y , pj , precommendation of the UN International Consultative Board for Repair and pReconstruction of Skopje, following the 1963 Skopje earthquake, and with substantial pj q ,support from the UN and its specialized agencies, UNDP and UNESCO.g ,

• 1980 – IZIIS has moved into new premises



P f SPreface - IZIIS



S’ S i i i SIZIIS’ Seismic Testing System• MTS 5 m x 5 m bi-axial shaking table at IZIIS’ • MTS 5 m x 5 m bi-axial shaking table at IZIIS

Dynamic Testing Laboratory



S’ S i i i SIZIIS’ Seismic Testing System• shaking table mass is 33.0 tg 33• pay load of about 40.0 t• 5 degree-of-freedom (DOF)5 degree of freedom (DOF)• Operational since 1980

Velocity 63 cm/s100 100

/s /s

1

Velocity 38 cm/s

10 10

Velo

cit y

cm/

Velo

cit y

cm/

11

2

3

Acceleration

2.4 g

1.7 g

1

2 Acceleration

2.14 g

1.45 g

1

2

10 10 1

2

3

3 1.2 g 3 1.05 g1 1


1 10 100 1 10 100Frequency Hz Frequency Hz


P f i iPurpose of experimentation

• For the needs of verification of existing mathematical models, their improvements, or , p ,developing new ones.

• Experiments of new technological solutionsp g• Qualification and proof tests.



S’ iIZIIS’ experience

• In the period of 25 – 30 years we have been faced with many problems.y p

• More than 170 reports have been published regarding conducted experiments on IZIIS’ g g pshaking table:▫ QUALIFICATION AND PROOF TESTQUALIFICATION AND PROOF TEST▫ NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND DAMPERS▫ PHYSICAL MODELSPHYSICAL MODELS



Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof testIZIIS Report 85-29. IZIIS Report 86-32. IZIIS Report 87-22. IZIIS Report 89-44. IZIIS Report 2008-58IZIIS Report 85 29. IZIIS Report 86 32. IZIIS Report 87 22. IZIIS Report 89 44. IZIIS Report 2008 58IZIIS Report 85-30. IZIIS Report 86-77. IZIIS Report 87-23. IZIIS Report 89-45. IZIIS Report 2009-20IZIIS Report 85-31. IZIIS Report 86-100. IZIIS Report 87-53. IZIIS Report 89-74. IZIIS Report 2009-42IZIIS Report 85-32. IZIIS Report 86-104. IZIIS Report 87-55. IZIIS Report 89-97. IZIIS Report 2009-43IZIIS Report 85-36. IZIIS Report 86-105. IZIIS Report 87-98. IZIIS Report 90-20. IZIIS Report 2009-59.IZIIS Report 85 36. IZIIS Report 86 105. IZIIS Report 87 98. IZIIS Report 90 20. IZIIS Report 2009 59.IZIIS Report 85-37. IZIIS Report 86-112. IZIIS Report 87-72. IZIIS Report 90-27. IZIIS Report 2009-60IZIIS Report 85-57. IZIIS Report 86-122. IZIIS Report 87-41. IZIIS Report 91-06.IZIIS Report 85-105. IZIIS Report 86-127. IZIIS Report 87-92. IZIIS Report 91-103.IZIIS Report 85-107. IZIIS Report 86-140. IZIIS Report 87-96. IZIIS Report 91-106.p 5 7 p 4 p 7 9 p 9

IZIIS Report 85-131. IZIIS Report 86-141. IZIIS Report 87-99. IZIIS Report 92-06.IZIIS Report 85-132. IZIIS Report 86-138. IZIIS Report 87-51. IZIIS Report 92-13.IZIIS Report 85-88. IZIIS Report 86-143. IZIIS Report 88-36. IZIIS Report 92-18.IZIIS Report 85-58 IZIIS Report 86-144 IZIIS Report 88-44 IZIIS Report 92-31IZIIS Report 85 58. IZIIS Report 86 144. IZIIS Report 88 44. IZIIS Report 92 31.IZIIS Report 85-59. IZIIS Report 86-96. IZIIS Report 88-71. IZIIS Report 92-43.IZIIS Report 85-51. IZIIS Report 86-76. IZIIS Report 88-103. IZIIS Report 96-76IZIIS Report 85-53. IZIIS Report 86-49. IZIIS Report 88-104. IZIIS Report 2000-44/2IZIIS Report 85-55 IZIIS Report 86-48 IZIIS Report 88-105 IZIIS Report 2000-22IZIIS Report 85 55. IZIIS Report 86 48. IZIIS Report 88 105. IZIIS Report 2000 22IZIIS Report 85-26. IZIIS Report 86-33. IZIIS Report 88-109. IZIIS Report 2000-23IZIIS Report 86-06. IZIIS Report 86-34. IZIIS Report 89-11. IZIIS Report 2005-33IZIIS Report 86-07. IZIIS Report 86-35. IZIIS Report 89-29. IZIIS Report 2007-26



Q lifi i d f Qualification and proof test




• Conducted on various type of equipment and productsp

• Has to be conducted by the required procedure• The procedure has to follow certain standards The procedure has to follow certain standards

for:▫ NPP componentsNPP components▫ Electrical engineering standards▫ Mechanical engineering standardsMechanical engineering standards▫ Civil (earthquake) engineering standards




• Constraints:▫ Key problem is simulation of functionality of the y p y

equipment during testing High voltage High pressure High temperature …….and all of these has to be incorporated into the

l b t it tlaboratory security system




• Constraints:▫ Operating conditionsp g Example: a valve for NPP in case of high intensity

quake has to be closed automatically; Example: Instrument transformer – no oli leeckage

at certain acc level, e.g 0.4 g.




• Constraints:▫ Simulation of input histories and floor response p p

spectra Floor Response Spectra has to be defined from

analytical models, especially for NPP. RRS – Required Response Spectra by standards Type of input histories Sine, sweep, sine beat, white noise, const velocity, or

acceleration real earthquake records artificially acceleration, real earthquake records, artificially generated earthquake time histories…..




• Constraints:Problem: shaking table can not fulfill all the standard grequirements Possible solution: Combination of analytical and

l d f hexperimental procedure if the user agrees



h l i d dNew technologies and dampersIZIIS Report 84-44 IZIIS Report 2000-45/2IZIIS Report 84 44. IZIIS Report 2000 45/2IZIIS Report 84-123. IZIIS Report 2004-50IZIIS Report 84-128. IZIIS Report 2004-51IZIIS Report 84-137. IZIIS Report 2001-59IZIIS Report 84-142. IZIIS March 2007IZIIS Report 84 142. IZIIS March 2007IZIIS Report 85-27. IZIIS Report 2007-51/1IZIIS Report 85-89. IZIIS March 2008IZIIS Report 85-89. IZIIS July 2008IZIIS Report 85-90. IZIIS August 2008p 5 9 g

IZIIS Report 86-15. IZIIS Report 2008-32.IZIIS Report 86-16. IZIIS Report 2009-40.IZIIS Report 86-17. IZIIS Report 2009-41IZIIS Report 86-18IZIIS Report 86 18.IZIIS Report 86-19.IZIIS Report 86-20.IZIIS Report 88-42.IZIIS Report 88-64IZIIS Report 88 64.IZIIS Report 88-66.IZIIS Report 96-68IZIIS Report 96-67



h l i d dNew technologies and dampers

• Types of tested models:▫ Seismic-Base isolation▫ Tuned mass dampers▫ Hysteretic dampersy p▫ Friction dampers▫ Viscous dampersscous da pe s▫ Spacer and stockbridge dampers




• Testing standards▫ Have to be agreed between laboratory and the g y

manufacturer (or the one who’ve made an inquiry) in order as much as possible information to be collected and the device to be tested to as much as possible simulations.

• Simulation of functional characteristics




• Dead load simulation▫ Has influence.▫ Compromise has to be made

• Ultimate range of simulation: required by the Ultimate range of simulation: required by the manufacturer and limited by shake table characteristicscharacteristics▫ Acceleration, velocity, stroke▫ Linear and non-linear mode Linear and non linear mode ▫ Stability of the model Whether the device under test could withstand all


Whether the device under test could withstand all actions?


Ph i l d lPhysical modelsIZIIS Report 70-91-53 P IZIIS Report 91-01 IZIIS Report 94-51IZIIS Report 70 91 53. P IZIIS Report 91 01. IZIIS Report 94 51P IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 91-01. IZIIS Report 94-51/2IZIIS Reort 83-242 IZIIS Report 70-91-52. IZIIS Report 94-70IZIIS 83-242. IZIIS Report 70-91-53. IZIIS Report 95-20IZIIS Report 85-98. IZIIS Report 70-91-44. IZIIS Report 95-86IZIIS Report 85 98. IZIIS Report 70 91 44. IZIIS Report 95 86IZIIS Report 85-61. IZIIS Report 91-92. IZIIS Report Oct. 1995IZIIS Report 85-79. IZIIS Report 92-08. IZIIS Report 96-02IZIIS Report 86-08. IZIIS Report 92-27. IZIIS Report Jan 1996IZIIS Report 87-39. P IZIIS Report 92-12. IZIIS Report March 1996 p 7 39 p 9 p 99

IZIIS Report 88-72. IZIIS Report 92-57. IZIIS Report 340SAG10.IZIIS Report 88-48. IZIIS Report 92-67.IZIIS Report 88-29. IZIIS Report 92-71/9.IZIIS Report 88-79 IZIIS Report 92-75 IZIIS Report 88 79. IZIIS Report 92 75. IZIIS Report 88-48. IZIIS Report 92-65.IZIIS Report 88-79. IZIIS Report 92-44.IZIIS Report 89-75. IZIIS Report 93-027.P IZIIS Report 89-66 IZIIS Report 93-48P IZIIS Report 89 66. IZIIS Report 93 48IZIIS Report 90-47. IZIIS Report 93-028.IZIIS Report 90-66. IZIIS Report 94-17IZIIS Report 90-47. IZIIS Report 94-34



Ph i l d lPhysical models




• Definition of failure pattern• Verification of analytical modelsVe cat o o a a yt ca ode s▫ Testing programme should be conceptualized on

such a way as much as possible reliable y pinformation for the model to be collected

▫ During analytical simulations and tuning input g y g ptime histories has to be recorded ones on the shaking table




• Problems▫ Non-linear material properties simulationp p It is very difficult to produce material which will

have true replication of the stress-strain state, when other material is used than original one in the prototype.

Si l ti f ki ti diti▫ Simulation of kinematic conditions

; ; ; mla a v l v d l d l l ; ; ;m p m r p m r p r pa a v l v d l d l l




• Problems▫ Simulation of soil-structure interaction It is impossible to simulate, in most of the cases, and

usually fixed-base models are used.▫ Simulation of intensive non-linear model

behaviour Usually instrumentation set-up is removed If the model was subjected to excitation that caused

t i li t t ( l t ll ) th t t certain non-linear state (close to collapse), the test that follows will give unreal state.




• Problems▫ Small scale models Simulation of geometry, frequencies, damping,

reinforcement, shrinkage Instrumentation problems




• Solution - from our experience▫ Static condensation 105 Storey Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang

DPR Korea – Model of 21 storey, each storey in the model substitute 5 storeys in the prototypeCondition: dynamic properties of the Condition: dynamic properties of the such model and the original prototype has to be identicalhas to be identical




• Solution - from our experience▫ Model of Palasport in Bolognap g Simulation of failure in the nodes of

space wooden roof structure has been done through substitute shell made of different material that has the same vertical stiffness as wooden onevertical stiffness as wooden one




• Problems▫ Models of dams – rock fill, earth fill, concrete, ,▫ Historic building models Aging problemg g p 1000 year church – mortar can not be simulated

Archaic material simulation Appropriate archaic materials – modern bricks has

different characteristics than those used 1000 years ago




• Problems▫ Verification of analytical models and changing of y g g

existing computer codes Input excitation characteristics - to be taken from

the model tests Frequency, mode shapes, damping - to be taken

f h d lfrom the model Response histories: linear for the model, while non-

linear to be analyzed both form physical and linear to be analyzed both form physical and analytical model

Mechanism of failure – to be take from the model


Mechanism of failure to be take from the model



• True replica models should be always used for verification, developing and improvement of , p g panalytical models and computer codes.



i l dFinal words

• In the paper the critical analysis of performed testing for different purposes will be presented g p p pbased on large number performed experiments in Dynamic Testing Laboratory at Institute of y g yEarthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology – IZIIS, Skopje, MK. gy , pj ,

• Especially the critical approach will be used correctly all constraints to be presented and y pdiscussed from the point of view of creating the relationship between obtained benefits and cost


pof the experiments.

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