SERIES 1 Leading Towards Creativity & Innovation

SERIES 1

Leading Towards Creativity & Innovation

Leading Towards

Creativity & Innovation

Series 1

BOOK COMPILATION

Leading Towards Creativity & Innovation (Series 1)

Published by MNNF Publisher

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Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

CONTENT

Chapter 1

Be’ezy Aircond Trainer

Mohd Zaiham bin Hamzah, Rozaini Binti Rahi, Muhammad

Haris Syazwan bin Hasrat, Nur Muhammad Aifaa bin Azmi &

Muhammad Fandi Najmi bin Norazharr

1

Chapter 2

Building Lighting Monitoring System

Mohd Zaiham bin Hamzah, Rozaini Binti Rahi, Muhammad

Hanafi bin Shamsulfazli, Nordinasazira binti Samsujir &

Noorshazren Shaira binti Kamaruddin

4

Chapter 3

Real-Time Internship Log Reporting using MQTT over

Websocket Protocol

Siti Azura Ramlan, Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid, Mohd Aswad

Shapawi Elias, Abdul Aziz Abdul Muttalib, Intan Rahayu

Ibrahim, Fatimah Zaharah Ali, Nur Athiqah Harron & Aini

Hafizah Mohd Saod

7

Chapter 4

PD-CAT for Development of Optical Brightener

Nur Rahimah Said, Nurul Nazirah Md Adib, Nurhanani Mohd

Kamarudin, Nur Syafiqah Atikah Nazaharuddin, Sofea Syahira

Ahmad Sufi & Muhammad Syazwan Kasim

11

Chapter 5

Fetching Board Alif Ba Ta

Nor Suhaiza Md Khalid, Suzei Mat Nurudin & Zarina Mohd Zain

15

Chapter 6

Local Government Terms Word Index: In QR Code Mode


18

Chapter 7

Asian Fruit Weight Grading System using Image Processing

and Stereo Vision

Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid, Faizal Amir, Siti Azura Ramlan,

Fatimah Zaharah Ali, Nur Athiqah Harron, Aini Hafizah Mohd

Saod & Najwa Mohd Faudzi

22

Chapter 8

Fusion E-Module (DFT4013 Security Basic and IT

Professional)

Siti Noor Aishah Binti Mohammad, Chen Mei Ching & Rohaya

binti Mohamad

25

Chapter 9

HCI GO

Tan Phei Yee, Wong Chun Fong, Anding Nyuak, Ng Boon Ding

& Norfazilah Binti Mohamad Pon

29

Chapter 10

Kenaf and Ijuk Admixture for Landfill Leachate

Improvement

Roslizayati Razali, Noor Shazreen A Rahman, Diana Che Lat &

Siti Nur Aishah Mohd Noor

33

Chapter 11

Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Aerogel from Rice

Husk Ash with Ambient Pressure Drying Method for

Methylene Blue Removal

A.R. Hidayu, N.F. Mohamad, S.I.S Jamaludin, S.H.A. Muhamad

& N.H. Aziz

38

Chapter 12

IOT-based Traffic Light System Control for Emergency

Vehicle Preemption

Nur Athiqah Harron, Zainal Hisyam Che Soh, Aini Hafizah

Mohd Saod, Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid, Siti Azura Ramlan & Nor

Salwa Damanhuri

42

Chapter 13

Fixed Prosthodontic Education Kit (FPEK)

Nik Zarina Nik Mahmood, Nik Rahayyu Nik Zulkifeli, Aiemeeza

Rajali & Norhasnida Nordin

45

Chapter 14

ARQR Phonic Dictionary: Improving Reading Literacy

among the Young Learners Through Augmented Reality and

QR Code

Yee Bee Choo, Balkkis Abdul Aziz, Faziah Abd Karim, Siti

Dahlia Abdullah, Hoe Xin Yi, Muhammad Farhan Mohd Yazid,

Muhammad Najmuddin Sharifudin, & Nur Syahmina Mohidin

49

Chapter 15

Kernelized Electronic Road Pricing (KERP)

Aini Hafizah Mohd Saod, Zainal Hisham Che Soh,Nur Athiqah

Harron, Siti Azura Ramlan, Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid & Nurul

Huda Ishak

53

Chapter 16

Using Political Fun Race 2.0 to Stimulate Students’

Motivation

Shamsinar Rahman, `Ainatul Fathiyah Abdul Rahim, Rafizah

Mohd Noor & Nursyahida Zulkifli

57

Chapter 17

Enhancing Vitamin C Content in Facial Serum Production

using Phyllanthus Emblica

Hamidah Noor Md Yusoh, Izzati Hamidah Sharil, Nur Najihah

Jumirin & Nurul Izzati Salim

61

Chapter 18

Performance Enhancement of Metal Organic Framework

based Composite Membrane via Advanced Modification

Route

Muhammad Mubashir, Yeong Yin Fong, Chew Thiam Leng &

Lau Kok Keong

63

Chapter 19

Dare to Play: I AM MALAYSIAN

Suria Fadhillah Md Pauzi, Shamsinar Rahman, Jazimin Zakaria,

Azniza Ahmad Zaini & Mohamad Azmi Nias Ahmad

67

Chapter 20

EZ Lifter

Norisza Dalila Ismail, Abner Parantis, Norraine Mohd Sahfri &

Edzannizam Bin Ramlan

71

Chapter 21

An Interactive System for Boundary Layer Flow and Heat

Transfer (i-Sbound)

Rahmah Shahril, Md Nizam Bin Udin, Aminah Binti Abdul

Malek, Noor Hidayah Binti Mohd Zaki & Farah Azaliney Binti

Mohd Amin

75

Chapter 22

Mangifera Indica: A Potential Source for Biodegradable

Plastics Production

Norshahida Sarifuddin, Nur’Aishah Ahmad Shahrim, Hafizah

Hanim Mohd Zaki, Farah Diana Mohd Daud, Mohd Ikhwan

Yusuff & Mudrikah Sofia Mahmud

78

Chapter 23

English Language Simulations Augmented with 360-degrees

Spherical Videos (ELSA 360°-Videos): ‘Virtual Reality’ Real

Life Learning!

Airil Haimi Mohd Adnan, Muhamad Khairul Ahmad, Ahmad

Ariffuddin Yusof, Muhammad Anwar Mohd Kamal & Nurul

Nadiah Mustafa Kamal

82

Chapter 24

The Use of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Magnetic Fields

to Increase the Content of Isoflavones in Tempe Foods Ita Jeny Trisnawati, Muhammad Abdul Halim, Aulia Adilla Aji

& Sudarti

89

Chapter 25

The Implementation of Safety Helmet as a Drowsiness

Detection on Motorcycle Rider Using Fuzzy Logic Controller

Method

Sumardi, S.T., M.T, Kukuh Priambodo, Malikul Fanani & Iklil

Sulaiman

95

Chapter 26

Innovative Green Analytical Magnetic Solid Phase

Extraction Technique

Nur Husna Zainal Abidin, Ungku Amirul Arif Ungku Abdullah,

Wan Nazihah Wan Ibrahim, Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi &

Nursyamsyila Mat Hadzir

99

Chapter 27

The Implementation of Integrated Public Services

Management through the Magic Hospital Application

Ain Nur Anisa, Edwin Dwi Andrian, Farhan Seta Dhitama,

Nuari Ramadhan

104

Chapter 28

Development of Springed Ankle Foot Orthosis

Ahmad Aizat Johar, Muhammad Iddin Saufi Abdul Wahid, Eka

Noorul Amanina Darwin, Giha Tardan & Abdul Halim Abdullah

107

Chapter 29

Customized 3D Printed Socket for Transtibial Prosthetic Leg

Wan Fatimatul Aifaa Wan Fadzil, Mohammad Azeeb Mazlan,

Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah & Abdul Halim Abdullah

112

Chapter 30

Eco Product in Art and Design:Portable Tracing

Nafisah Binti Mat Nasir & Diniha Hidayah Binti Abdul Manan

117

Chapter 31

The Effectiveness of BaSiDa, a Compost-Compression Kit to

Decompose Organic Materials and Produce Compost

Extract for Plant Growth

Mulyani Muhamad Effendi, Noor Aini Kamin, Rohayu Yusof,

Rozita Idris, Nurfirzana Norjoharuddeen, Azizan Suhadi, Elham

Ismail & Nurul Huda Raja Nordin

120

Chapter 32

Catechin Liquid Spray Of Uncaria gambir (Gambir

Sarawak) Extracts as Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent

Haziq Zamrulhizam, Auny Syabirah Azmy, Mazni Musa, Norul

Azilah Abdul Rahman & Rozita Abdul Latif

129

1

SERIES 1 Leading Towards Creativity & Innovation International Invention & Innovative Competition (InIIC)

___________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1

Be’ezy Aircond Trainer

Mohd Zaiham bin Hamzah, Rozaini Binti Rahi, Muhammad Haris

Syazwan bin Hasrat, Nur Muhammad Aifaa bin Azmi & Muhammad

Fandi Najmi bin Norazharr

Port Dickson Polytechnic, KM 14, Jalan Pantai 71050 Si Rusa, Negeri

Sembilan, Malaysia

Abstract BE’EZY AIRCOND TRAINER is a teaching aids that can explains in details the concept of how air

conditioning system operates. Besides that, this trainer also can make demonstration how to maintenance

process of an air conditioning easier, faster and effective. Before the creation of this trainer, students less

understand about air conditioning through the existing air conditioning trainer and also making it difficult for

instructors or lecturers to carry out teaching and learning about air conditioning in details. BE’EZY

AIRCOND TRAINER comes with its own safety precautions which is Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

(ELCB), Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) and selector switches. Digital Ammeter and Voltmeter also been

placed to measure input current and voltage. Power monitor display is responsible to take the reading of

output current, frequency, output voltage and power consumption. Besides that, the function of pressure

gauge is to get the reading of the gas pressure in the air conditioning system. Next, to detect any damage in

the compressor, we put the compressor point that consist of Common(C), Set(S) and Run(R). Lastly, half of

the outdoor unit body casing has been converted into perspective plastic just to see the all components and

compressor part in it. Impact of this project student or people can easy to understand about air conditioning

concept and learning and teaching process can be carry out more effectively.

Introduction The education system needs to be in line with technological advances. Therefore, Be’ezy aircond

trainer are created to facilitate the teaching and learning process especially in areas related to air

conditioning systems. Existing aircond trainers are seen as less effective for teaching and learning

purposes. the importance of systematic and effective aircond trainer is to make sure that the

instructor or lecturer can explain clearly to the student and the student are more easily to

understand.

Problem Statement Among the problems that are often encountered in the use of aircond trainer:-

i. Students less understand about aircondition through the existing aircond trainer

ii. Instructor or lecturer having difficulty to carry out teaching and learning about air

conditioner

The Difference between the existing aircond trainer and Be’ezy Aircond Trainer There are some differences between existing aircond trainers and Be’ezy. Be’ezy aircond trainer

2


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is equipped with an ammeter and voltmeter to make it easier for users to get the value of ampere

and volt readings during practical training on aircond. In addition it comes with a power monitor

where it works to get the readings of voltmeter and ampere on the aircond afterwards. Not only

that, it also works to get watts and frequency readings. Then Be’ezy is equipped with a compressor

point where it works to identify the condition of the compressor on the aircond. The user does not

need to open the outdoor unit to perform troubleshoot work on the compressor.

Figure 1: Existing aircond trainer Figure 2: Be’ezy Aircond Trainer from front view

Figure 3: Be’ezy Aircond Trainer from back view Figure 4: Be’ezy Aircond Trainer from side view

3


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Figure 5: The advantages of this trainer display are clearly and colorful.

The user will easily understand how the air conditioning works.

Element of Innovation There are five elements implemented in innovation of Be’ezy aircond trainer.

Element 1: User friendly

This trainer is easy to handle by users.

Element 2: Saving time

Lecturers or instructors can cut time to explain working principle of aircond by

using this plug and use Be’ezy aircond trainer.

Element 3: Equipped with ammeter, voltmeter and power monitor

To get the readings of ampere and voltmeter before aircond is turned on. The

power monitor will give frequency and watt readings

Element 4: Low and high pressure gauge

Users can use this to get low and high pressure reading on aircond

Element 5: Compressor point

It works to identify the condition of the compressor. The user does not have to

open the outdoor unit when to run troubleshoot on the aircond

Conclusion Project Be’ezy Aircond Trainer can definitely create an effective teaching and learning

environment as student are not only able to understand the working principle of an aircond but can

see how it’s work. Besides that, the major problem is when the students cannot understand how

aicond work or lecturer having difficulties an explaining through the existing aircond trainer.

Hence, this project is propose to solve all this problem. In short, this project provides a smart,

effective, time saving and user friendly for every user.

References Zairul Fazura Bt Mohd Zaidi (2009). Rekabentuk Dan Membina Sistem Penyaman Udara Mudah Alih:

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

Mohd Hanif Bin Harun (2005). Prestasi Kitaran Sisyem Penyejukan: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

4


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Chapter 2

Building Lighting Monitoring System

Mohd Zaiham bin Hamzah, Rozaini Binti Rahi, Muhammad Hanafi

bin Shamsulfazli, Nordinasazira binti Samsujir & Noorshazren

Shaira binti Kamaruddin

Port Dickson Polytechnic, KM 14, Jalan Pantai 71050 Si Rusa, Negeri

Sembilan, Malaysia

Abstract Building Lighting Monitoring System is integrated development environment-based control lighting

monitoring system for building. Arduino as a programmable platform to control the activities and lighting

conditions in a building. Arduino is used to store and process lighting data and give instructions to the output

according to the user's requirements. In a large building, the quantity of devices to be maintained is very

large. Companies need to spend a lot of money on paying employees. Besides, it can be noted that the worker's

difficulty is to identify the problem of lighting. Work becomes difficult because it covers a large area and a

large number of lights. Hence, the process might wasting time because monitoring takes a long time in a large

area. Trouble shooting also takes a long time to identify the failure. The main aim of this project is to reduce

electricity wastage. Moreover, its helps the process of preserving a condition of the device easier, faster and

effective. NodeMcu module was used for connecting the mobile phone to the whole unit lamps in the building

for any further action. Additionally, system allows user to operate or shut down every units of bulb by

remotely through the application without any limitations of distance. Besides, the application in the mobile

phone will receive any information that shows the condition of the light bulb fused. This project can benefit

the country where it can help reduce the consumption of electricity. As we know, the use of electricity for

our country encompasses 16% of the total. With this system, we can control all lights in a building bigger

more effectively. The end of the project is expected to be fully utilized, accepted and applied and in line with

the technological developments of this era and the results obtained from this project can meet the needs of all

users.

Introduction This system is designed to facilite technical tracking of lighting damage in a building and makes

it easy to repair the lamp. This creation aims is to ease the workers and save time to work. The

application must be in “Real Time” so when the application is opened it will update the data from

the lighting system.

Problem Statement Among the problems that are often encountered in the lighting system:-

i. Workforce wastage

In a large building, the quantity of devices to be maintained is very large. Then the

required labor increases. With established procedures, companies need to spend a lot of

money on paying employees.

ii. Difficult to handle work

5


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It can be noted that the worker's difficulty is to identify the problem of lighting damage

in a building. Work becomes difficult because it covers a large area and a large number

of lights.

iii. Time wasting

Wasting time because monitoring takes a long time in a large area. Research takes a

long time for identified problems.

The Difference between the Existing Systems with Building Lighting Monitoring

System From the findings, we found that GSM SMS FOR LIGHT SENSOR (LDR) project uses a sim card

as an information conveyor to a mobile phone. For this project, information regarding lighting will

only be known if there is a message sent to the user's mobile phone. In this case, the sim card

should be active. While the project we produce is emphasizing the "real time" concept where users

or maintainers can use the applications that we produce in the cellphone to detect if there are lights

that are not lit.

In conclusion we find out the difference between our projects and the last survey project, our

projects are more fulfilling development features also more schematic as manufacturing is

thorough and more organized. With the results of the study, we can improve the quality of our

projects to a higher level and suit the needs of today's industry.

Figure 1: Building Lighting

Monitoring System

Figure 2: Building Lighting Monitoring System using

Arduino as programmable platform

6


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Figure 3: Using Blynk as apps to connecting to the whole unit lamps in the building

Element of Innovation There are three element in Building Lighting Monitoring System:

Element 1: Reduce electricity

In a large area building, this IOT system will reduce electricity wastage if the

consumer forget to close the lamp

Element 2: Saving time

The workers who is control the building lighting systems can cut time to monitor the

light system.

Element 3: Equipped with LDR sensors, relay, NodeMcu and Arduino uno

To detect the conditions of the light bulb and monitoring the light bulb

Conclusion This Building Lighting Monitoring System can benefit the country where it can help reduce the

consumption of electricity. As we know, the use of electricity for our country encompasses 16%

of the total. With this system, we can control all lights in a building bigger more effectively. The

end of the project is expected to be fully utilized, accepted and applied and in line with the

technological developments of this era and the results obtained from this project can meet the

needs of all users.

References Dinusha R. Thotagamuwa., Indika U. Perera., & Nadarajah Narendran (2016). Remote monitoring of LED

lighting system performance. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union St.,

Troy, NY 12180

Liu Chee Wei. (2011). Smart Lighting Systems: Modular Intelligent Control System. Faculty of Engineering

and Science Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

7


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Chapter 3

Real-Time Internship Log Reporting using

MQTT over Websocket Protocol

Siti Azura Ramlan, Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid, Mohd Aswad

Shapawi Elias, Abdul Aziz Abdul Muttalib, Intan Rahayu Ibrahim,

Fatimah Zaharah Ali, Nur Athiqah Harron & Aini Hafizah Mohd

Saod

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Abstract This paper presents the use of mobile log reporting system for internship students. Log report has become an

important part during internship among undergraduate students. A digital log reporting will have a huge

impact on the way a log report is being written. However, not many digital based applications nowadays offer

the option of digital log report. Therefore, users like industrial trainees and university students need an

effective method of doing their log report. This project proposes a Web-based mobile application which is

compatible with windows of mobile application operating system whether Android OS or iOS. This project

is targeted for undergraduate students who will undergo an industrial training where they are required to do

their log report. According to this, the impact of the project is in terms of its practicality in reducing time

consumed to complete their log report thus improving their efficiency in doing their work. This project is

based on real time, and it will be carried out online. These characteristics fulfill the current ways of doing

works where all the data will be saved in the cloud. By using real-time system, users can easily write and

upload report with zero possibility of missing out information by saving their log report online and avoiding

delays in completing their work. Furthermore, the development of this project had been done using the mobile

application inventor tools. The MQTT Web socket protocol is implemented in this project to integrate with

the existing Industrial Training Web system making it more flexible and user friendly. Besides, this project

is moving towards the green project since it does not use any paper during its development and

implementation. Finally, the result shows that mobile log reporting has received positive feedback from the

user during pilot testing.

Introduction Advancement in technologies today has led to a world where all the work is at the tips of our

hands. Cloud system also helps to make our works easier and faster. There is no need for a

traditional storage for files since all the data are uploaded to the cloud. One of the systems that is

widely used by modern people to increase their productivity is a web-based system. Many

developers for a mobile application also use the web-based system to increase their efficiency and

productivity. This is because the system is connected to the web at all time and this makes the job

easier and faster. This development of mobile log reporting system had improved the system of

log reporting where it is not a requirement for the students to use pen and papers anymore. Hence

this also helps to preserve and conserve the world and make it a greener world.

8


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This project has helped the industrial training students with their log reporting by providing a

simple solution to doing their log report. This project can be used to send messages from a mobile

application to a server by using MQTT protocol. It can also be used to upload images alongside

its caption to the server. Users can also view the report or image that has been sent to the server

by using the search function that is embedded in the system. Furthermore, users can download the

report and image that have been sent to the server into a HTML type file and can be viewed on the

user’s smart-phone.

MQTT or short for Message Queue Telemetry Transport is one of the Web protocols or Web

sockets that is widely used for machine to machine communications [1]. MQTT is an open protocol

originally intended for unreliable networks such as low bandwidth and high-latency [2]. The way

MQTT works is that it uses publish and subscribe models from the broker server and client [2].

The client consists of two type which are Publisher (the one who publishes) and Subscriber (the

one who subscribes to the publisher topic) [3].

This project proposes a Web-based mobile application and it is compatible with windows of

mobile application operating system whether Android OS or iOS. The target users for this project

are students who are undergoing and will undergo industrial training where they will need to do

their log report. This project had reduced their time consumption in doing their log report thus

improving their efficiency in doing their work. This project had used a real time based system and

it will be carried out online. These characteristics fulfill the current ways of doing works where all

the data will be saved in the cloud. By using real-time system, users can easily write and upload

report without having to delay their works. Furthermore, the development of this project had been

conducted using the mobile application inventor tools.

System Overview The main architecture for this system is that students can use the application to write their reports

and send to the MQTT server using the MQTT agent where it will then be stored in the database.

The system also allows the lecturers to use the browser from their computers to check the students’

reports because the database will be connected to the Industrial Web System. This system makes

the project more economical and interesting since the project is moving to the wireless and cloud

platform. These platforms are the most popular platforms to date. MQTT agent is the one that

manages the connection between users and database. Users will type the topic needed for MQTT

connection and the agent will connect to the MQTT server with the corresponding topic to save

the report that the user enters to the database for future references. MQTT server is the server that

is used by MQTT agent to connect between a user and the database. It works like a highway for

data where all the data from the user will travel through the server to be saved in the database.

Database is where all the data is stored. It can be either a cloud database or a web database. Web

database are usually small in size and mainly used for small encoded files, while cloud database

come in a variety of sizes and can go up to 50 GB of storage. For this project, the system uses both

the cloud and web database where the web database will save all the data for credentials like the

username and password while the cloud database is used for the system to save all the reports and

images that the MQTT server had obtained from the user. The database for this system will be

connected to the Industrial Training Web System that had already existed. This helps the lecturer

to monitor the progress of the students’ log report.

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Fig. 1: System Architecture of Real-time internship log reporting using MQTT protocol

Experimental Result A total of 20 respondents had been selected to do the pilot test which consist of 12 degree students

and 8 final year diploma students. Based on Figures 2 and 3, it is shown that the mobile application

had scored more on overall performance compared to the conventional ways of doing log report.

In other words, average mean values for mobile application and conventional system are compared

to obtain the comparison result from both styles. The average score for mobile application is 7.794

compared to the conventional system which is 7.27. This shows that the proposed system using

the mobile application is better compared to conventional system.

Fig. 2: Overall Performance of Mobile Application

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Fig. 3: Overall Performance of Conventional Log-report

Conclusion In conclusion, based on all the data gathered from the pilot test, it is clearly shown that this project

which proposes mobile application for log reporting is more favoured by the users than the

conventional way of writing a log report. This is because this method is more mobile, thus making

it easier for the users to use this application to write their log report. Besides that, this mobile

application project uses real time-based system which makes log reporting more efficient and easy

to use. Furthermore, this project uses a mobile based system towards a greener environment since

it does not use any paper during its development and implementation. The development of a real-

time log reporting over MQTT web-socket protocol system via mobile application had been

successfully developed. All the values from the data collected had also been analysed and the result

showed that the users prefer to use the proposed system which is using the mobile application

compared to the conventional system of using paper and pen. This is because the value for mean

for the proposed system exceeded the value of mean for the conventional system at 7.79 and 7.27

respectively, showing that the performance of the proposed system is more stable and accepted by

the users.

Acknowlegdement The researchers would like to acknowledge the support of Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau

Pinang, for the partial funding of this research.

References K. Grgić, I. Špeh, and I. Hedi, “A web-based IoT solution for monitoring data using MQTT protocol,” Proc.

2016 Int. Conf. Smart Syst. Technol. SST 2016, pp. 249–253, 2016.

U. Hunkeler, H. L. Truong, and A. Stanford-Clark, “MQTT-S — A publish/subscribe protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2008 3rd Int. Conf. Commun. Syst. Softw. Middlew. Work. (COMSWARE ’08), pp. 791–798, 2008.

M. Singh, M. A. Rajan, V. L. Shivraj, and P. Balamuralidhar, “Secure MQTT for Internet of Things (IoT),” Proc. - 2015 5th Int. Conf. Commun. Syst. Netw. Technol. CSNT 2015, pp. 746–751, 2015.

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Chapter 4

PD-CAT for Development of Optical Brightener

Nur Rahimah Said, Nurul Nazirah Md Adib, Nurhanani Mohd

Kamarudin, Nur Syafiqah Atikah Nazaharuddin, Sofea Syahira

Ahmad Sufi & Muhammad Syazwan Kasim

School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences University

of Technology MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus, 72000

Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia [email protected]

Abstract Heck reaction also called a Mizoroki-Heck reaction is a carbon-carbon coupling reaction. In this study, the

palladium complex namely, Palladium(II)-4-methoxy-N-(3-nitrobenzylidene) Benzohydrazone (PD-CAT)

have been successfully synthesized and tested in Heck reaction as a catalyst. The starting materials used

during the Heck reaction is generally an alkyl halide and olefin hence, producing a substitute olefin product

such as distyrylbenzene (DSB). DSB is an organic compound that has optical brightening behaviour. Optical

brightener also named as Fluorescent brightener have a property of absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light and re-

emit energy so that the yellow colour of the material will appear white. Usually, it is used as a safer additive

in laundry detergent. The current optical brightener that commonly used in detergent manufacturing company

is stilbene. It has a disadvantage in term of high toxicity level. Besides that, the preparation step of the stilbene

required tedious work and the catalyst used during the process is air sensitive. Found that the preparation of

distyrylbenzene (DSB) by using synthesized PD-CAT with its versatility, easy to prepare and not air sensitive,

will reduce toxicity and consequently help in reducing of environmental impact on the environment. The PD-

CAT is a homogeneous catalyst that shows good performance as a catalyst in producing the organic product

and a greener technology since lead to remove from the manufacturing process as the main component. As

for society, DSB can safely be used for daily routines as it is proved to be less toxic than current optical

brightener. While Heck reaction that uses homogenous PD-CAT can develop the less toxic production of

DSB. DSB has commercialization potential as an optical brightening agent for laundry detergent.

Introduction The Mizoroki-Heck reaction was discovered independently by Heck and Mizoroki more than 45

years ago. The Palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon coupling of an aryl or vinyl halide and an

alkene in the presence of base is referred to Mizoroki-Heck reaction which also called a Heck

reaction (Fig. 1). The present of Palladium catalyzed in Heck reaction was established as an

excellent method for the creation of new C-C bonds, such example in the synthesized of

distyrylbenzene (DSB) (Fig. 2) (Yang et al., 2018).

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Fig. 1. Heck-reaction of alkyl or aryl halide and alkene group using homogenous Palladium catalyst.

Fig. 2. DSB structure

Optical brighteners are also known as whitening agent is one type of functional dye that usually

used in the industries. It has fluorescent materials that can absorb UV light 340–370 nm and emit

visible blue–violet light around 420–470 nm (McKeen, 2016). Distyrylbenzene (DSB) is the

examples of compounds with this characteristic where the fluoresece properties can be found either

in liquid or finely state.

Distyrylbenzene bear remarkable optical, photochemical and photophysical properties. It has

widespread applications in many fields ranging from fine chemistry and materials science to

biomedicine. It can be used as fluorescent whitening agents in textile, paper manufacturing and

household detergents, two-photon absorbing materials and blue electroluminescent materials in

the optoelectronic device, drugs and antitumor agents in pharmacology, molecular probes and

labels in bioassay (Zhao et al., 2013). It can be used for the optical brightening of the most various

synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural organic materials or substances (Weber, 1974).

Other than that DSB was used in dying process of polyester, cotton fabrics and paper (Zhao,

2014). The whitening effect from DSB helps in enhancing the color appearance of fabric and paper.

These compounds usually can be found in the detergent in low concentration (Laurent, 2007).

Content Problem statement

The disadvantage of optical brightener in a detergent is it cause an allergic reaction called contact

dermatitis. The symptoms are red, itchy, and irritated skin. Optical brightener also can cause

environmental which is soil and water pollution. It gives effect such as genetic mutations in fish

and plants. Besides, they’re not biodegradable, Bacteria can’t break down optical brighteners in

the environment. Non-biodegradable materials can stick around for hundreds of years, polluting

the environment and leaching toxic chemicals into the soil and water. A study conducted by Warne

(1999), stated that the current component in a laundry detergent which typically stilbene that acts

as optical brightener has higher toxicity value than distyrylbenzene when tested on fish. Moreover,

the process of producing this optical brightener has many drawbacks. For instance, stilbene can be

produce using Heck reaction, however, the catalyst used during the reaction is actually suffering

disadvantages such as high cost, require of especially catalyst environmental, unfriendly reagent

and high toxicity (Navidi et al., 2013).

Benefits

Although these optical brighteners are used at low levels in detergents, their contribution to the

overall whiteness performance of laundry detergents is not negligible, and they are used in nearly

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all detergents. In fact, most white fabrics (and other white objects such as paper) are already

brightened on manufacturing, and the function of a detergent brightener is to replace the original

fabric brightener, which is progressively removed by the detergent on successive washes.

Therefore, the development of new optical brightener through Heck reaction by applying PD-CAT

as the catalyst is the worthy point and much more secure and benign. This help the detergent

manufacturer company to diminish the production cost of optical brightener and laundry detergent

too. Besides, the company can decrease the negative effect on the environment which commonly

aquatic life.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to produce an effective homogenous Palladium(II)-4-methoxy-N-(3-

nitrobenzylidene) Benzohydrazone (PD-CAT) catalyst in Heck reaction. Apart from that, the

reason is to initiate a new optical brightener that is less harmful through Heck reaction.

Result and discussion

Catalytic testing of PD-CAT was done in order to measure the performance of the catalyst in Heck

reaction. Vries (2001) represented TON value as the stability of the catalyst. Like the stability of

catalyst increase, it can be utilized in higher temperature and thus producing higher reaction rates.

Based on Table 1, it can be summarized that the reaction without catalyst gives zero TON value.

Meanwhile, when the PD-CAT is utilized in Heck reaction, the conversion rate and TON values

are increasing which is 57.50% and 115.0, respectively. In industry, the lesser cost production is

important. Therefore, it can help in reducing the cost production of distyrylbenzene (DSB) using

PD-CAT, as well as environmental impact on the environment.

Table 1: The catalytic performances of PD-CAT in Heck reaction in 60 minutes reaction time.

Sample Rate of conversion (%) Turnover number (TON)

No catalyst 25.14 0

Presence of PD-CAT 57.50 115.0

Conclusion In conclusion, Heck reaction is one of the most effective ways in the development of less toxic of

distyrylbenzene (DSB) for optical brightener in detergent by using PD-CAT. In addition to this,

the utilization of PD-CAT in the process of making laundry detergent can reduce the toxicity level

of other material that contribute to environmental pollution.

References Laurent, J., de Buzzaccarini, F., De Clerck, K., Demeyere, H., Labeque, R., Lodewick, R. and van

Langenhove, L. (2007). Laundry Cleaning of Textiles. Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of

Surfaces, pp.57-102.

McKeen, L. (2016). Introduction to Plastics and Polymers. Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics

and Elastomers, pp.45-64.

Navidi, M., Rezaei, N., and Movassagh, B. (2013). Palladium (II) Schiff base complex supported on multi-

walled carbon nanotubes: A heterogeneous and reusable catalyst in the Suzuki- Miyaura and copper-free

Sonogashira e Hagihara reactions. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 743, 63–69.

Vries, J. G. De. (2001). The Heck reaction in the production of fine chemicals. Canadian Journal of

Chemistry, 79(5-6), 1086–1092.

Warne, M. S. J., and Schifko, A. D. (1999). Toxicity of laundry detergent components to a freshwater

cladoceran and their contribution to detergent toxicity. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 44(2),

196-206.

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Weber, K. (1974). United State Patent No. US3849485A. Retrieved from

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a1/eb/19/c6c2fab71ed7ee/US3849485.pdf.

Yang, J., Zhou. H., He. J., and Z. C. (2018). Pd-Catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck Reactions Using. Catalysts, 8(23),

35.

Zhao, Q., Sun, J., Liu, B., & He, J. (2013). Synthesis of stilbene, 1, 4-distyrylbenzene and 4, 4′-

distyrylbiphenyl via Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction in phase-transfer catalysis system. Dyes and

Pigments, 99(2), 339-347.

Zhao, Q., Sun, J., Liu, B. and He, J. (2014). Coloring properties of novel 1,4-distyrylbenzene and 4,4′-

distyrylbiphenyl fluorescent brighteners and their arrangement in cotton and polyester fiber. Cellulose,

21(4).

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Chapter 5

Fetching Board Alif Ba Ta


Universiti Teknologi MARA,

Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Seremban, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract The objective of this fetching board is purposely to encourage the children at the early age to know and learn

more about the Arabic alphabets as most the education tools in the market are currently focused on the basic

alphabets only. This fetching board created purposely to give the opportunity to the children to have a book

that suitable to their interest and encourage them to learn the basic Arabic alphabets. The fetching board is

design with variety of colors that will catch the children interest to read and at the same time, the unique size

of the board which is created in landscape view of A2 size paper will attract and give satisfaction to the

children while doing the Islamic academic exercise activity. This fetching board has 2 in 1 features whereby

the usage of the Velcro at each Arabic alphabets able to be used as an Islamic academic exercise to the

children. Whereby, the children able to read and also can do Islamic academic exercise by matching and

placing the alphabets at the correct places it should be. The use of the Velcro is able to attract the interest of

kids because of the attractive and colorful texture of the Velcro itself. Besides that, the board also will be able

to be promoted to the parents that want their children to learn Islam religion by starting with the introducing

to the basic Arabic alphabet’s.

Keywords: Fetching board, Arabic alphabets & Velcro.

Introduction The objective of this fetching board is to encourage the young age of children to learn more about

the Arabic alphabets because most the education tools in the market likely toward the basic

alphabets and numbers only. This fetching board provide opportunity to the children to get

involved in the Islamic education activity that best suited their interest and at the same time

knowing and learning the basic hijaiyah letters or Arabic alphabets. The main focus of the fetching

board is for the young age children covering the kindergarten and pre-school students. The learning

goals for the kindergarten and pre-school students are able to recognize and identifying the hijayiah

letters. According to Papadopoulos et al (2014), recognition refers to visual and audio recognition

of a letter, while production refers to students’ ability to write the letters.

These techniques have multiple benefits whereby the instructor or the teacher can easily and

quickly assess if students have really mastered the Islamic education activity (and plan to dedicate

more time to it, if necessary), and the process of measuring student understanding in many cases

is also practice for the Islamic education activity. In some cases, students do not actually learn the

Islamic education activity until asked to make use of it in assessments such as these fetching board.

The understanding level can measure easily by the activity by the teachers. Finally, the very nature

of these assessments drives interactivity and brings several benefits for students and to the teachers.

Students are revived from their passivity of merely listening to an academic session and instead

mailto:[email protected]

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become attentive and engaged, two prerequisites for effective learning. These techniques are often

perceived as fun learning, yet it is identified as frequently more effective than delivering academic

session at enabling student learning.

Problem Statement Most of the children wanted the education activity that have several features that are able to catch

their interest during their learning proses however there are few education activity in the market

that able to meet their requirement but yet there is limited education tools toward Islamic learning

for the early education level. The introduction and mastery hijaiyah letter for reading and studying

Qur'an from an early age is very important. The method for studying hijaiyah letter usually

provided by traditional tutor which is conventionally practiced in society. This method make

children who are taught to be passive in receiving lessons, because the tutor explained those

children in learning to read letters hijaiyah with oral, written and body language. This fetching

board for alif ba ta interactive learning activity discusses hijaiyah letter that provides an interactive

learning material with visualization of the text. Through this Islamic education activity, children

are expected to not only accept education tool without a special impression on hijaiyah letter but

also can better enjoy during the learning process in the class.

Objective The objective of this catchy board is to encourage the children to learn more about the Arabic

alphabets because most the book more toward the basic alphabets. This board is to give the

opportunity to the children to have a book that suitable to their interest and give the opportunity

for them to learn the basic Arabic alphabets. The book is design with colorful that will catch the

interest of the autism children to read and the book also unique in size where the size is in landscape

view of A2 size paper that give the children the satisfaction when reading.

This creative and fetching board is 2 in 1 features where the use of Velcro at each alphabet able to

be used as an exercise to the children. The children able to read and do exercise by matching the

alphabets also they able place the alphabets at the correct places. The use of Velcro able to attract

the interest of kids where the texture of the Velcro itself.

The purpose of making this fetching board alif ba ta is to make the children enjoy in learning

hijaiyah letters. Expected benefits are the learning process itself that is will be more easily

understood and at the same time can also give a strong impression for the children to remember

easily the letters.

Novelty The Arabic Alphabet Fetching Board is design with variety of colors that will catch the children

interest to read and at the same time, the unique size of the creative board which is created in

landscape view of A2 size paper will attract and give satisfaction to the children while reading.

This Arabic Alphabet Fetching Board has 2 in 1 features whereby the usage of the Velcro at each

Arabic alphabets able to be used as an exercise to the children while they doing the Islamic

education activity.

Usefulness The children able to read and also can do exercise by matching and placing the alphabets at the

correct places it should be at the fetching board. The use of the magnet is able to attract the interest

of kids because of the attractive and colorful texture of the magnet itself. Besides that, this fetching

board also incorporates the pop-out picture that able to catch the interest of the children. Hijaiyyah

is a learning material that should be submitted slowly. It takes a presentation and approach that is

very familiar with the child's world, so the theme presented does not feel boring. For that use a

visual style that tends to nuance the world of the child, the depiction of cute objects and characters,

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and the use of cheerful colors. This is expected to attract readers to read this fetching board alif ba

ta and unknowingly they are in a learning Hijaiyah letter.

Commercialization The fetching board alif ba ta will be able to be promoted to the parents that want their children to

learn Islam religion by starting with the introducing to the basic Arabic alphabet’s or hijaiyah

letters. The main market for commercialization goes to young age children at the kindergarten and

pre-school students.

Conclusion To sum up, the existing work shows the potential of using Islamic education tool for children, as

well as some useful factors that were harnessed in our design. Some shortcomings exist, among

which: addressing children interest to learn, the rarity of the Arabic content, and the interactivity

factor. This raises a need for having a fetching board that utilizes all aspects together (children,

learning abilities and Arabic Language) in a professional way. An interactive illustrated fetching

board alif ba ta letters is one of the solutions that can be considered as a hijaiyah learning tools for

children with Islamic education learning methods that do not make children bored. It is useful to

remind the public of the importance of studying hijaiyah letters early on with a sense of

incompatibility, especially the Muslim community.

References Keen D. Engagement of children with autism in learning. Australasian Journal of Special Education. 2009;

33(2)130- 40.

Nurul Nadhrah Kamaruzaman, Nazean Jomhari , Norhaslina Kamarulzaman and Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff

Engaging Children with Severe Autism in Learning Al-Quran through the Serious Game Indian Journal

of Science and Technology, Vol 9(40), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i40/95714, October 2016

Pantelis M. Papadopoulos , Zeinab Ibrahim and Andreas Karatsolis Teaching the Arabic Alphabet to

Kindergarteners Writing Activities on Paper and Surface Computers, CSEDU2014-6th International

Conference on Computer Supported Education

Jailan Salah 1 , Slim Abdennadher 1 , Caroline Sabty 1 , and Yomna Abdelrahman2 Super Alpha: Arabic

Alphabet Learning Serious Game for Children with Learning Disabilities Conference Paper · September

2016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45841-0_9

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Chapter 6

Local Government Terms Word Index: In QR

Code Mode


Universiti Teknologi MARA,

Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Seremban, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract Local government or also known as local authority is an important third unit in the administrative structure

in Malaysia after the federal and state governments. At this level, local government are responsible and will

take full responsibility in the delivery of services and provide facilities to the people in its area of jurisdiction.

The alleged existence of local government as a facilitator to the government because of the role and the

responsibility held very significantly to the development of the country. So the Local Government Terms

Word Index: in QR Mode created to meet the needs of students in the learning process of students taking

Diploma in Public Administration. Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode designed with QR

code mode so that it is easy for students to bring and carry anywhere due to light weight of the book. The

arrangement of each of the terms that listed in the Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode will

help students to get better understanding about the content of local government syllabus and meet their

academic needs. Besides that, it also can be commercialized to the public which always deal with local

government in their daily lives but less understand the existence and jurisdiction of local governments.

Overall, the Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode designed as an education aid to students and

provide essential information for the general public to get to know the local job for which the local

government is closer to the people or can be said as an intermediary between the people and the government.

Keywords: Local government, local authority, Local government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode

Introduction The existence of a local government in Malaysia is one of the British colonial history to Malaysia

which formed the local government in that era as a facilitator to the federal government. After the

independence, Malaysia copied the system from british as to fulfill the preconditions of having a

solid administration system which didnt exist at Tanah Melayu before. The local government

continues the service after the independence until today with some improvements made by the

suggested proposals of Athi Nahappan that purposely to meet local needs. The changes made not

only involve the functions of the local government, but also involve the number of local

governments introduced, types, jurisdiction, autonomy granted and uniformity of law used for all

local government known as the Local Government Act 171 (1976).

This innovation product is from the reseach that was conducted to see the level of

understanding among students of Diploma in Public Administration towards Local Government

Administration course that offered at part 5 (final year). The results of the study found that students

need references as one of the learning methods. Thus, the Local Government Terms Word Index:

in QR Mode is one of the ways to help in improving the student understanding of Local


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Government Administration course. With the creation of the product, it is hoped that students will

be able to better understand the concepts used by local government in Malaysia.

Objectives Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode designed as an education aid to students and

also become the education tool to the general public in order to get knowing closely the terms and

concept used in local government. The local government is closer level that providing services to

the local community. In other words local government has acted as an intermediary or bridge that

linked between the local community with the upper level of government.

Terms Used In Local Government The local government administration in Malaysia, there are many commonly used terms and

concepts used in the administration and become the main references for teaching the local

government subject at the university. Some of the commonly used terms and concepts are as

follow:

1) Local authority

2) Local governance

3) Autonomy

4) Local Agenda 21

5) Safe City Initiative

6) Good Governance

7) Public Participation

8) Ministry of Housing and Local Government

9) National Council of Local Government

10) Healthy Cities

Besides of the listed terms and concepts above, many other terms and concepts are commonly used

by local governments and are grouped into Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode as

a quick reference for students taking this course at the university and also for the public usage.

Novelty

Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode designed with special layout that is easy to

carry anywhere. The layout of each of the terms and concepts listed in the Local Government

Terms Word Index: in QR Mode which specially created to enable students in better understanding

the local government administration in Malaysia. Besides that, it also purposely to meet the

academic needs of students and at the same time can be commercialized to the local public that

having difficulty in understanding the jurisdiction of local governments.

Problems Statement and Usefulness Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode is a simple word index or defining

dictionary that enables definition of terms and concepts related with Local Government

Administration course for the Diploma in Public Administration students.

There are a lot of terms and concepts in the local government administration syllabus that need

to be known by the students. It is very essential for the students to know and understand the terms

as it will determine the knowledge and understanding level of students towards the subject. But

somehow the students are unable to identify the terms usually used in local government. So that is

why the Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode created purposely to help students to

identify and know the needed terms and concepts related.

Besides that, the students also need to get familiar with the terms used in learning local

government course. It is very important for the students to get familiar with all of the terms and

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concepts used in local government so that they can score in the final examination and mastering

the knowledge of local government administration in Malaysia.

The public also having the problems of understanding the local government practices in

Malaysia, so by producing Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode is also to become

the reference for the public in understanding the terms and concept related. It is hoped that by

referring to the Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode, the public can understand

more and give their full support for the services performed and participate in local government

activity conducted.

The usefulness of the product specifically created for the students of the faculty and also

generally for the public usage. Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode is useful in

fulfilling for the student academic needs and become the essential requirement of the course and

also useful in increasing the public knowledge.

Commercialization Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode Methods will be used at all Diploma Public

Administration students of the Faculty of Administration Science and Policy Studies in six branch

campuses (UiTM Seremban/UiTM Kedah/UiTM Sarawak/UiTM Sabah/UiTM Raub

Pahang/UiTM Kelantan) located all around in Malaysia.

Data Analysis and Findings The questionnaires distributed among the students in the Faculty of Science and Administrative

Study that taking Diploma in Public Administration. A total of 385 students were chosen to be the

respondent by using simple random sampling techniques and 348 questionnaires have been

answered by the students. The feedback gathered in the questionnaires are analyzed using

frequencies (respondent profile), correlation and regression analysis.

The research method used is to distribute questionnaire online which is distributed throughout

UiTM branch which offers full time Diploma in Public Administration (AM110) program. These

diploma students have taken the Local Government Administration course in their final year. The

existing UiTM branches offer UiTM Seremban 3, UiTM Raub, UiTM Sg Petani, UiTM Sabah and

UiTM Sarawak.

Conclusion and Implications In conclusion, it is found that the majority of students are still unclear on the implementation of

local government administration in Malaysia. However, students are very clear of the general

characteristics of the local government. At the same time, students are also aware of the ways the

local government can obtain financial resources and how local governments spend on their existing

finances. Based on the analysis, students' basic understanding of local government can be

considered weak especially in understanding the terms and concepts in local government

administration in Malaysia.

It is very important for the students to understand the terms used in local government as it will

help them much in mastering the knowledge and answering in the final exam. Students need to

understand the devolution concepts and also other terms and concepts related in learning local

government course. The creation of Local Government Terms Word Index: in QR Mode is

purposely to fulfill the requirement of understanding the terms and concepts of devolution

practiced at local government level in Malaysia.

References Ahmad Atory Hussain 1991, Kerajaan Tempatan: Teori dan Peranan di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan

Bahasa dan Pustaka Awam: Suatu Analisis Konseptual Vol. 10, No. 1 (2015) 240-249, ISSN: 1823-884x

journal of social sciences and humanities

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http:www.kpkt.gov.my (accessed on 16 February 2018)

Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171) & Subsidiary Legislation (as at 5th September 2007)

Nor Suhaiza Md Khalid, Suzei Mat Nurudin & Zarina Mohd Zain, Pemahaman Pelajar di Institut Pengajian

Tinggi Awam Terhadap Konsep Kerajaan Tempatan di Malaysia Proceeding International Conference on

Humanities, Language, Culture & Business, (2nd ICoHLCB) 22-23 April 2017, Hotel De'La Ferns,

Cameron Highlands Pahang, Malaysia ISBN: 978-967-14835-1-0

Phang Siew Nooi (1989) Sistem kerajaan tempatan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian

Pendidikan Malaysia.

Phang Siew Nooi (1997). Financing local government, Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.

Winter, WO 1981, State and Local Government in a Decentralized Republic, New York: Mac Milan

Publishing.

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Chapter 7

Asian Fruit Weight Grading System using

Image Processing and Stereo Vision

1Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid, 1Faizal Amir, 1Siti Azura Ramlan, 2Fatimah Zaharah Ali, 1Nur Athiqah Harron, 1Aini Hafizah Mohd

Saod & 1Najwa Mohd Faudzi

1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan

Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan

Selangor, Kampus Dengkil 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract Most commonly method used for fruit inspection is classification itself such as grading process. Grading is

basically separating the material in different homogenous groups according to its specific characteristics like

size, shape, colour and on quality basic. Weight measurement system is by far the most commonly used

method for local fruit screening and sorting. This method however, required manual interventions for

selecting and identifying defective which will be difficult to operate as to human fatigueless. Human, by any

mean have several weaknesses such as tiresome, low concertation and sometime, lack of productive when it

comes to repeatable routine such as grading and sorting. Hence, there is a need of a mechanization yield

marking system. In this study, grading system for Asian fruit set up using a stereo vision system with mango

fruit as its sample. The stereo vision system used triangulation method which was proved by researchers to

be much more accurate method. While the processing system of measuring size of the mango fruit done by

using multiple image processing method. For the weight grading system model, the mathematical modelling

was based on regression toward the mean analysis of mango fruit information set was done. With the

modelling, the system are able to estimate the weight of a fruit effectively via size measurement of the fruit.

Introduction Agriculture has a critical part in monetary development in Malaysia with underwriting 12% to the

nationwide Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and giving work aimed at 16% of the populace up to

this year. [1]. One of the parts that basic to commitment in agriculture is fruit production. The

value of the fruits is imperative intended for the buyers and ended up the prerequisite from the

providers to supply fruits with high ethics eminence. So, within the past few years, grading system

regarding fruits has set up to fulfil the needed of the natural product preparing industry review.

Other than that, the method of fruits includes a few steps that can for the most part be classified

into grading, sorting, packaging, transporting and storage. In agriculture, for high standard quality

inspection, the grading system is considered as the most important steps.

In general, fruit grading involves sorting and classify the fruit conferring to the parameter such

as sizes (diameter, length and shape). In Malaysia, most of the farmer is still using traditional

method such as weight measurement and visual inspection as a conventional way to inspect and

grade fruit product. Based on Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority (FAMA), there are five

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main criteria of agriculture grading which consist of freshness, maturity, the damage, defects and

uniformity of sizes [2]. However, humans are still using the old method as to inspect all these

criteria. This method in any case contributes to more serious work, time devouring and endures

from the issue of irregularity in judgment by diverse persons [3].

Therefore in this project, a weight grading system is proposed to close the gap occur in manual

grading system. Methods such as stereo vision, image processing and mathematical modelling is

applied in developing an effective grading system. Stereo vision is part of computer vision which

plays a major role in determine or classify object based on its input or criteria given [4]. While

image processing such as image rectification and image segmentation has been the well-known

methods among researcher in processing image for further analysis [5]. Mathematical modelling

is a model type for explaining the system and studying the effect of a different component and for

predicting behaviour. A study by Emilio Jorquera-Fontena et. Al [6], on berry indicate that the

weight-diameter relationship was sufficiently stable regardless of the genotype and growth. Their

study shows that weight can be measured based on the diameter of the fruit. The author estimates

the weight of fruit from equations using simple fruit diameter measurements. It can be a cheap and

fast alternative for a precise measurement of fruit weight.

System Overview Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed stereo vision system in measuring the size of

fruit and further determined the grade of the fruits. Firstly, regression analysis, which used mean

of good fits, is implement to find the mathematical modelling. This is because the mathematical

modelling is essential and act as a backbone for the system to find fruits weight based on the size

of the fruits. Next step, the camera calibration is done as it generates important factor, which will

affect measurement of the whole process. After that, both right and left camera are getting the

image of object essential for the measurement. Next process the image is rectify so both images

meet the specification of parallel epipolar line. The images are segmented using triangulation

method so that the centroid data of the image can be extracted. After the image segmented,

diameter and length of the image is measured using image processing tools. By applying equation

from regression analysis, the fruit can now be graded and the data is tabulated. Pre-processing of

the data involve in gathering fruits sample and calculate the actual size and weight. These data are

then used to make an allometric modelling for the regression analysis. The regression analysis is

then use in the MATLAB to estimate the weight based on the size of the mango fruit before it can

be graded.

Fig. 1 : System Block Diagram of Pre-Processing and Fruit Weight Grading System

Experimental Result A total of 55 sample of mango fruit has been selected for the grading experiment. The actual

weight, size and grade of the samples has been collected and used as a reference in grading the

fruits according to its sizes. The classification of the mango is presented in Table 1. The tables

show that mango fruits with grade XL and S have the wrong estimation compared to the grade L

and M. The misclassification occurs mainly due to irregular shaped mango fruits that resulted in

inaccurate area estimation which in turn affects the weight estimation computation. Additionally,

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some of the estimated weights fall in between the grade categories and as such causing the

misclassification.

Tab. 1: Overall Performance of Fruit Weight Grading System

The cameras used is a low-cost web camera which is low in resolution. Due to this limitation,

it is significantly affected the process when evaluating the mango image. With low resolution on

the cameras, the detail of the image decreases thus make the edge detection process have a hard

time to segment the mango image. Although using low-cost cameras have many disadvantages,

the result that came out have high grading efficiency with producing more than 85% of accuracy.

Conclusion In conclusion, based the data gathered from the pre-processing test to the grading system, it is

shows that the limitation occur affected the accuracy of the system. In order to reduce the cost of

using a higher resolution camera, a web cam is used and it is significantly affected the process

when evaluating the mango image. With low resolution on the cameras, the detail of the image

decreases thus make the edge detection process have a hard time to segment the mango image.

Although using low-cost cameras have many disadvantages, the result that came out have high

grading efficiency with producing more than 85% of accuracy.

Acknowledgement The researchers would like to acknowledge the support of Universiti Teknologi MARA

Cawangan Pulau Pinang for the funding of the project.

References M. S. Mohamed and M. Y. Rokiah, “Tropical fruits and vegetables in Malaysia : Production and impact on

health,” Fruits Veg. Heal. Work., no. August 2006, pp. 1–5, 2010.

“Grading - FAMA.” [Online]. Available: http://www.fama.gov.my/en/web/pub/penggredan. [Accessed: 16-

Dec-2018].

S. Naik and B. Patel, “Machine Vision based Fruit Classification and GradingA Review,” Int. J. Comput.

Appl., vol. 170, no. 9, pp. 975–8887, 2017.

R. Szeliski, “Computer Vision : Algorithms and Applications,” Computer (Long. Beach. Calif)., vol. 5, p.

832, 2010.

S. Riyadi, M. Mustafa, A. Hussain, and A. Hamzah, “Papaya fruit grading based on size using image

analysis,” Proc. Int., no. August 2015, pp. 645–648, 2007.

E. Jorquera-Fontena, M. Génard, A. Ribera-Fonseca, and N. Franck, “A simple allometric model for

estimating blueberry fruit weight from diameter measurements,” Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam)., vol. 219, pp.

131–134, 2017.

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Chapter 8

Fusion E-Module (DFT4013 Security Basic and

IT Professional)

Siti Noor Aishah Binti Mohammad, Chen Mei Ching & Rohaya binti

Mohamad

JTMK, Politeknik Kuching Sarawak, Km 22 Jalan Matang,

93050 Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia,

[email protected]

Abstract DFT4013 Security Basic and IT Professional is a course offered to semester two students who enrolled in

Diploma in Information Technology (Digital Technology) at Polytechnic Kuching Sarawak. In this course,

students will learn about fundamental of information security which cover major information security issues,

technologies, and approaches. Currently, there is a platform provided called Curriculum Information

Document Online System (CIDOS) where students can download lecture notes, upload assignments and

online quizzes. However, sometimes CIDOS cannot be accessed due to internet connection problem and

system error. Eventhough, lecturer provides hardcopy for the lecture notes, students tend to lost it. Other than

the previous problem, students always ask their lecturers about continuous assessment mark for example

quizzes and assignments marks. In order to solve the problems faced by students, Fusion E-Module is

developed for this course. With Fusion E-Module, students can view all lecture notes, create their own study

notes, view example of past year questions and keep track their continuous assessment marks. By utilizing

this application, students can access lecture notes anytime and anywhere because no internet connection is

required. Furthermore, students can create their own study notes based on their own understanding. In order

to investigate the impact of Fusion E-Module, questionnaire is distributed to 34 respondents. The respondents

are given opportunity to use Fusion E-Module and their responses are categorized into several categories

which are user friendly, interactivity, design and suitableness. Through the development Fusion E-Module,

hopefully it will help students to achieve course learning outcomes (CLO) defined by Department of

Polytechnic and Community College Education (JPPKK).

Introduction In teaching and learning process, there are a lot of methods that can be applied. However,

according to Rivera & Barry (2018), traditional teaching methods which are used in classes and

laboratories may be effective to some students but not all. In Polytechnic Kuching Sarawak, there

is a Learning Management System (LMS) called Curriculum Information Document Online

System (CIDOS). Although students can use CIDOS as learning tool but the facilities provided in

CIDOS did not fully utilized by the students. Moreover, sometimes CIDOS cannot be accessed

due to internet connection problem and system error. Based on the aforementioned problems, the

Fusion E-Module, a mobile application for the course Security Basic and IT Professional

(DFT4013) is developed.

Robistow et al.(2017), had conducted a study on mobile application in education and result

from the finding shows that the mobile application has great potential in improving the quality of

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education. Nowadays, handphone usage among students become increasingly high and everpresent

(Vázquez-Cano, 2014). This is also supported by Leinonen et al. (2016), where the authors

mentioned the increase of mobile devices in learning institutions. Rossing et al. (2012) also

suggested that teaching and learning activities in the future will depend profoundly on mobile

technology.

With CIDOS, students can download lecture notes, upload assignments and take online

quizzes. Some lecturers also provide hardcopy for the lecture notes but students tend to lost it.

Besides that, students always ask their lecturers about continuous assessment mark for example

quizzes and assignments marks. As a solution, authors come up with the idea of developing Fusion

E-Module.

Fusion E-Module Fusion E-Module is developed by using a software called Eclipse Integrated Development

Environment (IDE) in Java programming language. Fusion E-Module is developed by combining

four modules which are lecture notes, study notes, past year questions and continuous assessment

marks.

a. Lecture Notes

In this module, five chapters which covers Introduction to Security, Security Policies and

Procedures, Security Techniques and Maintenance, Security Troubleshooting and

Solutions and lastly IT Professionalism and Ethics. For this module, have the options to

choose which chapter they want to view and click on the Open button.

Fig. 1: Lecture notes module

b. Study Notes

In this module, students can create their own study notes by using unique key notes and

the notes entered will be saved in the local database after students click on the Save button.

In order to retrieve back the saved notes, students can choose the key note from drop down

list.

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Fig. 2: Study notes module

c. Past Year Questions

For this module, students are provided with three sessions of past year questions which are

December 2016, December 2017 and June 2018. After selecting the session, students can

click on the Open button and access the questions. Student can type and save their answers.

Later on, students can view and update their previous answers.

Fig. 3: Past year questions module

d. Continuous Assessment Marks

With this module, students can key in the marks for all the continuous assessments which

are quizzes, practical tasks, test and problem based task. Then, after students click on the

Calculate button, the marks entered will be converted to 60% and 100%. Students can save

the calculation results and update any changes to the continuous assessment marks.

Fig. 4: Continuous assessment marks module

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Findings In order to find out students perception towards the use of Fusion E-Module, a questionnaire had

been distributed to 34 students who registered for Security Basic and IT Professional (DFT4013).

The questionnaire covers four aspects of android application usage which are user friendly,

interactivity, design and suitableness. Findings from questionnaire are shown in Table 1. For all

the aspects, students were asked to rate the influences ranging from strongly disagree to strongly

agree. A weight of five is given to response of “strongly agree’, a weight of four is given to

“somewhat agree”, a weight of three is given to “neither agree nor disagree, a weight of two is

given to “somewhat disagree” whereas a weight of one is given to “strongly disagree”.

Table 1: Mean of Ratings

Aspect Means of rating

User Friendly 4.68 Interactivity 4.75 Design 4.70 Suitableness 4.82

From the findings, it shows that Fusion E-Module is user-friendly, the screen design is consistent

and well-structured and instructions provided are clear and understood by users.

Conclusion Currently there is no mobile learning application has been developed for this course. This

application is a “fusion” of lecture notes, study notes, past year questions and calculation of

student’s continuous assessment marks. With this application, students can do revisions efficiently

through study notes and past year questions. Therefore it will be able to help students to perform

well academically.This application can also be used as a benchmark for other courses in terms of

new teaching and learning tool in accordance to current IT technology. However, this application

can be enhanced in the future by including quiz module which provide multiple choice questions

to help students assess their own understanding

References Leinonen, T., Keune, A., Veermans, M., & Toikkanen, T. (2016). Mobile apps for reflection in learning: A

design research in K‐12 education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(1), 184-202.

Rivera, S., Banavar, M. K., & Barry, D. (2018, October). Mobile apps for Incorporating Science and

Engineering Practices in K-12 STEM Labs. In 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp.

1-5). IEEE.

Robistow, B., Newman, R., DePue, T. H., Banavar, M. K., Barry, D., Curtis, P., & Spanias, A. (2017, March).

Reflections: An eModule for echolocation education. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on

Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 1562-1566). IEEE.

Rossing, J. P., Miller, W., Cecil, A. K., & Stamper, S. E. (2012). iLearning: The future of higher education?

Student perceptions on learning with mobile tablets.

Vázquez-Cano, E. (2014). Mobile distance learning with smartphones and apps in higher education.

Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(4), 1505-1520.

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Chapter 9

HCI GO

Tan Phei Yee1, Wong Chun Fong2, Anding Nyuak1, Ng Boon Ding1

& Norfazilah Binti Mohamad Pon1

1 JTMK, Politeknik Kcuhing Sarawak, Km 22 Jalan Matang,


2JKM, Politeknik Kcuhing Sarawak, Km 22 Jalan Matang,


[email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this product is to produce a mobile application named HCI Go! Human Computer Interaction

is a theoretical subject. Most of the time, the teaching and learning session adopt chalk and talk method. Thus,

the production of this application is to enrich the teaching and learning method by adopting the 20th century

learning method. This is an interactive learning application. With this application, user will experience the

interactive learning for Human Computer Interaction subject. User also can enrich their knowledge in this

subject through the interaction in the application. It has the potential to change the way we teach and learn

across the typical classroom board. It can upgrade, and expand the participation in lifelong learning. However,

it cannot replace lecturers, but in addition to existing methods it can improve quality and achieve their

teaching, and reduce time for administration. This is aligned with the 20th century learning method where it

enables every student to achieve their potential and help to build an education workforce that is authorized to

change. At the same time, the education application will be able to aspire towards future learning

communities. In addition, HCI is a subject that is not only learnt by students in colleges or university, but,

personnel involved in this field will also can use this application to enrich their knowledge for their daily

working activities.

Introduction The use of computing technology for learning has been observed in many ways. In recent decades,

electronic learning or e-Learning has been adopted and used by polytechnic students. They are

familiar with the term e-Learning and technology. E-Learning adopts interactive technologies and

communications to enhance learning experience. It has the potential to change the way we teach

and learn across the board. It can upgrade and expand participation in lifelong learning. It cannot

replace lecturers, but in addition to existing methods it can improve quality and achieve their

teaching and reduce time for administration. It can enable every student to achieve their potential

and help build an education workforce that is authorized to change. At the same time, makes the

education system really aspire to future learning communities to achieve 20th century learning.

Mobile learning enables learners to learn anywhere and at any time using mobile technologies

(Vosloo, 2012). The use of mobile devices, such as smartphones, mobile phones, tablets, PDAs,

MP3s, and pocket PCs, for computing education is constantly gaining interest among researchers

and educators (Ihantola et al., 2013; Moreira & Ferreira, 2016; Prenner et al., 2014; Oyelere et al.,

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2016a; Tortorella and Graf, 2017). These interests are boosted because of mobile devices’

availability, low cost, technology infrastructure availability, and learners’ interests (Oyelere et al.,

2016a & Oyelere et al., 2016b). ). Learners can now carry mobile devices anywhere, anytime to

support their learning and personal activities. Although learning through mobile devices is

envisaged as beneficial, especially in computing classrooms, learners’ perception and experience

will determine the success of this technological intervention.

Students at polytechnics can use this mobile application while learning Human Computer

Interaction. This application helps to improve their knowledge of HCI. Through mobile learning,

learner can gain knowledge and skills anywhere and not limited to inside a classroom.

Problem Statement The following are the problems statement of the project:

i. Most of the existing application only applied using desktop.

ii. Learning and assessment only available at polytechnic manually.

iii. Limited teaching and learning materials using mobile environment. Thus, most of the

students just learn based on the provided materials.

Objectives According to the problem statements, 3 objectives are stated to overcome the problems:

i. To develop a platform of multimedia learning application in HCI through mobile.

ii. To help students get more knowledgeable about HCI through Quizzes in the application. iii. To enable user to review and answer past year question for HCI through the application.

Project Significant The goal of this research project is to develop an application for student polytechnic. In particular,

we focus on the best way to make this application looks more attractive and loaded with many

categories like chapters learning, quizzes, practices and past year paper to help student to improve

their knowledge about Human Computer Interaction. After that, student with less interest will

benefit more from this application, because the application will be provide with animation to make

them keen learn, explore and enjoy to learn by using this application. This application development

project will also promise to provide an interactive learning environment for student, because this

application has user friendly interface that will allow student easily to use and understand the

subject through the application.

Research Design and Methods Software development methodology applied is based on ADDIE Model which consisted of five

main phases which are Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation.

Figure 1: ADDIE Model

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Figure 1 showing the software development for HCI Go. The design of HCI Go application

includes Platform Design and System Design which comprise several interactive features as shown

in Figure 2.

The learning material comprises text, images and interactive animations. The application runs

on Android Operating System and uses Adobe Air to play. A user has to download and install

HCI Go application onto their mobiles. The following table represents the interfaces designed

based on the HCI Go modules described in Table 1.

Figure 2: System design of HCI GO

Table 1: Interface Design of HCI GO modules

Modules Description

Notes

Chapter

Sub Chapter

Presenting information, providing offline notes, interactive notes.

Quiz

Opportunity to think hard about the concepts presented in the

learning material and to test his/her understanding of the topics.

Past Question Paper Opportunity to think hard about the Past Question paper presented

in the learning material and to test his/her understanding of the

topics.

Exit To do selection when exit the application.

Findings There were 90 students attending Human Computer Interaction course. However, the study

instrument (a survey questionnaire) were distributed to 30 students who were randomly selected

from both programs as the sample for this study.

The questionnaire is consisted of two parts: first part consists of demographic information of

respondents based on their age and gender and second part measures intention of students to

learn through mobile application of HCI GO in terms of usability, design and content using five-

point Likert scale.

The mean value of this study is translated according to the following translations (Table 2):

Table 2: Mean Score Interpretation

Mean Score Interpretation

1.00 - 1.80 Very Low

1.81 – 2.60 Low

2.61 – 3.20 Medium

3.21 – 4.20 High

4.21- 5.00 Very High

(Source:adapted from Moidunny, 2009)

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Table 3 : Means of Rating

Aspect Means of rating

Usability 4.346

Design 4.453

Content 4.464

From the findings in Table 3, the mean score for the usability of application is very high at

4.346. Meanwhile, the design of application of HCI GO is very high with a total mean score of

4.453. The result of the analysis shows the overall score mean is very high at 4.464 for content

of application.

Conclusion By creating a mobile application for the course of Human Computer Interaction, students will be

motivated in learning the course because they can learn the course according to their own pace.

They do not need to force themselves and they can study in a more relax environment. The

students can get all the information needed for the course as well as quiz which can help the

students to assess their own understandings regarding the course. They do not need to go to the

library to search for information and can access the information anytime and anywhere. So,

learning through mobile application is very flexible for the students.

References

Ihantola, P., Helminen, J., & Karavirta, V. (2013) How To Study Programming On Mobile Touch Devices:

Interactive Python Code Exercises. In Proceedings Of The 13th Koli Calling International Conference

On Computing Education Research. 51-58.

Moidunny, K. (2009). The Effectiveness of the National Professional Qualification for Educational Leader

(NPQEL). Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Bangi: The National University of Malaysia.

Moreira, F., Ferreira, M.J., (2016). Teaching and learning modeling and specification based on mobile

devices and cloud. In 11th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), IEEE,

1–6.

Oyelere, S. S., Suhonen, J., & Sutinen, E. (2016a). M-learning: A new paradigm of learning ICT in Nigeria.

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 10(1), 35–44.

Oyelere, S.S., Suhonen, J., Shonola, S.A., Joy, M.S. (2016b). Discovering students mobile learning

experiences in higher education in Nigeria. In Frontiers in Education Conference, USA, 1–7.

Prenner, G., Rotheneder, A. Schikuta, E. (2014). NetLuke: web-based teaching of algorithm and data

structure concepts harnessing mobile environments. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference

on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services, ACM, 7–16.

Tortorella, R. A.W., & Graf, S. (2017). Considering learning styles and context awareness for mobile adaptive

learning. Education and Information Technologies, 22(1), 297–315.

Vosloo, S. 2012. UNESCO Policy Guidelines for Mobile Learning. In: UNESCO (ed.). Paris, France:

UNESCO

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Chapter 10

Kenaf and Ijuk Admixture for Landfill Leachate

Improvement

Roslizayati Razali, Noor Shazreen A Rahman, Diana Che Lat & Siti

Nur Aishah Mohd Noor

Department of Geotechnical and Transport, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Mara University of Technology, MALAYSIA

Abstract Landfill is a place to dump any materials that facing with leachate, toxins, and greenhouse gases problems.

Leachate is a liquid that is accumulated from landfill waste and outside water sources, which can contribute

to water pollution if leakage of flow occurs to the groundwater sources. This research focuses on behavior of

kenaf and ijuk mixed with kaolinite for landfill application to overcome leachate problem. Kenaf is

herbaceous plants that have good mechanical properties and it's definitely safe to mankind health. Kenaf has

high potential of commercial used since it grows quickly and it has low harvested production cost. This plant

is available in a wide range of weather conditions including Malaysia. In other hand, ijuk can be a soil

reinforcement is proposed to evaluate the strength enhancement of modified soft soils thus cutting down the

usage of cement and hence promotes green solution for sustainable environment. These admixture are

becoming popular due to their relatively low cost, ease of application, and short curing time. In this study,

kenaf core has been used as it is also known as a good absorbent product up to six times their weight and

have less than 1% leaching capability, while ijuk fibers as alternative materials for soil stabilization with the

aim to promotes sustainable solution. In this study, kenaf core and ijuk fibers are mixed with kaolinite to

improve its performance as an absorbent material and soil strengthening in order to reduce groundwater

contamination due to leachate infiltration into groundwater from landfill. The aim of this study is focusing

on evaluating the effectiveness of the soil mixer with different percentages of kenaf core and ijuk fibre on

increasing its capability as an absorbent and strengthening material. Results of laboratory works are presented

to prove the suitability of this material to be used on landfill to overcome leachate problem.

Introduction Landfill is the most common method of organizing waste disposal. The long term problems caused

by landfill are related to the generation of leachate which can cause considerable environmental

problems. An effective liner layers system becomes critical to prevent the movement of leachate

beyond the landfill area. Previous research was found that the absorbent capacity of kenaf can be

10 times more than the weight of kenaf core material (Najib et al 2006; Jonoobi et al., 2011; Cao

et al., 2011). In addition Bushra et al. (2016) and Mathan et al. (2016) in their research found out

that ijuk fibre has a very good mechanical properties and it has a very good potential as a composite

material and soil reinforcement in the future. This study introduce kenaf and ijuk as a green

admixture to increase the ability of liner layer as absorbent material and on the same time can be

strengthening the soil layer.

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Scope of study To acquire the objectives of this study, a stage of laboratory work has been performed so that the

result can be presented systematically. All the standard tests were conducted based on British

Standard as references. The basic laboratory tests that have been performed are Atterberg Limit

which includes Plastic Limit (PL) and Liquid Limid (LL) in order to determine the Plasticity Index

(PI). In addition, for engineering purpose, Unconfined Compression test and standard proctor test

are conducted to determine strength and density of soil.

Test result and discussion Each sample has been processed at the laboratory accordance with British Standard Method –

BS1377: Part 2.

Figure 1.0 show determination of liquid limit using cone penetrometer testing with different

percentages of kenaf. The results show that the increasing of percentages of the kenaf added to

kaolin give higher value of liquid limit.

Table 1: List of the basic properties tests of soil with different percentages of kenaf.

Sample LL PL PI Soil Classification

Kaolin 76 47.24 28.76 Silt with very high plasticity

Kaolin + 4% kenaf 84 28.99 55.01 Clay with very high plasticity

The results in table 1 show that when kenaf is added to the kaolin it display clayey nature with

high plasticity. Plasticity index of soil depend on clay content and soil that have high plasticity is

tend to be clay.

Figure 1.0: Liquid limit resut for different kenaf

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Figure 2.0: the combination of dry density of

different % kenaf

Figure 3.0: the combination of dry density of

different % ijuk

Standard proctor test was applied to determine the maximum dry density (MDD) and the optimum

moisture content (OMC) for all samples added with different percentages of kenaf and ijuk. It is

observed from Figure 2.0 that the maximum dry density is decrease relatively with the increased

percentage of kenaf whereas for figure 3.0 maximum dry density increased with the increment

percentage of ijuk.

Figure 4.0 : Compaction test for 4% of kenaf Figure 5.0 : Compaction test for 1%of ijuk

Figure 4.0 and figure 5.0 shows the comparison between compaction test results for 4% of kenaf

and 1% of ijok added to the kaolin. It could be clearly seen that when kaolin added with 1% of

ijuk, the maximum dry density slightly increase as compared to 4% of kenaf.

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Figure 6.0 : Unconfined Compression Test results

Unconfined compression test is performed in order to determine the shear strength of kaolin with

different percentage of kenaf. From Figure 6.0, it is observed 4% of kenaf added give higher value

of strength compare to others percentage. The aim of this study is focusing on evaluating the

effectiveness of the soil mixer with different percentages of kenaf core and ijuk fibre on increasing

its capability as an absorbent and strengthening material is achieved.

Conclusion

Kenaf is a plant that can be substituted as an admixture to convert the characteristics of the soil

into a better filter for groundwater contamination prevention. Thus, the use of converting natural

source as construction product can increase the diversity of crop function in accordance with the

National Commodity Policy to make the versatile plant as a contributor to the national economy

by 2020. Several laboratory testing have been conducted to the effectiveness of kenaf admixtures

as an absorbent material. Based on the findings of physical and engineering properties, liquidity

Index of fine soil tend to increase accordance with the increasing of the percentages kenaf

admixture. For compaction test, the value for Maximum Dry Density (MDD) is decreased

relatively with increasing percentages of kenaf admixture whereas when added with percentages

of ijuk, the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) was increased that prove the strength enhancement of

soil. The shear strength decreased with increasing percentage of kenaf admixture for Unconfined

Compression Test (UCT). From this study, 4 percent of Kenaf and 1 percent of ijuk admixtures

with kaolin clay was the effective ratio for layer prevention material in landfill.

References Bushra Rashid, Zulkiflle Leman, Mohammad Jawaid, Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali, Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak.

(2016). The Mechanical Performance of Sugar Palm Fibres (Ijuk) Reinforced Phenolic Composites.

International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.

Cao XV, Ismail H, Rashid AA, Takeichi T, Vo-Huu T (2011). Mechanical properties and water absorption

of kenaf powder filled recycled high density polyethylene/natural rubber bio composites using mape as a

compatibilizer. BioResour.

Jonoobi M, Harun J, Tahir PM, Shakeri A, Saifulazry S, Makinejad MD (2011). Physicochemical

characterization of pulp and nanofibers from kenaf stem. Retrieved

from:http://dx.doi.org/10/1016j.matlet.2010.08.054

Mathan Sambu, Musli Nizamyahya, Hanif Abdul Latif, Mohamed Nasrul Mohamed Hatta and Mohd Imran

Bin Ghazali. (2016). Acoustical Performanceand Physical Properties of Nonwoven Fibre; Arenga

Pinnata (IJUK) and Natural Rubbercomposite. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

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Najib M, Wan MAM, Zahari R, Sukri M, Yunus I (2006). Status of kenaf product development: Processing,

animal feed, biofiber and pharmaceutical properties. In: Fourth technical review meeting on the National

Kenaf Reaserch project Malaysia Agriculture Research (MARDI)

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Chapter 11

Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Aerogel

from Rice Husk Ash with Ambient Pressure

Drying Method for Methylene Blue Removal

A.R. Hidayu, N.F. Mohamad, S.I.S Jamaludin, S.H.A. Muhamad &

N.H. Aziz

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Pasir Gudang, Jalan Purnama, Bandar

Seri Alam, 81750 Masai, Johor

Abstract Rice husk is an abundant agricultural by-product that is rich in silica which is about 60%. Rather than dumped

or burnt it in the open areas, this by-product can be used in the production of silica aerogel as an economically

viable raw material. Silica aerogel from rice husk ash (RHA) was prepared through sol-gel method and dried

by using ambient pressure drying method. The silica RHA was extracted with sodium hydroxide solution to

produce sodium silicate solution and neutralized with sulphuric acid to form silica gel. A small amount of

Tetraethyl Ortho-silicate (TEOS) was added to the silica gel to strengthen the gel network and increase the

porosity of gel. The gel was aged to ensure all of the gel is completely formed and was washed carefully with

pure water and dried with ethanol under ambient pressure to form silica aerogel. SEM and FTIR analyses

revealed the synthesized silica aerogel has fibrous morphology and indicates similar trend with previous

researches. For adsorption testing, the silica aerogel able to adsorb 89% to 97% when the contact time was

raised from 1h to 2h from aqueous solution. This study affirmed that silica aerogel was successfully

synthesized using RHA and applied as an efficient adsorbent for MB removal.

Keywords: Rice husk ash, Ambient Drying Pressure Method, Silica Aerogel, FTIR, Adsorption

Introduction Textile industries plays an important role in the economic development especially for developing

countries. However, textile indsutries creates serious effect which produce a lot of wastewater,

which contains a number of contaminants, including acidic or caustic dissolved solids, toxic

compounds, and any different dyes (Aljeboree, Alshirifi, & Alkaim, 2017). Numerous of these

dyes are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic and possibly disturb the ecosystem. Moreover,

it also toxic to human beings, fish species, and microorganisms. Methylene blue (MB) is a cationic

dye having various applications in chemistry, biology, medical science and dyeing industries. Its

long term exposure can cause vomiting, nausea, anemia and hypertension (Pathania, Sharma, &

Singh, 2017). Hence, their removal from aquatic wastewater is important.

Adsorption technique is a very attractive and effective separation technique for producing high

quality colorless effluents. It also superior to other dye removal methods in terms of initial cost,

simplicity of design, ease of operation and insensitive to toxic substances (Pathania et al., 2017).

For researchers and environmentalists, dyes removal in an economic way remains an important

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issue

In this study, the feasibility of using silica aerogel for adsorption of a methylene blue (MB) has

been tested. The characteristics of the silica aerogel are highly microporous in the structure with

both have high internal surface area and porosity (Mishra, 2007). Thus, rich in porosity can be

used as an adsorbent for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from various sources such

as water and air streams (Mishra, 2007). Considering cost effectiveness in silica aerogel

production, researchers developed different precursors from abundant waste materials, such as oil

shale ash, fly ash, bagasse ash and rice husk ash (Zhu et al., 2018). In this study, rice husk ash

(RHA) was used as the main raw material since it has been thrown away and ends up either being

dumped in open area or burned in open spaces (Bakar, Yahya, & Gan, 2016). Therefore, the aim

of this research is to synthesis and characterize of silica aerogel from RHA using ambient pressure

drying (APD) technique for methylene blue (MB) removal.

Materials and synthesis methods The rice husk is dry at 50°C, and grounded to pass the 150 µm sieve. The rice husk is put into a

muffle furnace at different calcination temperatures (400 – 800 °C) with holding time length (5h)

are carried out for different samples. The calcination mixture is then immersed in 1M H2SO4

solution with a certain ration of 8 mL/g. The silica sol is obtained after vacuum filtration, with the

residues for further characterization. The silica sol with a certain volume was then put into the

oven, and gelation occurred after calcined 12 h under 60 °C. The hydrogel is aged for 1 d, after

which 1 M H2SO4 solution is performed to remove the impurities inside the skeleton at room

temperature. The hydrogel is then immersed into EtOH for solvent exchange at room temperature,

after which hexane is used to substitute the ethanol inside the pores. Surface modification is then

carried out by soaking the wet gel in a mixture with a volume ratio of hexane: TMCS:EtOH=8:2:1

for 24 h at 40 °C. After a complete surface modification, the silicawet gel is suspended in a liquor

and bailed out. The modified silica wet gel is then dried under room temperature for 3 h, and then

it is heated at 100 °C and 200 °C for 2 h, respectively, to obtain the super hydrophobic silica

aerogel.

Characterization The morphology of the synthesized silica aerogel was determined using Scanning Electron

Microscopy (SEM Jeol). The functional groups were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared

(FTIR Spectrometer Bruker Vertex 70) in the range of 4000 to 400 cm-1.

Adsorption process A batch adsorption experiments were conducted in a set of conical beakers at initial concentration

MB is 50 mg/L. 1 g/L of silica aerogel was added to the MB solution under constant stirring (300

rpm) at ambient temperature with different contact time. Then, the samples were collected,

centrifuged (3000 rpm, 2 min), and analysed using UV-vis spectroscopy at 665 nm. The amount

of MB removal percentage was computed using following equation:

Removal (% ) =Concentration inlet− Concentration outlet

Concentration inlet× 100 (1)

Results and Discussion

Characterization of silica aerogel synthesized of RHA

Figure 1 shows the SEM image of silica aerogel synthesized from RHA. As illustrated from the

figure, the pore size and porosity distribution was uneven. The SEM image of the synthesized

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silica aerogel was in conformity with literature (Sheng Cui, Shu-wen Yu, Ben-lan Lin, Xiao-dong

Shen, 2015).

The functional groups present in silica aerogel synthesized from RHA were analysis using FTIR,

as shown in Figure 2. Firstly, rice husk (RH) consists of O-H bonds due to the existence of

cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents. Ramesh, (2016) observed the broad band at 3328.98

cm-1 represent the cellulosic materials which contain a various number of O-H bonds. 2896.95 cm-

1, 1635.56 cm-1, 1074.30 cm-1 and 790.78 cm-1 respectively contain C-H stretching vibrations,

hemicellulosic subfraction and C-O-C stretching for glucose rings (or C-O stretching single bond).

Unlike raw RH, FTIR spectra of RHA (400℃, 600℃, 800℃) illustrate less absorption peaks since

most functional groups disappeared. According to the previous researches, the functional groups

from the raw material spectrum which mostly is cellulose (Wang, Li, Barford, Hellgradt, & Mckay,

2016) were as volatile matters when heat was provided (Deshmukh, Peshwe, & Pathak, 2012). As

the temperature getting higher to 800℃, the broad peak becomes greater due to the SiO2

transformed to crystalline form. The characteristics of band at 1074.30 cm-1 and 798.49 cm-1 for

silica aerogel are allied to Si-O-Si asymmetric and O-Si-O symmetric bond stretching vibration

respectively (Wörmeyer, Alnaief, & Smirnova, 2012). This finding is also quite similar to Fan,

Wu, Xu, & Sun, (2016).

Fig. 1 SEM image of Silica aerogel

synthesized from RHA Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of silica aerogel from RHA

Adsorption Performance of Silica Aerogel Synthesized from RHA Figure 3 exhibit the adsorption performance of silica aerogel synthesized from RHA on MB

removal. Silica aerogel was proven to have a high feasibility as adsorbent for MB removal as

demonstrated in its high removal percentage (89%) for contact time 1h and continue rising to 97%

when the contact time is increased to 2h, owing to its favourable structural properties. This

indicates that during absorption process, it started of with MB molecules penetrating onto the

boundary layer of adsorbent. Then, MB molecules diffused into the absorbent surface and are

adsorbed onto the surface pores of silica aerogel by weak forces of intermolecular cohesion (B. H.

Hameed, A. L. Ahmad, 2007). Hence, with a longer contact time, more molecules of MB have

more chances to interact and be attached to the silica aerogel surface and finally increased the MB

removal efficiency (De, Azargohar, Dalai, & Shewchuk, 2013).

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Fig. 3 Removal percentage of MB

Conclusion The potential of silica aerogel synthesized from rice husk ash (RHA) was tested on methylene blue

(MB) removal from aqueous solution. A simple sol-gel method together with an ambient pressure

drying technique has been used to synthesis one kind of high performance and flexible silica

aerogel (800oC). The characterization analysis (SEM and FTIR) of synthesized silica aerogel in

conformity with literature, signifying the successful formation of silica aerogel structure from

RHA. The performance studies showed that the silica aerogel from RHA has a good performance

in MB removal from aqueous (89% to 97%).

References Aljeboree, A. M., Alshirifi, A. N., & Alkaim, A. F. (2017). Kinetics and equilibrium study for the adsorption

of textile dyes on coconut shell activated carbon. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S3381–S3393.

B. H. Hameed, A. L. Ahmad, and K. N. A. L. (2007). "Adsorption of basic dye (methylene blue) onto

activated carbon prepared from rattan sawdust. Dyes and Pigments, 75, 143–149.

Bakar, R. A., Yahya, R., & Gan, S. N. (2016). Production of High Purity Amorphous Silica from Rice Husk.

Procedia Chemistry, 19, 189–195.

De, M., Azargohar, R., Dalai, A. K., & Shewchuk, S. R. (2013). Mercury removal by bio-char based modified

activated carbons. Fuel, 103, 570–578.

Deshmukh, P., Peshwe, D., & Pathak, S. (2012). FTIR and TGA Analysis in Relation with the % Crystallinity

of the SiO<sub>2</sub> Obtained by Burning Rice Husk at Various Temperatures. Advanced

Materials Research, 585(May 2014), 77–81.

Fan, H., Wu, Z., Xu, Q., & Sun, T. (2016). Flexible, amine-modified silica aerogel with enhanced carbon

dioxide capture performance. Journal of Porous Materials, 23(1), 131–137.

Mishra, S. (2007). Preparation and characterization of Micropous Activated Carbon from Biomass and its

Application in the Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aueous phase. (January).

Pathania, D., Sharma, S., & Singh, P. (2017). Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon

developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1445–S1451.

Ramesh, A. A. D. G. P. S. (2016). Preparation and Characterization of Silica Material from Rice Husk Ash –

An Economically Viable Method. Chemistry and Materials Research, 4(3), 20–26.

Sheng Cui, Shu-wen Yu, Ben-lan Lin, Xiao-dong Shen, D. G. (2015). Preparation of SiO2 aerogel from rice

husk ash. RSC Advances, 5, 65818–65826.

Wang, Z., Li, J., Barford, J. P., Hellgradt, K., & Mckay, G. (2016). A comparison of chemical treatment

methods for the preparation of rice husk cellulosic fibers. International Journal of Environmental &

Agriculture Research, 2(1), 2454–1850.

Wörmeyer, K., Alnaief, M., & Smirnova, I. (2012). Amino functionalised Silica-Aerogels for CO 2-

adsorption at low partial pressure. Adsorption, 18(3–4), 163–171.

Zhu, L., Wang, Y., Cui, S., Yang, F., Nie, Z., Li, Q., & Wei, Q. (2018). Preparation of silica aerogels by

ambient pressure drying without causing equipment corrosion. Molecules, 23(8), 1–12.

89.1497.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2

Rem

oval

of

MB

(%

)

Contact Time, h

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Chapter 12

IOT-based Traffic Light System Control for

Emergency Vehicle Preemption

Nur Athiqah Harron, Zainal Hisyam Che Soh,

Aini Hafizah Mohd Saod, Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid,

Siti Azura Ramlan & Nor Salwa Damanhuri

Universiti Teknologi MARA (Pulau Pinang),

Permatang Pauh 13500, Malaysia

Abstract Nowadays, smart cities have been a municipality with constant shifting of information and communication

technology with smart traffic management network as one of its urban infrastructure services. However,

limitation arise in the traffic management due to the inadequate management of emergency vehicle

throughout the years. Thus, an efficient control system development will shift Malaysia further grasp into

traffic management cycle. An efficient traffic management for an emergency vehicle is procuring through

implementation of smart device to determine the distance between vehicles and the sensing methods.

Henceforward, citizens can be aware of the urban intelligences for an effective traffic management of

emergency vehicle that will help lives and property (Kapileswar Nellore, 2016). It also verified that with IoT

implementation, it provides consumer a green signal that could save lives (Harshini Vijetha, 2017). As the

contributors, they exploit the system management to provide an accurate and plain sailing environment. This

project development begins with sensor node transmit and receive real time data in managing the traffic. With

IoT, the system will be projected onto IoT Cloud infrastructure of the traffic light and displayed to a nearby

monitor to notify users in preparing to give ways for the upcoming emergency vehicle and wait for further

action.

Introduction Peak-period trips required more than 37 percent of travel time in 2003 than a free flow trip during

midday which up from 28 percent in previous 10 years (Traffic Congestion and Reliability, 2005).

In Malaysia, the emergency response time sometimes goes up to 45 minutes, (MIMS Today, 2016)

and ambulance responses within 8 minutes for 90 percent of the cases that are considered as the

‘gold standard’ (Journal of Medical Emergency Services (JEMS).

With the increasing amount of vehicles on the road, traffic congestion are bound to happened

which leads to transportation delays and consequently leads to another problem where emergency

vehicles such as ambulance, police and fire fighters fail to reach the emergency location in a

minimum amount of time. Failure to commit to the emergency time has threaten the lives and

property and also caused loosses. Therefore, the public awareness is important in order to gain

cooperative action from the public to reduce the time taken by the emergency vehicle to reach the

emergency destination.

Prior to the issue raised earlier, it is verified that an effective smart traffic management systems

is required in the society. The systems can be developed based on priority or traffic density to

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realize the goals towards improving transportation efficiency and response times of emergency

services. By monitoring the lane in used by the emergency vehicle, the traffic light can be

controlled automatically to give priority to the lane under monitoring. This prevent the emergency

vehicle from changing lane and further speeds up the time taken to reach their destination.

Furthermore, drivers will also alert that an emergency vehicle is currently on their lane.

System Structure The system structure of this project is divided into two development phases; input sensor

development and smart emergency traffic light system development. In the development of the

input sensor, selection of input device such as camera and RFID must be compatible with the Intel

MOVIDIUS neural stick platform. A number of container cases are design as a housing to the Intel

MOVIDIUS neural stick and all other related sensors. In system development, Intel MOVIDIUS neural stick integrated to Raspberry Pi 3 Wi-fi and

connected to a router gateway to cloud and then further connected to a traffic light controller

devices and LCD display as shown in Fig. 1. Data collection is stored or received to and from the

cloud. Then data visualization from the cloud is fetch and user is notified via LCD and the traffic

light ran as programmed .

Fig. 1 System structure of proposed system

The proposed system is evaluated based on the data collection received from input sensor node

via IoT Cloud. The LCD display utilize as an alert notification which notify the road user when

the emergency vehicle detected by the sensor. Additionally, the system will control the traffic light

display to prioritize the road with emergency vehicle.

Expected Output of the System Implementation The RFID sensor will be placed about 500 meters from the traffic light junction, when the RFID

detect the emergency vehicle, the data is send to the cloud and camera will capture the vehicle

image. The data from cloud will be send to traffic light controller and the traffic light signal of the

junction will turn to green light, the light of other junctions turn to red for two minutes and the

LCD display will show message “Make way for emergency vehicle” as show in Fig. 2.

The system can help to improve the resource and time efficiency of both emergency vehicle

and public vehicles while traveling on the road which consequently improves the safety of others

via awareness to road users.

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Fig. 2 Expected Outcome of the System Implementation

Conclusion This project presents a solution to monitor and control the traffic light for emergency vehicle

preemption using IoT platform via cloud. The proposed system provides a real-time emergency

vehicle tracking function in order to generate rapid signal on the traffic light controller and display

the data on LCD display for awareness. The system can be commercialized by enhancing the

prototype system using a set of robust sensor nodes in detecting the specific vehicle and integrate

the system into current system in used. Thus, more actual on-site data can be obtained and analyse.

Acknowledgement The researchers would like to acknowledge the support of Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan

Pulau Pinang for the funding of the project.

References Nellore, K., & Hancke, G. (2016). Traffic Management for Emergency Vehicle Priority Based on Visual

Sensing. Sensors,16(11), 1892. doi:10.3390/s16111892

Harshini Vijetha, H., & Dr. Nataraj, R. K. (2017). IOT Based Intelligent Traffic Control System. International

Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET),5(V), 707-711

Dublya, Z. (2017). IoT Light Control Documentation Release 0.1.0,1-58.

Leigh, E. (2016). Urban congestion inquiry. Smarter Cambridge Transport,1-16. Retrieved from

http://www.smartertransport.uk/

Traffic Management. (n.d.). GSMA Smart Cities,1-19. Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/iot/smart-

cities/

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Chapter 13

Fixed Prosthodontic Education Kit (FPEK)

Nik Zarina Nik Mahmood, Nik Rahayyu Nik Zulkifeli, Aiemeeza

Rajali & Norhasnida Nordin

Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus

Abstract A clear understanding in the process of delivering the dental prosthesis to a patient is vital to ensure its

longevity. The objectives of this project were to create a cost-effective, easily mobile and practically

visualisation kit which help students or dentists in explaining of treatment options in fixed prosthodontic and

assisting the patient for decision making. This kit is for all dental practitioners to be able to express all the

information regarding the treatment to their patients and to avoid any misunderstanding. With the

development of this kit, we anticipate the barrier between dentist-patient communications can be improved.

The fixed prosthodontic kit is a novel design kit explaining various treatment options of fixed dental

prostheses. Prosthodontic Kit is an ‘All in One' prototype, compact and lightweight, mobile and readily

available anywhere for dental clinician. It is a rectangular box comprised with various types of fixed

prostheses, and flashcards explaining the indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and cost

of each prosthesis. The prosthetic kit specially designed with the actual size of prostheses whereby the patients

can see, touch and feel the model as a real one that will be made for them. To complete with this kit, a short

video CD comprises of actual clinical case presentations also available to explain how prosthesis is cleaning

in the patient’s mouth and its maintenance. This kit is suitable for dental students or dental practitioners,

dental schools, dental clinics especially for restorative and prosthodontics clinics.

Introduction Fixed prosthodontic is concerned with replacement and restoration of teeth by immovable

permanent artificial substitution, requiring a wide array of restorative treatments encompasses but

not limited to crowns, bridges, veneers, inlays and onlays (GPT-9, 2017). Interaction between

dentists and patients is crucial in making appropriate treatment decision. In order to make a

favourable decision towards treatment, it is vital that patients clearly understand the treatment plan

(Canbazoglu et al., 2016). The essential components of dentist–patient communication are

information exchange, treatment decision and interpersonal relations. In the process of decision-

making for favourable treatment, it is vital that the patient clearly understands the treatment plan

itself. One of the important ways of gaining patients' trust and providing sense of security is

through effective patient-centred communication. However, due to dentists' hectic schedule, this

crucial opportunity of information exchange are often overlooked and undervalued. Dentists who

experienced difficulties in explaining the treatment plan may usually resort to verbal plus pictorial

aids. In such cases, the information transferred need to be fast yet effectively in making the patient

fully understand the step-by-step procedures involved (Rosenstiel et al., 2006).

In the field of dentistry, the shortage of satisfactory tools to help patients to visualize planned

procedures and their potential results is deemed noticeable. Verbal explanation is not an effective

way as a patient may encounter difficulty in visualizing the whole process. Dentists are struggled

to provide an effective imagery in their patient's mind at the end of the results uttered through

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/human-relation

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explanations. Thus, the explanations alone often cannot adequately assist patients during decision-

making. Healthcare providers should have a unique and innovative teaching methods as well as

effective communication skills to transfer necessary information and knowledge to the public so

as they are empowered to take favourable actions based on their decision. Effective dentist–patient

communication cannot be established merely based on using paper-based presentations (Sondell

K. and Sonderfeldt B., 1997). The aim of patient education kit is to assure that the patients are

informed of their treatment options, efficient use of medication, and the management of their

healthcare needs.

Quick and efficient information given to a patient is essential upon delivery of a dental

prosthesis. Mobile applications, other patient's prosthesis on the dental cast, and case presentations

are usually used to share the information or educate patients about prosthodontic treatment.

However, most of these apps only focussed on one type of prosthesis (Canbazoglu et al., 2016).

Desperate attempts by sketching the procedure in an effort to depict the treatment are often met

with equal dismay for the dentist. These attempts require an exquisite artistic ability which are not

in possession of dentists’ professional skill nor training. Real case photographs are of better help

in explaining and illustrating treatments. However in prosthodontics cases, real case photographs

are often ineffective and inadequate since the patient may be intimidated by relatively gory images.

At present, there is no comprehensive kit to educate patients about the prosthesis available for

them before starting the treatment. Even after several visits, some patients may still be clueless on

how to decide for their treatment options.

Rational, Benefit to User and Society The purpose of this project is to develop a tool with an effective user interface design to support

the dentist–patient interaction by providing the patient with real prostheses, descriptions of the

procedures and the end result. We observed that prior to our developed tool, students were using

real images from a book, and sketches which have the potential to cause intimidation, frustration

and fear. We witnessed several failed conversations between dentists and patients during our on-

site visits. The portability of fixed prosthodontic education kit provides efficient communication

with patients not only in clinical settings, but also in eliminating the location barriers. To enhance

patient education, dentists need to be able to illustrate the benefits of treatment easily, show the

consequences of untreated cases, and demonstrate dental concepts from simple veneer to complex

prosthodontics treatment. This project provide relevance of designing a tool using recycle concept

and cost-friendly, while preventing waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the utility of

fresh raw materials..

Content The Fixed Prosthodontic Education Kit (FPEK) is a novel design kit explaining various treatment

options to patient. FPEK is a ready-to-use kit for dental clinician in providing knowledge to the

patients since they can see, feel and touch not only prosthesis but also material used and visualize

how the teeth is prepared. It has helped dentists in explaining about each prosthesis and the

procedures that will be done for each prosthesis. It also aids the patient to have an overview about

the procedures in order for the patient to choose the best fixed prosthesis that suits them most. This

is a very useful and important kit for all dental practitioners in sharing the information with their

patients and avoid misunderstanding on the prostheses. The patient is made to aware of the

maintenance of the prosthesis which leads to better quality of life and health well-being.

This FPEK in a rectangular box measured 15cm x 20cm , is an all-in-one prototype, compact,

lightweight, mobile and readily available anywhere. This lightweight and compact kit is highly

recommended since it aids delivery of information faster giving a high impact on patient’s

awareness and decision making. Information provided in one kit is enough to educate patients prior

to their prosthodontic treatment.

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i. FPEK Prototype The FPEK (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) comprises of eight various types of prosthesis ranging from crowns

(full metal crown, all ceramic crown, metal ceramic crown, veneer), bridges (cantilever bridge,

fixed-fixed bridge,all ceramic bridge, resin bonded bridge), flashcards and a short video CD. A

range of fixed prostheses were constructed from two types of materials including metal alloy and

ceramic. A non-precious metal from recycled materials was used to construct full metal crown,

coping of a metal-ceramic crown, coping of the fixed-fixed bridge, and resin-bonded bridge. The

composition of the alloy were 61% cobalt, 27% chromium, 6% molybdenum, 5% tungsten, 1%

silicon, and 1% mixture of manganese, iron and carbon. The metals were used for full metal crown,

as a coping for bonded crown and bridge. All materials were recycled from remnant of real fixed

prostheses construction. The prepared kavo teeth were embedded in an epoxy resin exposing only

the crown portion. All prostheses were constructed and fitted on the prepared teeth and labelled.

Fig.1 Content of FPEK Fig.2 Example of tooth preparation and metal crown

ii. Flash cards

The illustrated flash cards display information of advantages and disadvantages for each

prosthesis. The cards were attached on the inner cover of the kit. It summarizes information for

each prosthesis, their indication, contraindication, advantages, disadvantages and cost in an easy

to understand manner (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Flash cards for each prosthesis

iii. A short video CD

A 3-5 minutes video explaining cementation and maintenance of prosthesis was developed. The

short video is aimed to ensure patient’s understanding since they could visualize on how the

prosthesis is being made.

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iv. Novelty of product

To date there is no such comprehensive kit using patients’ own sensory of see, feel and touch

available. The prosthetic kit is specially designed with the actual size of prostheses whereby the

patients can see, touch and feel the model as a real one that will be made for them. The experience

together with a thorough explanation by the practitioner using a short video and flashcards will

increase their understanding of the available options.

Conclusion

A Fixed Prosthodontic Education Kit (FPEK) is a useful education tool to provide knowledge and

create awareness to patients. It is highly mobile, practical, easily visualized and helpful to dental

service providers explaining of treatment options in fixed prosthodontic while greatly aids patient

for decision making. We recommend this FPEK to be widely used to assist students and dentists

during consultation.

References

Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms Committee Of The Academy Of Prosthodontics. Glossary Of Prosthodontic

Terms (GPT-9) 9th Edition J Prosthet Dent 2017 May;117(5s):E1-E105.

Rosenstiel, S.F., Land M.F. and Fujimoto J.(2006). Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics. 4th Edition, Vol.

Mosby-Yearbook, St. Louis Missouri, 11380.

Canbazoglu E, Salman YB, Yildirim ME, Merdenyan B, Ince IF. Developing a mobile application to better

inform patients and enable effective consultation in implant dentistry. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2016;

14:252-61.

Sondell K, Sonderfeldt B. (1991). Dentist-patient communication: a review of relevant models. Acta Odontol

Scand.

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Chapter 14

ARQR Phonic Dictionary:

Improving Reading Literacy among the Young

Learners Through Augmented Reality and QR

Code

Yee Bee Choo, Balkkis Abdul Aziz, Faziah Abd Karim,

Siti Dahlia Abdullah, Hoe Xin Yi, Muhammad Farhan Mohd Yazid,

Muhammad Najmuddin Sharifudin, & Nur Syahmina Mohidin

Institute of Teacher Education Tun Hussein Onn Campus, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract As stipulated in the Malaysian Blueprint 2013-2025, the Ministry of Education in its efforts to improve the

proficiency level of English among students has given the emphasis to strengthen the English Language.

However, some students are still facing problems in reading literacy. ARQR Phonic Dictionary aims to

improve students’ reading of the English letters and words with the aid of smartphones. It is an interactive

book from paper learning to e-learning that helps the students especially the young learners to master their

reading skill in English. It is a combination of a book with the AR and QR applications that enable the students

to improve their reading skill. AR stands for "Augmented Reality" which is a technology that combines virtual

objects into the realm of reality and students can interact with virtual objects in real time. It shows a video of

a teacher reading the letter sound, do the actions for the letter sound and read a word associated with it.

Meanwhile QR stands for “QR Code” which is a two-dimensional barcode that stores URL that enables the

students to listen to the words once it is scanned. Both AR and QR applications can be scanned and generated

by smartphones so that students can read easily and independently. The main focus of this innovative project

is to improve the students' ability to read the letters and words accurately and to increase their literacy and

motivation in reading English. This innovation is an educational innovation towards the Industrial Revolution

4.0 which emphasises the development of virtual reality technology that will produce quality human capital

that can follow digital transformation and compete globally. ARQR Phonic Dictionary is a book which is

designed to offer teachers, students and parents a resource material that can be used in class and at home.

Students can read it at anytime and anywhere, easily and freely.

Introduction In its effort to strengthen the English Language, the Ministry of Education has taken various

measures to improve the command of English among the students so that they could compete in

this globalized world. Since 2011, one of the measures taken is to introduce the Curriculum

Standard for Primary School (Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah – KSSR) which emphasise on

literacy skills through teaching of phonics that is based on ‘back to basics’.

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Problem Statement Phonics is a difficult aspect for students to master. The common problem faced by primary school

students is that they are very weak in reading English words compare to other languages. This is

because they fail to master the English sound system correctly. When they read the word that they

do not know, they stop at it and find difficulty to continue reading. In the teaching and learning of

phonics, there is also a specific movement for each letter in the phonics to help the students to

remember the sounds. However, students also find it difficult to remember the movement due to

the lack of stimulation.

The second problem is that students have no motivation in reading. They are not enthusiastic

and do not know the importance of reading in English. They also do not have the desire to read

English texts especially longer texts because they do not understand the texts that are read.

According to Bahramy and Araghi (2013), the factors that demotivate students to learn English

are boring and inappropriate lessons in classes, activities and materials that are not interesting, and

negative perceptions of students towards English. Therefore, the use of an attractive teaching aid

such as ARQR Phonic Dictionary is needed to help the students to improve their reading skill and

motivate them to learn English as well as to change their perceptions towards English.

Objectives 1. To improve the students’ basic reading skills.

2. To improve the students’ reading fluency.

3. To enable students to read independently.

4. To motivate students to read.

5. To provide a fun learning atmosphere when students are reading.

6. To provide the teachers a resource material for teaching and learning.

7. To foster relationship between parents and children.

Novelty The higher level of involvement and motivation of students can be seen when Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) is integrated into the teaching and learning process (Jihan

Rabah, 2015). Lin, Yu, Chen and Lin (2016) also states that using technology such as AR and QR

Code with mobile phones can improve reading skills among the students. With the use of videos

and audio linked to ARQR Phonics Dictionary, ICT elements can be integrated and it makes

learning fun and engaging.

ARQR Phonic Dictionary aims to improve students’ reading of the English letters and words

with the aid of smartphones. It is an interactive book from paper learning to e-learning that helps

the students especially the young learners to master their reading skill. It is a combination of a

book with the AR and QR applications. AR stands for "Augmented Reality" which is a technology

that combines virtual objects into the realm of reality and students can watch a video of a teacher

reading the letter sound, do the actions for the letter sound and read a word associated with it.

Meanwhile QR stands for “QR Code” which is a two-dimensional barcode that stores URL that

enables the students to listen to the words once it is scanned.

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Fig. 1 The cover page and contents of ARQR Phonic Dictionary

Fig. 2 The student scans the AR from the book and watches the video that appears.

Fig. 3 The students scan the QR code to listen to the pronunciation of the words.

Benefits to the user The use of ARQR Phonic Dictionary is very practical in the classroom because it is very easy to

use, lightweight to carry anywhere, and the flexibility features also allows it to be easily stored

and used repeatedly in teaching the students who are weak in reading.

Using this ARQR Phonic Dictionary, teachers can implement student-focused teaching and

learning activities in the classroom because students can easily access the ARQR Phonic

Dictionary through smartphone and they can watch the video provided on the AR application link

and listen to the audio on the QR code application. Students can learn to pronounce the words and

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read them in accordance with the videos and audio provided without the presence of teachers

standing in front of them to read the letters or words to students.

Benefits to the society The ARQR Phonic Dictionary is very easy to be used by students, teachers and parents as it only

requires mobile phones and internet connections to scan AR and QR code applications. They can

use it anytime and anywhere and this makes this book to be flexible.

Parents can use this book as a reinforcement after school to help their children to read correctly

and fluently. This book helps parents who are not good in English and they will feel more confident

to teach their children. Furthermore, this can foster their relationship with children and motivate

them to learn English, thus creating a society that is aware of the importance of English in their

everyday life.

Commercialization potential Letter and picture drawings, book creation, video footage, AR and QR Code applications are

designed and provided by the lecturers and teacher trainees themselves. This innovation has the

potential to be distributed to students, teachers and parents because the project is very easy to set

up and can be used both in the classroom and at home.

The use of this innovation is also not limited to one lesson and one subject only because the

flexibility features found in this innovation allow teachers to convert video footage to AR

application links, words and pictures depending on the topics and subjects they want to teach. The

audio in the QR Code application can also be used to teach other languages such as Bahasa Melayu

and Chinese Language.

Awards/recognition received This innovation project has won gold medal in the last year innovation competition in Program

Citra Pendidik Pertandingan Inovasi PdP IPGKTHO 2018 with its initial project as AR Phonic

Chart. This project has been improved by adding a QR Code on it.

Conclusion In conclusion, the innovation of ARQR Phonic Dictionary is very useful as it helps students to

improve their reading skills and motivate them to read as it can attract and increase their interest

in reading. This project is an educational innovation that can lead to the Industrial Revolution 4.0

which in turn can increase the country's productivity.

References Bahramy, M., & Araghi, M. (2013). The identification of demotives in EFL university students: International

Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1 (4), 840-845. Retrieved from

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1. 416.1928& rep=rep1&type=pdf

Jihan Rabah. (2015). Benefits and challenges of information and communication technologies (ICT)

integration in Quebec English schools. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 14 (2),

24-31. Retrieved from http://www.tojet.net/ articles/v14i2/1424.pdf

Lin, C.L., Yu, W.J., Chen, W.J., H, C.W., & Lin, C.C. (2016). The effect of literacy learning via mobile

augmented reality for the students with ADHD and reading disabilities. In M. Antona and C. Stephanidis

(Eds.): UAHCI 2016, Part III, LNCS 9739, pp. 103–111, 2016. Springer International Publishing

Switzerland. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40238-3_11

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Chapter 15

Kernelized Electronic Road Pricing (KERP)

Aini Hafizah Mohd Saod, Zainal Hisham Che Soh,

Nur Athiqah Harron, Siti Azura Ramlan,

Anith Nuraini Abd Rashid & Nurul Huda Ishak

Universiti Teknologi MARA (Pulau Pinang),

13500 Permatang Pauh, Malaysia

Abstract Every year, Malaysia produces a lot of new vehicles in supporting the transportation demand which lead to

the economic growth. However, the increasing of number of the vehicles on the road contributes to the heavy

traffic congestion. In addition, implementation of traditional toll collection system causes the traffic to

become slower during peak hour. Consequently, the road users waste a lot of time waiting for the long queue

during traffic congestion, hence lots of fuel gas will be released to the air which may affect the environment.

Therefore, we propose Kernelized Electronic Road Pricing (KERP) to reduce the traffic congestion at busy

area such as Penang Bridge by implementing open toll system and road pricing scheme. In this project, radio

frequency identification (RFID) is used to detect the vehicles entering the bridge. The sensor will detect the

vehicles entering the bridge without having to stop at the toll entrance and automatically deduct the toll fees.

The KERP system will analyze the rate of car passing the bridge in specific hours and display the price that

must be paid before entering the bridge based on the vehicle class and specified road pricing rate. The system

provides monitoring function by detecting invalid card or insufficient balance card and capturing vehicle’s

plate number that exceed the speed limit. The road pricing rates will be calculated using algorithms of Kernel

Function which is used to classify the data of vehicle classes and time range in order to determine the pricing

rate periodically. The road users are encouraged to enter the bridge during non-peak hour by offering lower

pricing rate during non-peak hour. Overall, KERP can minimize traffic congestion and reduce time travel for

the user. Besides, it can manage the user’s travel planning by offering a road pricing scheme.

Introduction Malaysia is one of the countries that implements conventional toll collection system in the

expressway areas such as North–South Expressway, Shah Alam Expressway, Johor Bahru Eastern

Dispersal Link Expressway and Penang Bridge. The traffic flow especially at the entrance and exit

of the expressway is slower during peak hour as the number of road users that use the expressway

to shorten the travelling distance are higher compared to normal hour.

Usually, the peak hours are ranging between 7 to 9 o'clock in the morning, 1 to 2 o'clock during

lunch hour and 5 to 7 o'clock in the evening. At the toll plaza, which is located at the toll entrance

and exit, the expressway users need to wait for their turn to pay the toll fees either using Touch 'n

Go or SmartTAG. The gate barriers at the toll plaza will be opened once the user has paid for the

toll fees. Sometimes, when the users did not have sufficient balance in their Touch 'n Go card, the

alarm will be sounded and they need to wait for the toll worker to clear the insufficient fees. This

situation especialy if it occurs during peak hour will increase traffic jam and extend more traveling

time.

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In order to reduce traffic jam at certain period of every year, PLUS Expressways Berhad

(2018), one of the national highway concessionaries will always release the Travel Time Advisor

(TTA) earlier to the public during festival seasons. Using TTA, the road users are suggested to

plan their journey using expressways based on particular location such as from north to south

region and specified days and time in order to decrease the traffic congestion and accident cases

during festival. Indirectly, the road users are also encouraged to use the expressways during non-

peak hour by offering discount for the toll fees.

Electronic Road pricing is basically a scheme of fees that is charged to the user directly for the

road services in congested road areas. The scheme is implemented in highly densed country such

as Singapore and Hong Kong in order to encourage the road users to travel during non-peak hour

(Rouhani, 2016). The road users will be highly charged during peak hour to encourage them to use

alternative road ways rather than the main expressways. This mechanism can reduce the traffic

congestion and educate the road users to avoid using expressways during peak hour.

This study is inspired by state-of-the-art road pricing schemes in the developed countries in

order to reduce the traffic congestion problem in busy cities like Penang. The proposed system,

Kernelized Electronic Road Pricing (KERP) is based on the Penang Bridge by implementing open

toll system which is without the gate barriers for speeding up the journey to enter the Penang

Bridge or exit to the main land. It can optimize usage of the road network by encouraging drivers

to consider alternative roads to reduce traffic congestion during peak hour.

Proposed Implementation Rather than using conventional toll system with the gate barrier, the proposed system, KERP

implements open toll system with gantry to display the toll pricing and vehicle information at the

toll plaza. Firstly, the vehicles that entering the bridge are required to installed the SmartTAG

inside their vehicles to allow the detection of the Touch 'n Go (cash card) when the vehicles

crossing the gantry area. The vehicle will be detected at the gantry without having the gate barrier

that can slower down the vehicle speed. Then the system will detect the valid card and deduct the

toll fees via the SmartTAG. The system will send a notification of the card balance to the user

through short message service (SMS).

Basically, KERP is divided into two parts. The first part is the prototype system which is

developed to represent the proposed implementation of KERP as shown in Fig. 1(a). Inductive

loop is installed underground to detect the vehicles crossing the gantry area. The LED display at

the gantry will display the current road pricing based on particular range of time and additional

commertial advertisement. The radio frequency (RF) signal will detect the SmartTAG inside the

vehicles in order to deduct the toll fees based on the current road pricing. The closed circuit

television (CCTV) camera is used as security measure that will operate 24 hours a day to monitor

the vehicles on the road and the additional automated enforcement system (AES) camera is also

installed at the gantry to monitor the speed of the vehicles that entering the Penang Bridge.

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(a) (b)

Fig. 1 (a) Implementation of KERP at Penang Bridge (b) Prototype system of KERP

The second part is the proposed calculation of road pricing scheme. The road pricing will be

changing according to specified time range and type of the vehicle classes as shown in Fig. 2(a).

When a vehicle is passing through the RF signal, the system will automatically calculate and

display the toll fees based on the vehicle classes (Class 1 to Class 7) and pricing rate which is

calculated based on range of time (Normal, Peak Hour and Non-Peak Hour) as listed in Fig. 2(b).

Using KERP system, the pricing rate will be calculate using algorithms of kernel function which

is a method for classification. In this system, it will be use to classify two features which are the

input data of vehicle classes and time range when the vehicle is detected in order to determine the

pricing rate of the detected vehicle. The toll fees will be automatically deducted based on the

pricing rate on the time the vehicle was detected. the vehicles that entering the Penang Bridge.

(a) (b)

Fig. 2 (a) Vehicle classes (b) Range of time

The prototype system has been developed to represent the actual implementation of KERP.

Fig. 3 shows the system operation starting from the detection of the vehicle by using passive

infrared (PIR) sensor. Selected microcontrollers are connected to the PIR sensor and radio

frequency identification (RFID) reader is used to detect RFID tag that attached to the vehicle that

entering the toll entrance. An LCD display will show the information of pricing rate and a

monitoring camera will view the vehicle that passing the sensor area as figured in Fig. 1(b). A

global system for mobile (GSM) module is connected to the microcontroller in order to send a

message to the user to notify the cash card balance.

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Fig. 3 The operation of prototype system

Conclusion KERP is proposed to reduce the traffic congestion at Penang Bridge using open toll system and

road pricing rates. The KERP sensor will detect the vehicles entering the bridge without having to

stop at the toll entry and automatically deduct the toll fees. The proposed system can reduce the

waiting time without having to slow down the vehicle using the open toll system. The system will

provide monitoring function by detecting invalid card or insufficient balance card and capturing

vehicle’s plate number that exceed the speed limit. Notification will be sent to the user to notify

the balance of the cash card for entering Penang Bridge through SMS. The proposed system can

be implemented by having an actual pilot testing at Penang Bridge and enhanced with added value

of e-wallet to automatically top-up the cash card in real-time manner.

Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the support of Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau

Pinang for the funding of the project.

References Rouhani, O. M. (2016). Next Generations of Road Pricing: Social Welfare Enhancing. Journal of

Sustainability, 8. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/3/265/pdf

Cavallaro, F. (2018). The potential of road pricing schemes to reduce carbon emissions. Journal of World

Conference on Transport Research Society (WCTRS). Retrieved from

https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/trapol/v67y2018icp85-92.html

Gibson, M., & Carnovale, M. (2015). The effects of road pricing on driver behavior and air pollution. Journal

of Urban Economics, 89. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01589743/document

Small, K. A., & Gomez-Ilbanez, J. A. (1998). Road Pricing for Congestion Management: The Transition from

Theory to Policy. UC Berkeley: University of California Transportation Center. Retrieved from

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kk909p1

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/3/265/pdf

https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/trapol/v67y2018icp85-92.html

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01589743/document

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kk909p1

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Chapter 16

Using Political Fun Race 2.0 to Stimulate

Students’ Motivation

Shamsinar Rahman1, `Ainatul Fathiyah Abdul Rahim1, Rafizah

Mohd Noor1 & Nursyahida Zulkifli2

1Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies,

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia 2Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies,

Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract The learning process could happen either formally trough series of lecture, talks, convention and seminar or

informally from readings, experience and even during playing or fun time. What makes the students easy to

learn what they study is depends on the students’ acceptance. This is because people have different ability to

learn. Some might trough what he hears, sees or touch. Since political science deals with government systems,

administration and many aspects of a country therefore some students might not have interested to learn. IR

4.0 bring many educators to change their method of teaching by introducing game based learning in getting

their students’ attention in learning. The objective of this project is to stimulate students’ motivation using

political Fun Race game and at the same time to improve the students understanding in learning political

science subject It is inspired by one of the popular childhood games – Snakes and Ladders. It is purposely

designed to create an exploration to increase the students interest in seeking political knowledge.

Introduction Game Based Learning (GBL) is one of the educational approach that may encourage students to

acquire knowledge and offer a rich context that allows students to reinforce and consolidate their

knowledge through practice. Game Based Learning (GBL) is rooted in the idea that virtual

environments look motivational because we can quickly see and understand the connections

between the learning experience and our real-life work (Prensky, 2001). Most of the scholars

agreed that Game Based Learning is an effective educational games that able to motivate students

to learn (Garris, Ahlers, & Driskell, 2002; Huang, John- son, & Han, 2013; Malone, 1981; Prensky,

2001). Furthermore, there is an empirical evidence also suggest that games motivate. For example,

Ke (2008) found that games lead to better attitude toward math for 4th and 5th graders. Huang et

al. (2013) also found different game features, such as game structure, game involvement, and game

appeal, lead to stronger motivation.

The development of educational game-based learning approaches has been well recognized by

educators as being a highly potential approach of pedagogy that able to motivate learners of all

ages (Hamari et al., 2016; Prensky, 2001, 2003; van Eck & Dempsey, 2002). For example,

Papastergiou (2009) indicated that digital game-based learning could motivate students to learn in

computer science courses. McLaren, Adams, Mayer, and Forlizzi (2017) also reported that digital

game-based learning could promote mathematics learning more than the conventional instruction.

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Ghani and Deshpande (1994), Kiili (2005), and Pearce, Ainley, and Howard (2005) further

designed game models and examined the data from a variety of contexts, which showed that

making good use of computer learning created intense concentration and enjoyment.

In spite of that, Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia also realize the effects of Industrial

Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) has given a new impetus to educational transformation of Education 4.0

which one of is in the aspect of pedagogy. This is as reported in The Star Online by AS Md Abdul

Haseeb highlighted the learners will be able to design their own educational pathways based on

their personal goals. Therefore, meeting increasing demand for ubiquitous mobile learning will

require the use of Massive Open Online Courses, virtual classroom, remote labs, virtual labs and

game-based learning will become the important tools (AS Md Abdul Haseeb, 2018).

Problem statement Learning Political Science might not be the same with other field such as Mathematics, Computer

Science or even literature. Learning Political Science required extensive and deepening

fundamentals of understanding towards the process of studying political system, the concept and

terminologies, political values, institutions, case studies, processes and policies. Some theories are

mostly just ‘dry’, very ‘technical’ and difficult to grasp for a first time. Hence, students do not

experience effective learning when there is no motivation to do so, and it can be a daunting task

for educators to find fitting methods to keep the students to be interested and motivated. Thus,

Political Fun Race 2.0 is the continuous efforts of innovation in the hope to instill the motivation

for the students to be incarnated into the topics and ensure they are having fun along the way of

process of learning. In addition, this effors also aligned with the aspiration of Ministry of Higher

Education for Education 4.0 to emerge the field of game-based learning by selecting suitable

gamification platforms for use in the Malaysian higher education among adult learners. Thus, the

future findings may also provide direction with regards to educational policy-planning and

relevance to educators, learners, as well for the course designers.

Objective This is a project that was carry out based on three objectives. Firstly, is to stimulate students’

motivation using political Fun Race game. Secondly is to improve the students understanding in

learning political science subject and the last one is to get the studnts’ feedback regarding this

game.

Methods The questionnaire distributed via google form to the respondents once they have completing

playing the games. The questionnaire was divided into seven (7) consist of demographic profile,

basic information relating to Political Fun Race, Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction

and Learning Motivation. The questionnaire was adopted from established measurements used by

previous study to measure the learners’ motivational levels (Huang & Hew, 2016; Lookback,

Peters, Karman & Michael, 2015). ARCS Model of Motivational Design has been used to design

motivational instruction to focus on Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction in order

to motivate students. The Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) is an essential part

of ARCS Model to measure learners’ motivational level. According to ARCS Model, there four

(4) components used to and retain motivation of the learners throughout the learning process. The

components are as follow (Huang & Hew, 2016):

a. Component 1: Attention. The attention or interest, must be obtained and maintained

throughout the game session.

b. Component 2: Relevance. Leaners’ goals and needs must be made clear and the

instruction content should be relevant to learner’s academic requirements.

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c. Component 3: Confidence. The students must feel Confidence in their ability to succeed

in learning (expectancy for success) and help learners build up positive attitude.

d. Component 4: Satisfaction. The learner should feel Satisfaction about their

accomplishments in the learning opportunity.

Attention means that the product can keep the learners attention to it. That means either the

product can gain the learners attention or not. The second factor are relevance. Relevance means

either the product meets the personal needs and goals of the learners or not. For an instance, either

the content of the product is related to the subject matters that the learners learn or not. If the

learners understand and can relate the product with the subject or course that they studied that it

shows the product is relevance. The third factor is confidence. Confidence refer to the feeling or

belief that someone can rely on something. That means the positive expectation to achieve the

objective. The last one is satisfaction. Satisfaction refer to achievement or accomplishment. Means

that if the learners can have achieved the three abovementioned elements, they will feel satisfied

after forth element is fulfil.

Conclusion Political Fun Race 2.0 is the researchers ongoing efforts to innovate in the hope of instilling the

motivation for the students to be incorpated in the topics and ensuring that they have fun along the

learning process. The researcher developed Political Fun Race 2.0 based on the ARCS

Motivational Design Model, consisting of four (4) components: attention, relevance,

confidentiality and satisfaction. While playing Political Fun Race 2.0, students will pay attention

to the question, feel confident in answering it, and will definitely feel satisfied when the answer is

right. Students will feel at the end of the game that the game is relevant to help them learn the

subject of political science in a fun way. It is supported by Glover (2013), where his study found

that the elements of motivation can be injected in the game-based learning education by

encouraging the students to fully complete the activities as required by the game. Overall, Political

Fun Race 2.0 is capable in giving beneficial outcomes towards the understudies' learning of

political theory subjects. It can likewise be an assortment in the apparatuses of learning in leading

educating and learning process.

References AS Md Abdul Haseeb. (2019, January 11). Higher Education in the era IR 4.0. The Star Online. Retrieved

from https://www.nst.com.my/education/2018/01/323591/higher-education-era-ir-40

Garris, R., Ahlers, R., & Driskell, J. E. (2002). Games, motivation, and learning: A research and practice

model. Simulation & Gaming, 33(4), 441–467. http://dx.

Ghani, J. A., & Deshpande, S. P. (1994). Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-

computer interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381e391.

Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016). Challenging games

help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning.

Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 170e179.

Huang, B., & Hew, K.H. (2016). Measuring Learners’ Motivation Level in Massive Open Online Courses.

International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(10)

Huang,W.D., Jonhson, T.E.,& Han, S.-H.c. (2013). Imoact of online instructiona; game features on college

studenta’ perceved motivational support and cognitive investment: A Structural equation medleing study.

The internet and Higher Education. 12. 58-68 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kheduc.2012.11.004

Ian, G. (2013). Play As You Learn: Gamification as a Techniques for Motivating Learners. In Proceedings

of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013

Chesapake.

https://www.nst.com.my/education/2018/01/323591/higher-education-era-ir-40

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Ke, F. (2008). A case study of computer gaming for math: Engaged learning from gameplay? Computers &

Education, 51(4), 1609–1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

Landers, R. N., Bauer, K. N., Callan, R. C., & Armstrong, M. B. (2015). Psychological theory and the

gamification of learning. In Gamification in education and business (pp. 165-186). Springer, Cham.

Loorbach, N. , Peters, O. , Karreman, J. & Steehouder, M. (2015). Validation of the Instructional Materials

Motivation Survey (IMMS) in a self‐directed instructional setting aimed at working with technology. Br J

Educ Technol, 46: 204-218.

McLaren, B. M., Adams, D. M., Mayer, R. E., & Forlizzi, J. (2017). A computer-based game that promotes

mathematics learning more than a conventional approach. International Journal of Game-based Learning,

7(1), 36e56.

Papastergiou, M. (2009). Digital game-based learning in high school computer science education: Impact on

educational effectiveness and student motivation. Computers & Education, 52(1), 1e12.

Pearce, J. M., Ainley, M., & Howard, S. (2005). The ebb and flow of online learning. Computers in Human

Behavior, 21(5), 745e771. H.-Y. Sung et al. / Computers & Education 110 (2017) 143e153 153

Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom

academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33e50.

Prensky, M. (2001). Digital game-based learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Willingham, D. T. (2005). Do visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners need visual, auditory, and kinesthetic

instruction. American Educator, 29(2), 31-35.

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Chapter 17

Enhancing Vitamin C Content in Facial Serum

Production using Phyllanthus Emblica

Hamidah Noor Md Yusoh, Izzati Hamidah Sharil, Nur Najihah

Jumirin & Nurul Izzati Salim

Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Politeknik Merlimau,

Melaka, Malaysia

Abstract Phyllanthus emblica or known as Pokok Melaka Fruit contains more than 30 times Vitamin C compared to

oranges. Due to its strong bitter and sour taste, Pokok Melaka Fruit is not a popular fruit to be consumed in

Malaysia. Looking at its potential and benefits to skin, a research has been conducted to produce a facial

serum from Phyllanthus emblica powder. This study is assigned to determine the presence of Vitamin C and

the acceptance level of respondent towards Phyllanthus emblica facial serum. The High Performance Liquid

Chromatography (HPLC) and pH meter has been used to detect Vitamin C and pH value in the product. 30

respondents were selected randomly based on their locality. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze data

collected using SPSS version 22. Result shows that the acceptance level of respondents towards Phyllanthus

emblica facial serum is at moderate level with mean value 4.16. Result also shows the presence of Vitamin

C in the product. In conclusion, Phyllanthus emblica facial serum is has Vitamin C and accepted

optimistically

Keywords: Phyllanthus emblica, facial serum, Vitamin C, Likert Scale

Introduction

Malaysia has hot and humid weather throughout the year (Anim Agro Teknologi, 2013) causing

various skin diseases regardless of age, such as rash, acne and wrinkle. These skin problems can

be treated using the facial serum containing Vitamin C and antioxidant that able to absorb

thoroughly to improve the regeneration process of the skin.

It also helps increase the production of collagen of the skin. The objectives of this study are to

produce a facial serum made from Melaka fruit (Phyllantus Emblica), to study the acceptance level

of respondents towards the facial serum and to determine the amount of vitamin C contains in

Melaka fruit facial serum. The facial serum is proven to have vitamin C based on laboratory results

released by Melaka Biotechnology Corperation and highly accepted by the respondents after the

data obtained from questionnaire were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science

(SPSS) version 22.

Main ingredients of this facial serum are powdered Phyllanthus emblica which has one of the

richest source of Vitamin C, enhances nutrient absorption, eliminates free radicals and acts as a

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powerful antioxidant. The addition of virgin coconut oil as solvent combined with Melaka fruit

powder to produce facial serum.

Main Result

Table Lab Test of Facial Serum

TEST

PARAMETER

DATE OF

TESTING

UNIT TEST METHOD RESULT LIMIT

Vitamin C 21 Sept 2018 Mg/100g AQAC 967.21 &

GB 5413.18- 2010

0.7 Not Applicable

Table lab test result for Powder of Phyllanthus Emblica

TEST

PARAMETER

DATE OF

TESTING

UNIT TEST METHOD RESULT LIMIT

Vitamin C 21 Sept 2018 Mg/100g AQAC 967.21 @

5413.18-2010

171.4 Not Applicable

Conclusions

In conclusion, the Phyllanthus emblica facial serum was confirmed to have naturally presence of

Vitamin C and has proven to treat various type of skin problems. It was also positively accepted

by respondents and is commercialized by a cosmetic company.

Acknowledgement

Our highest gratitude to our supervisor and Politeknik Merlimau for the knowledge, guidance and

advices in completing this research. We would also like to express our appreciation to Mutiara

Dinamik Maju Sdn Bhd and MyCuisine Cube Sdn Bhd for their, support, and recommendations

along conducting this research. May Allah SWT bless all the effort and dedication that we have

succeed.

References Alexander J. Michels. (2011, September). Oregan State University. Retrieved from Vitamin C and skin

Health: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/skin-health/vitamin-C

Chistova, V. (2018, May 18). Prevent Free Radical Skin Damage with these Antioxidants. Retrieved from

Eldivia: https://eldivia.com/blogs/health-and-beauty-blog/prevent-freeradical- skin-

Cobb, C. (2018, Febuary 15). How Collagen Can Boost Your Body’s Skin, Muscle, and Gut. Retrieved from

Health Line: https://www.healthline.com/health/collagen-powder-benefits

fact, o. (2018, september 3). What Is Virgin Coconut Oil & What Are Its Benefits. Retrieved from organic

fact: https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/oils/virgin-coconut-oil.html

Field, O. (n.d.). Organic Field. Retrieved from Organic Field: http://organicfield.co.uk/our-story/28

M.Anem. (2013, June 1). Pokok Melaka. Retrieved from Anim Agro Teknologi:

http://animhosnan.blogspot.com/2013/06/pokok-melaka.html

Pattanayak. (n.d.). Phyllanthus emblica – Science topic. Retrieved from Research Gate:

https://www.researchgate.net/topic/Phyllanthus-emblica

Phyllanthus Emblica. (n.d.). Retrieved from Revolvy: https://www.revolvy.com/page/Phyllanthus-emblica

Seghal, A. G. (2016, september 9). 5 Super Health Benefits of Amla - Indian Gooseberry. Retrieved from

Practo: https://www.practo.com/healthfeed/5-super-health-benefits-of-amla-indiangooseberry-

TeresaMathai, R. (2015). Chapter 3 - Amla in the Prevention of Aging: Scientific Validation of the

Ethnomedicinal Claims. Amla in the Prevention of Aging: Scientific Validation of the Ethnomedicinal

Claims, 35.

https://eldivia.com/blogs/health-and-beauty-blog/prevent-freeradical-%20%20skin-

https://www.practo.com/healthfeed/5-super-health-benefits-of-amla-indiangooseberry-

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Chapter 18

Performance Enhancement of Metal Organic

Framework based Composite Membrane via

Advanced Modification Route

Muhammad Mubashir1, 2, Yeong Yin Fong1, 2, Chew Thiam Leng1, 2

& Lau Kok Keong1, 2

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,

32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia 2CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), Institute of Contaminant Management (ICM),

32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract Composite membranes, especially in hollow fiber configuration are promising candidate for industrial gases

separation. Even though significant efforts have been made over the years, fabrication of defect free

composite membrane for gases separation remained a challenging task. Nevertheless, the defects of

membranes have been circumvented through the application of different modification routes. Generally,

thermal treatment, poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating and combined thermal treatment followed by

PDMS coating are considered as common methods used to seal the defects presence in the membranes.

Therefore, present work focuses on the performance enhancement of NH2-MIL-53(Al)/CA composite

membrane via advanced modification routes. The results revealed that the CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas pair

selectivities of 26.6 and 24.9, respectively, were obtained for combined post-treated membrane, which were

194% and 224%, respectively, higher compared to the un-treated membrane. From these results, it can be

concluded that the modification of hollow fiber composite membrane with combined post-treatment can

significantly enhance the gas separation performance of the membranes. Therefore, this modification method

could be useful for future development of membrane materials for gases separation.

Introduction Membrane based gas separation technique is considered as key element for the sustainable growth

of industrial development over the years (Shen et al., 2016). Composite membranes, especially in

hollow fiber configuration are promising candidate for industrial gases separation because of their

numerous advantages including, high packing density, high surface area, high pressure stability,

low pressure drops and easy to scale up (Pang et al., 2018). However, permeability-selectivity

trade-off limitation of polymeric membranes has directed the researchers towards the finding of

an alternative membrane material (Li et al., 2014). To circumvent this restriction, researchers are

focusing on incorporation of fillers into polymers for obtaining the synergistic benefits of both

components (Li et al., 2014). Among the fillers, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) reveals demanding features such as

tunable pore sizes, inherent light weight and higher CO2 adsorption capacities (Wilson et al.,


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2018). NH2-MIL-53(Al) was incorporated into Ultem®1000 and PVDF polymers for the

fabrication of composite membranes in CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation (Zhu et al., 2016). The

incorporation of NH2-MIL-53(Al) into polymer matrices has improved the gases permeance and

gas pair selectivity compared to neat polymers (Zhu et al., 2016). The enhancement of the

permeation performance of composite membranes could be because of strong affinity between

CO2 and NH2-MIL-53(Al) framework (Zhu et al., 2016).

Even though significant efforts have been made over the years, fabrication of defect free

composite membranes for gases separation remained a challenging task (Perea et al., 2018).

Nevertheless, the defects of composite membranes have been circumvented through the

application of different post-treatment methods (Perea et al., 2018). Generally, thermal treatment,

polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating and combined thermal treatment followed by PDMS

coating are considered as common methods used to seal the defects presence in the composite

membranes (Zulhairun et al., 2015). Therefore, the aim of this work is to enhance the performance

of NH2-MIL-53(Al)/CA composite membrane in CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separation via combined

thermal treatment followed by PDMS coating.

Methods Firstly, NH2-MIL-53(Al) particles were synthesized using the procedure as reported in our earlier

work (Mubashir et al., 2018). Then, the NH2-MIL-53(Al)-CA-NMP dope suspension was prepared

via priming method as reported elsewhere (Mubashir et al., 2018). After that, dry-wet spinning

process (Zulhairun et al., 2015) was adopted to fabricate NH2-MIL-53(Al)/CA membrane. The

spinning conditions including, air gap distance and take-up speed of the fibers were kept constant

at 5.0 cm and 3.2 m/min, respectively. Later, as-spun fibers were preceeded for the combined

thermal treatment followed by PDMS coating. Firstly, thermal treatment of membranes was

conducted at 220 ºC. Then, the thermally treated membranes were coated with solution which

contained 3 wt% of PDMS in n-hexane. After that, the membranes were air-dry at ambient

temperature. Next, the performance of the resultant hollow fiber membrane was measured by

determining the CO2, N2 and CH4 permeances as well as gas pair ideal selectivities (Mubashir et

al., 2019).

Results and Discussion Figure 1 illustrates the effect of post-treatment method on the gas permeation performance of NH2-

MIL-53(Al)/CA membrane. Referring to Figure 1, CO2, N2 and CH4 permeance values of 14.32

GPU, 1.86 GPU and 1.58 GPU, respectively, and CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas pair selectivities of

9.1 and 7.7, respectively, were obtained for un-treated NH2-MIL-53(Al)/CA membrane.

Subsequently, membrane treated with combined post-treatment method has significantly enhanced

the gas permeation results. The post-treated membrane demonstrated CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas

pair selectivities of 26.6 and 24.9, respectively which were 194% and 224%, respectively, higher

compared to the un-treated membrane. This phenomenon was mainly because of; thermal

treatment at 220 °C has relaxed the polymer chain stress and contributed to the densification of

the selective layer. Then, PDMS solution sealed the non-selective voids presence in the dense

selective layer of membrane (Zulhairun et al., 2015).

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Figure 1: Effect of combined post-treatment method on single gas permeation performance

of NH2-MIL-53(Al)/CA membrane.

Conclusion In this work, the results revealed that the CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 gas pair selectivities of 26.6 and

24.9, respectively, were obtained for post-treated membrane which were 194% and 224%,

respectively, higher compared to the un-treated membrane. Overall, it can be concluded that the

combined post-treatment can effectively modified the structure of the resultant membrane and

thus, enhanced the performance of the membrane in gases separation.

References Li, W., Yang, Z., Zhang, G., Fan, Z., Meng, Q., Shen, C., & Gao, C. (2014). Stiff metal-organic framework

polyacrylonitrile hollow fiber composite membranes with high gas permeability. Journal of Materials

Chemistry A, 7, 2110-2118.

Mubashir, M., Yeong, Y. F., Lau, K. K., Chew, T. L., Jusoh, J. (2018). Efficient CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4

Separation by using NH2-MIL-53(Al)/Cellulose Acetate (CA) Mixed Matrix Membranes. Separation &

Purification Technology, 199, 140-151.

Mubashir, M., Yeong, Y. F., Lau, K. K., Chew, T. L., (2019). Optimization of spinning parameters on the

fabrication of NH2-MIL-53(Al)/cellulose acetate (CA) hollow fiber mixed matrix membrane for

CO2separation. Separation & Purification Technology, 215, 32-43.

Pang, H., Gong, H., Du, M., Shen, Q., & Chen, Z. (2018). Effect of non-solvent additive concentration on

CO2 absorption performance of polyvinylidenefluoride hollow fiber membrane contactor. Separation and

Purification Technology, 191, 38-47.

Perea, A., S. Lainez, J., Zornoza, B., Romero, E., Tellez, C., & Coronas, J. (2018). Structural transformation

of metal-organic framework MIL-68(Al) to obtain nanosheets of MIL-53(Al) applied in membranes with

improved CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities. Dalton Transactions, 48(10).

Shen, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2016). MoS2 Nanosheets Functionalized Composite Mixed

Matrix Membrane for Enhanced CO2 Capture via Surface Drop-Coating Method. ACS Applied Materials

& Interfaces, 8(35), 23371-23378.

Widjojo, N., Chung, T. S., & Kulprathipanja, S. (2008). The fabrication of hollow fiber membranes with

double-layer mixed-matrix materials for gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 325(1), 326-335.

9.1

26.6

7.7

24.9

0

10

20

30

40

0

4

8

12

16

Without post

treatment

Combined Post-

treated

Idea

l se

lect

ivit

y

Per

mea

nce

(G

PU

)

Post Treatment Methods

CO₂/CH₄ ideal

selectivity

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Wilson, M., Barrientos, S. N., Stevens, P. C., Mitchell, N. L., Oswald, G., Nagaraja, C. M., & Badyal, J. P.

S. (2018). Substrate Independent Epitaxial Growth of the Metal–Organic Framework MOF-508a. ACS

Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Zhu, H., Jie, X., Wang, L., Kang, G., Liu, D., & Cao, Y. (2016). Effect of MIL-53 on phase inversion and

gas separation performance of mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes. RSC Advances, 6(73), 69124-

69134.

Zulhairun, A. K., Fachrurrazi, Z. G., Izwanne, M., & Ismail, A. F. (2015). Asymmetric hollow fiber

membrane coated with polydimethylsiloxane–metal organic framework hybrid layer for gas separation.

Separation and Purification Technology, 146, 85-93.

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Chapter 19

Dare to Play: I AM MALAYSIAN

Suria Fadhillah Md Pauzi1, Shamsinar Rahman2, Jazimin Zakaria3,

Azniza Ahmad Zaini4 & Mohamad Azmi Nias Ahmad5

1Faculty of Laws, Universti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia. 2,3Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universti Teknologi

MARA Pahang, Malaysia. 4Faculty of Business and Management, Universti Teknologi MARA Pahang,

Malaysia. 5Faculty of Accountancy, Universti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Malaysia

Abstract Constitution is a body of rules and principles which governs the conduct of the executives in administering

the state and established the fundamental rights of citizens in one’s country. It enshrines the fundamental

rights that must be protected by the state and provides a principle that no legitimate power can be used to

deprive the citizens from enjoying these fundamental rights except in accordance with law. Due to its

importance, the awareness on the existence of these rights in the constitution among the citizens is pertinent

as without it, the people will not appreciate the wisdom and the significant of its existence. By enlightening

the people about this important document, it will enable them to critically evaluate day-to day conduct while

shaping their mind to develop positive attitude towards the country. Lack of knowledge and awareness in this

matter may lead to chaotic environment when the people thought that he can do certain things and yet it

actually has encroached the rights of others. The incident of defaming the Prophet Muhammad for instance

has exceeds the permissible limit of freedom of expression whereas detaining a person without informing the

ground of arrest has also breach the fundamental rights of citizens. Therefore, this game is design as a platform

to develop better understanding and increase awareness on the general understanding of the Malaysian rights.

Inspired by two of the popular childhood games (1) Bingo and (2) Hangman, with five (5) items (board,

marker pen, mini duster, questions cards & game instructions), this project aimed to create an awareness of

Malaysian and develop their proper understanding about the general knowledge trough an innovation. This

game can be played by anyone which can be secondary school children to inculcate early awareness.

Keywords: Federal Constitution, Malaysian, Game

Introduction Constitution can be defined as a set of rules and regulations which govern and administer the

organs of government and sets out powers in which government may function (Hamzah, 2009).

The Federal Constitution which was based on British and Indian constitutional concept denotes

the basic framework in which the state is established, the powers and function of government and

enshrines the fundamental rights of the citizens (Ibid, 2009). It embodies three basic principles

namely the fundamental rights of citizens, distribution of sovereign power between the states and

federation and the doctrine of separation of power (per Raja Azlan Shah FJ in Loh Kooi Choon v.

Government of Malaysia (1977) 2 MLJ 187). The constitution is the supreme law of the land

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(Article 4 Federal Constitution) and thus any law passed which is inconsistent with this

constitution shall to the extent of inconsistency be void. Therefore, the power of Parliament and

the State Legislature to make law is limited by the Constitution and in enacting the law, the bodies

must act in accordance with the constitution (per Suffian LP in Ah Thian v. Government of

Malaysia). The constitution provides elaborate provisions pertaining to fundamental rights that can

be enjoyed by the citizens. These rights cannot be taken away except in accordance with law

(Bari,2008).

Due to its importance, the awareness on the existence of these rights in the constitution among

the citizens is pertinent as without it, the people will not appreciate the wisdom and the significant

of its existence. By enlightening the people about the constitution, people will understand and

appreciate the rule of law and it can empower them to act in positive way when certain incidents

occurred. The case of Mark Koding ([1983] 1 MLJ 111) for instance showed that lack of

knowledge on the constitution can lead to the dissatisfaction of other ethnic and may eventually

cause race riot. In this case the court has found Mark Koding guilty because he has exceeded the

fundamental rights given by the constitution when he published seditious and offending statement

that the Chinese and Tamil vernacular school should be abolished and the usage of Chinese and

Tamil language on the road signs should be restricted (Public Prosecutor v. Mark Koding [1983]

1 MLJ 111). Similarly, recent incident of defaming the Prophet Muhammad committed by Alister

Cogia, a Sarawakian facebook user for instance has showed that lack of knowledge can lead to the

breach of this fundamental liberties as it exceeds the permissible limit of freedom of expression.

In this case the accused was found guilty of causing disharmony, disunity and feeling of enmity

on the ground of religion when he uploading offensive material defaming Prophet Muhammad on

social media and thus was sentenced ten year’s jail term and fined RM50,000 (Ling,S,2019).

The game I am Malaysian: Dare to Play is inspired from two childhood games namely hanged

man and bingo. It tests and enhances the knowledge and understanding of students on the

fundamental rights as citizens of Malaysia as enshrined under the Federal Constitution. It’s very

convenient to learn these basics rights as it is designed with concept of practicability, convenience

and fun learning. Students play the roles as autonomous learners as students handle the game all

by themselves. They are challenged to answer the questions correctly as success in answering may

lead to victory whereas failure will result in road to disqualification. In terms of its potential for

commercialization, this game is affordable to any institution or a body of persons and a handy tool

to be used by any public to be carried along. It is an ideal tool to teach tedious subject such as

laws.This document is a template for Word (doc) versions. If you are reading a paper version of

this document, so you can use it to prepare your manuscript.

Problem Statement Malaysia is among the fastest-growing countries in Asia. Sustainable development with the

transition during the independence era has demonstrated the achievement of the status of

developing countries internationally. In fact, this rapid development has made Malaysians adapt

to the modernization era. Yet physical development alone cannot make Malaysia better if the

people's minds are still unequal to the development that has been achieved. Thus civil society born

of modernity faces the current challenges that inflicts the society to conflict. In the Malaysian

context, disputes often arise among the diverse communities. Sensitive sentiments tend to be

attributed to individuals and groups because they do not understand the fundamental rights inherent

in this country (Shad Saleem, 2017). It often regards with the human rights in a democratic state.

Hence as Malaysians, knowledge of individual rights and obligations needs to be understood so

that they are educated with knowledge of the rules and their rights in the constitution.

Misinterpretation in understanding the principle of statehood and the constitution provides

prejudice space in society (Mohamed Mustafa, 2014). It is therefore necessary to make the people

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more mature in action when there is any dispute or conflict arising by understanding the contents

of the constitution.

In addition, Malaysia faces the influence of globalization that affects the minds and cultures of

our society. The identity of the people who are increasingly lost with the value held because of the

doctrines of western liberal democracy that goes beyond our own tradition way (Abdul Rahman,

2015). There are frequencies struggle for freedom to absolute rights that violates the national state

limitation (Abdul Manaf, 2009). Hence the basic constitution must be understood as it is the

supreme law and becomes references that provides guidelines to society behavior. Moreover, it is

also a source of dispute resolution and protection mechanisms to society regardless of the

background. Therefore, this game become an initiative in providing understanding and knowledge

of state rights. In addition, playing this game can provide more effective learning process within

the context of Malaysia's constitution.

Objectives This Dare to Play: I AM MALAYSIAN is a project that was carry out based on three objectives.

Firstly, is to provide the information to the Malaysian about the content of the federal constitution.

Secondly is to improve the Malaysian understanding about how they should behave as Malaysian

and the last one is to make Malaysian familiar with the Federal Constitution as the highest law of

Malaysia.

Description of the game This project initiated to at least sharing as many information as possible to everyone that we can

reach. The questions that we set is not try to testing the knowledge of the citizen, but the main

intention is to provide the information and informing about what is the content of the federal

constitution.

The components needed to play with this “Dare to Play: I AM MALAYSIAN” board game are

five (5) individual boards, two (2) or up to five (5) number of players, one (1) student as a

facilitator, five (5) marker pens, five (5) mini dusters, a set of Dare to Play: I AM MALAYSIAN

question cards and user’s manual.

This game can be played by two (2) or up until five (5) number of players at one time. Each

player will be given an individual board. The board itself is divided into two (2) sections; the Bingo

game and an empty space to sketch the Hangman game, next to each other. Each player will also

be provided with a mini duster and a marker pen to mark the board. Next, one player has to be

chosen to be a facilitator. The role of the facilitator is to read the question and to tell the player

whether the answers given by the other players are correct or incorrect within the stipulated time.

The questions and answers are on the “Question Card” and they are bilingual (both Malay and

English languages). All players are required to answer the question in order to finish the game by

completing the Hangman or Bingo, whichever comes first.

All players must vote to decide who will start the game first. Then, the first player will have

to pick a number that he/she prefers from the Bingo board. The number he/she chooses represents

the Question Number from the card provided for the game. If the player manages to answer the

question correctly, he/she will then mark the Bingo number he/she picked earlier. Each player is

given 15 seconds to give the correct answer. If the player gives wrong answer, he/she is not

allowed to mark the Bingo number. Let say if the first player gives wrong answer, he/she will then

sketch a line on the figure of a Hangman. At the same time, other players are not allowed to mark

the number selected. Each player will follow the same step like the first player when it comes to

their turn. If the Bingo pattern is completed by one the players, he/she must yell “BINGO”! loud

enough for the facilitator(s) to hear it. The player is then declared as the WINNER of the game.

However, if someone finishes the game by having a complete sketch of Hangman first before the

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Bingo pattern is completed, the player loses the game and need to withdraw from playing the game

with the rest of the players.

Conclusion The Dare to Play: I AM MALAYSIAN offered users an excitement, fun-filled environment to

learn and understand the basic fundamental rights as citizens of Malaysia in meaningful context.

This game really assist the users to better comprehend the information on the legal rights and

stimulates their learning interest in area of law. This research hoped to provide insights to users

especially the youngsters on their rights as citizens and its limitation so as not to transgress the

law.

References Abd. Manaf Ahmad. (2009). Kontrak Sosial. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd.

Abdul Rahman Embong. (2015). Negara-bangsa: proses dan perbahasan ed.2. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Ah Thian v. Government of Malaysia [1976] 2 MLJ 112,113

Bari,A.Z., Malaysian Constitution A Critical Introduction,KualaLumpur: The Other Press,2008,Chaper 12

pp143

Glover, I. (2013). Play as you learn: gamification as a technique for motivating. Proceedings of World

Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications , 1999-2008.

Hamzah,W., A., A First Look At The Malaysian Legal System, Shah Alam:Oxford Fajar Sdn Bhd, Shah

Alam, 2009,Chapter 3 pp.29

Kiilli, K. (2007). Foundation for problem-based learning. British Journal of Educational Technology,

38(3), 394-404.

Ling,S., FB use who got 10 years for insulting Islam to undergo mental check-up, the Star ,March 13, 2019

at http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/03/13/fb.user-who-got-10 years-for-insulting-islam-

to-undergo-mental-checkup/

Loh Kooi Choon v. Government of Malaysia (1977) 2 MLJ 187

Mohamed Mustafa Ishak. (2014). Politik bangsa malaysia: Pembinaan bangsa dalam masyarakat pelbagai

etnik. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan & Buku Malaysia dan Universiti Utara Malaysia Press.

Pho, A., & Dinscore, A. (2015). Game-Based Learning. Retrieved from Tips & Trends: Spring 2015:

http://acrl.ala.org/IS/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/spring2015.pdf

Shad Saleem Faruqi. (2017). Reflections on life and the law. Pulau Pinag: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia

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Chapter 20

EZ Lifter

Norisza Dalila Ismail, Abner Parantis, Norraine Mohd Sahfri &

Edzannizam Bin Ramlan

Aircraft Maintenance Department,

Politeknik Banting Selangor

Abstract The EZ Lifter was designed based on a normal trolley which is used to carry tools or equipment from one

place to another but improvised with some features, which are to lift objects onto certain height and a 2 step

ladder, attach to the structure of the lifter which let the personnel to reach higher place. The maximum weight

of the object can be lifted is 50kg and 80kg to be transported due to its plywood material. The height of the

EZ Lifter is 3 feet and it can be extended to 4 feet. EZ Lifter uses electric winch to lift or bring down objects

and equipped with pulley system to ease the operation. There is 3 pulley block used and attached to the frame

structures to reduce the lifting force. EZ Lifter is powered by a 12 volt battery in conjunction with 4.0

technologies (Arduino) to run the function of the device. The lifting process is controlled using the mobile

phone apps (Blynk) which connected to the Arduino programming. EZ Lifter can be used in a workshop or

hangar to ease the personnel either transferring item or housekeeping purposes. Besides that, it can also be

used for a maintenance task on a light aircraft such as the Cessna 172N. The output of this device is that it

could transfer objects on the trolley platform from one place to another with maximum weight of 80kg and

capable of lifting objects on the lifter platform with maximum weight of 50kg. It also helps personnel reach

higher place by using the ladder built. As an outcome of this product, EZ Lifter manages to ease the effort of

lifting an object rather than using manpower and reduces the risk of back pain. Compared to a normal trolley,

EZ Lifter comes out with the ability to be disassembled and re-assembled features which helps to reduce

space used for storage and ease mobility. Moreover, instead of using three different devices to provide lifting,

moving and climbing operations, EZ Lifter was designed with great innovation implementation to provide all

those three operations greatly. This proves that less time are consumed to perform multiple tasks in a time

and with the modern technologies available nowadays this device also comes out very ease of control with

using a smart phone. Most important is that this EZ Lifter manages to increase the quality productivity of

works.

Introduction EZ Lifter is an innovation product which can be used either in workshop or hangar to ease

personnel for easily loading, lifting, transporting and unloading of any heavy object. EZ Lifter is

built with electrical winch to provide the lifting purposes to reduce energy and manpower when

lifting the loads as in figure 1. It is also attached with a 2 step ladder to give an access at high

place. The specialty of the EZ Lifter was designed with implementation 4.0 technologies (Arduino)

to operate the function of lifting process by using Blynk mobile application installed in

smartphone. The EZ Lifter is very useful in improving carry out maintenance inside a workshop,

accessing and lifting high stock shelves in a stock room or warehouse. This also help to prevent

injury by designing innovative product such as EZ Lifter to reduce lifting hazards.

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Fig. 1 The EZ Lifter on normal operation (left) and lifting operation (right)

Research Background

a. Problem Statement

Lifting an object with certain weight may lead into several injuries if not performed

correctly which be a leading occupational health and safety issue. Muscoluskeletal

disorders are injuries or illnesses that result from overexertion or repetitive motion which

involve the back pain. In 2016, musculoskeletal disorders involving the back accounted for

38.5 percent of all work-related musculoskeletal disorders (134,550 back cases out of

349,050 total cases) as reported by Bureu of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

However, with an exact proper ways and technique of lifting an object, the risk might be

handled but definitely still cannot be eliminated away. Various type of lifting devices have

been developed throughout the years. The invention of a hand trolley has been devised

particularly to not solely for the lifting of heavy objects only. It has been innovated to be a

multipurpose lifting device. Therefore to solve this, a new innovation product called EZ

Lifter is improvised from conventional lifter and trolley into a multipurpose use.

b. Objectives

The EZ Lifter has been developed to achieve few objectives as below:

1. To design multipurposes device for easily loading, lifting, transporting and

unloading heavy objects.

2. To implement innovative features with 4.0 technology for lifting operation.

Methodology Flowchart in figure 2 shows methodology of EZ Lifter development. After background research

process, the design was done by using AutoCAD software for 3 Dimension (3D) and orthographic

view. The design includes all three different features implemented which is trolley, ladder and

winch mechanism with a pulley operation. The EZ Lifter started from the fabrication of the frame

structures as per design. The main frame structures of the trolley was welded together c-channel,

rectangular and angle bar type of material. Ladder section was fabricated by using the hollow

squares types of steel and welded to the frame structures.

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Fig. 3 Schematic circuit of the EZ Lifter

Fig. 2 The flowchart of EZ Lifter

development

Fig. 4 Connection between Arduino and dual

channel relay

Pulley is attached to the designated area to smooth the lifting and retract operation of the

product. 3 pulleys system combining with motorized winch mechanism are used to lessen the force

during the lifting operation. In addition, the EZ Lifter was designed to be operated by manual

switch mechanism or mobile application in smartphone. 4.0 technologies such as Arduino

implementation can be easily operated by a mobile apps called Blynk installed in a smartphone.

Blynk is set up with Arduino IDE which includes Blynk Libraries and Arduino ESP8266 Board

Manager. Figure 3 shows how Blynk application is installed from the Playstore for android

smartphone and configures the widget for lifting operation. Next, the connection between Arduino

and dual channel relay as in figure 4 is arranged with electrical winch according to circuit diagram.

The code to connect Blynk with smartphone is uploaded to Arduino ESP8266 by using computer.

The uploading code is then tested. Figure 5 shows EZ Lifter was operated by using smartphone

for lifting purposes.

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Fig. 5 Mobile app Blynk to operate EZ Lifter Fig. 6 User testing the EZ Lifter for Cessna 172

maintenance work

Conclusion Throughout a series of conducted fabrication, development and testing of the EZ Lifter, it can be

concluded that the aim and objectives at the beginning of the work are successfully accomplished.

The aim of the project is to design multipurposes device for easily loading, lifting, transporting

and unloading heavy objects such as EZ Lifter and second is to implement innovative features with

4.0 technology for lifting operation. A literature review of the study has been comprehensively

developed throughout the project plan and this includes the procedure to construct the product

from AutoCAD then prototype before it became a real product and followed by product standards.

Furthermore, EZ Lifter successfully constructed with 3 separate parts which consist of ladder,

trolley and lifter. In addition, the lifting operation can be controlled by user smartphone other than

a manual switch provided. The EZ Lifter is designed to ease the technician needs and reduce the

man power for a better working environment.

Throughout the experiments, there are some limitations that contribute to affect the accuracy

and consistency of the aim and objectives of the project. However, there is always a space for

improvement to take place in order to greatly increase the reliability of the experiments and test

results of the research such as changing the material used especially plywood which does not stand

against heavy object for the product long term period. Hopefully, with a continuous effort and

commitment, this project can be improved in certain areas for a future research.

References Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Back injuries prominent in

work-related musculoskeletal disorder cases in 2016 on the Internet at

https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2018/back-injuries-prominent-in-work-related- musculoskeletal-

disorder-cases-in-2016.htm (visited April 18, 2019).

Get started with Blynk. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2019, from https://blynk.io/en/getting-started

What Is a Microcontroller? — Programming an Arduino Board. Retrieved March 3, 2019, from

https://turbofuture.com/misc/What-is-an-Arduino-Programming-Microcontrollers

https://blynk.io/en/getting-started

https://turbofuture.com/misc/What-is-an-Arduino-Programming-Microcontrollers

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Chapter 21

An Interactive System for Boundary Layer Flow

and Heat Transfer (i-Sbound)

Rahmah Shahril, Md Nizam Bin Udin, Aminah Binti Abdul Malek,

Noor Hidayah Binti Mohd Zaki & Farah Azaliney Binti Mohd Amin

Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences

Universiti Teknologi MARA

70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Abstract The boundary layer concept is an important central area in the study of fluid mechanics and heat transfer due

to its relevant application in the field of engineering, product design and material processing. This study will

investigate the effect of suction/injection, unsteadiness and magnetic parameter on velocity and temperature

profile. The systems of the boundary layer equations in form of partial differential equations (PDE) are

transformed to system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) by similarity transformation. The ODE

system are solved numerically using i-Sbound platform. The result obtained by the i-Sbound will assist

engineers to understands the boundary layer flows. Hence, this project has successfully developed a user

friendly interface software that can easily be used by engineers in designing any safety equipments or efficient

processes.

Introduction Boundary layer plays an important role in many branches of engineering sciences, especially in

hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, automobile and marine engineering technologies . The interest of

boundary layers structure in material and fluid science are a major factor in various applications

such as transpiration cooling, thermal recovery of oil, the design of thrust bearings, radial diffusers

and drag reduction (Attia, 2008). Examples of such fluids are salt water or electrolytes, plasma

and liquid metals (Mehmet, 2005). The dynamics of the fuid flow on the boundary layer can

strongly be influenced by internal and external forces. Examples of internal forces are buoyancy,

viscous, internal heat generation and chemical reaction. While examples for external forces are

magnetic field, rotation and gravitational forces (Khartikeyan, 2016).

This project determine the effects of governing parameters such as suction/injection,

unsteadiness and magnetic parameter on velocity and temperature profile in order to achieve

optimum result. Previously, the result are obtained by conducting a series of specific experiment

that are usually time consuming and costly. Thus, in order to design safe and efficient processes,

i-Sbound platform is developed using mathematical models to forecast the performance of the

process involved.

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Mathematical Model In this study, we consider an unsteady two-dimensional stagnation point flow and heat transfer of

a viscous electrically conducting fluid over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet. The variables

x and y are the Cartesian coordinates measured along the surface of the sheet and normal to it

respectively. The velocity of the permeable stretching or shrinking sheet is w wu u where is

a constant with 0 refers to a stretching sheet and 0 points to a shrinking sheet, eu is the

velocity of inviscid flow, wT is the sheet temperature, T is the ambient temperature and B is

the transverse magnetic field strength (Soid et al.,2017).

0u v

x y

(1)

2 2

2

e ee e

u uu u u u Bu v u u u

t x y t x y

(2)

22 2

2

2 ep p

T T T T u Bu v u u

t x y C y Cy

(3)

along with the initial and boundary

0 : 0,t u v T T for any ,x y

00 : , , , ,w wt u u x t v V T T x t at 0y

, ,eu u x t T T as y (4)

By using similarity variables, the systems above is transformed into a system of ordinary

differential equations (ODE) given by

21 1 1 02

f ff f A f f M f

(5)

2 21 1

2 2 1 0Pr 2

f f A Ec M f f

(6)

subject to the boundary conditions as

0 , 0 , 0 1f S f

1, 0f as (7)

where primes denote differentiation with respect to and 0S is the suction parameter while

0S is the injection parameter. This paper focuses on the effect of suction parameter. Parameter

A represents the unsteadiness, Pr is the Prandtl number, Ec is the Eckert number and M is the

constant magnetic parameter.

Content The Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer problem can be solve using i-SBOUND system as

shown in Figure 1 below.

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Figure 1: Interface i-Sbound

Based on this figure, user can obtained the behavior of the system by entering the parameters such

as Unsteadiness (A), Magnetic field (M), Prandtl number (Pr), Eckert Number (Ec), Stretching and

Suction (S). The graphical results for the profile of the momentum and thermal boundary layers

are presented in the i-Sbound system to show the effect of governing parameters on the boundary

layer thickness.

Conclusion i-Sbound platform provides a mobile, accurate and easily implemented software to assist engineers

in better understanding the boundary layer flows influenced by suction/injection, unsteadiness and

magnetic parameter. Hence, this user friendly navigated interface can effiently save time and cost

in order to design any safety equipment.

References Attia, H.A. (2008). Stagnantion point flow and heat transfer of a micropolar fluid with uniform suction or

blowing. Journal of the Brazillian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 30.

Karthikeyan, S., Bhuvaneswari, M., Sivasankaran, S. & Rajan, S. 2016. Soret and Dufour Effects on MHD

Mixed Convection Heat and Mass Transfer of a Stagnation Point Flow towards a Vertical Plate in a

Porous Medium with Chemical Reaction, Radiation and Heat Generation. Journal of Applied Fluid

Mechanics, 9(3), pp.1447-1455.

Mehmet, C.E. (2005). Free convection flow about a cone under mixed thermal boundary conditions and a

magnetic field. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 29, pp. 1121-1134.

Soid, S.K., Ishak, A. & Pop, I. (2017). Unsteady MHD flow and heat transfer over a shrinking sheet with

ohmic heating. Chinese Journal of Physiscs, 55(4), pp.1626-1636.

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Chapter 22

Mangifera Indica: A Potential Source for

Biodegradable Plastics Production

Norshahida Sarifuddin, Nur’Aishah Ahmad Shahrim, Hafizah Hanim

Mohd Zaki, Farah Diana Mohd Daud, Mohd Ikhwan Yusuff &

Mudrikah Sofia Mahmud

International Islamic University Malaysia

Abstract The current levels of conventional plastic usage and disposal caused environmental problems. These

problems include accumulation of waste in landfills and in natural habitats, and physical problems for wildlife

resulting from ingestion or entanglement in plastic. Thus, the development of degradable plastic is a

promising solution to these problems. This has been attracting rising interests on utilization of biopolymer

such as starch. As such, this study aimed in investigating the potential source of starch to develop plastic.

Interestingly, waste like mango (Mangifera indica) seeds can be converted to starch using distilled water. The

extracted starch was then incorporated with various amount of glycerol (5 – 30 wt.%) via solution casting

method to develop thermoplastic film. The results showed that, low glycerol content gives an appropriate

thickness, moisture and solubility of thermoplastic starch film.

Keywords: starch, mango, glycerol, thermoplastic film

Introduction Until today, petroleum-based plastics have been widely utilized as packaging materials. However,

the these plastics are not biodegradable, hence causing a massive environmental pollution. This

has been attracting a rising interest to develop biodegradable and environmental friendly plastics

from natural and renewable resources (Sanyang et al., 2015). As such, the biodegradable films

based on biopolymers increases their importance in the packaging industry.

Starch, a natural renewable polysaccharide from numerous diversities of plants is a promising

raw materials to produce films as potential substitute for conventional packaging plastics. Many

attempts have been focused on the use of starch obtained from various plant sources such as rice,

wheat, corn and potato (Singh et al., 2003). Yet, limited work available on the extraction of starch

from fruit by-products such as seeds. Therefore, in this study, mango (Mangifera indica) seed is

utilized as a source of starch to develop starch-based films. Mango is one of the most popular

tropical fruits that grows abundantly in Asia. In Malaysia, mango seeds are usually thrown away

as waste. Interestingly, seeds content in a mango are about 9% to 23% by weight of a mango

(Kittiphoom, 2012). Thus, it is possible that the seeds can be obtained in a bigger mass as raw

materials to produce films. However, this type of starch is classified as a native starch, or in other

words, it is not in thermoplastic form. For this reason, the incorporation of glycerol as plasticizer

will overcome the native starch drawbacks such as brittleness and high moisture sensitivity, and

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at the same time, the film’s flexibility and workability is enhanced (Sanyang et al., 2015a).

Therefore, in this study, the effect of different amount of glycerol as plasticizers on the thickness,

moisture and solubility of mango seed starch films were investigated.

Methodology The preparation and extraction of mango seeds via distillation methods was according to Shahrim

et al. (2018). The fabrication of thermoplastic starch film was carried out via solution casting. 3

wt.% of mango seed starch was weighed and dissolved in distilled water to obtain film forming

suspension. The film forming suspension was heated at 85 ± 5 °C for 20 minutes under continuous

stirring before adding glycerol. The plasticized solution was later allowed to cool down to 65 °C.

Then, the film forming solution was casted on acrylic plates and dried for 24 hours.

The film thickness was determined using an electronic digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01

mm. The thickness measurements were recorded from three different places along each of the film

samples. The average thickness value of measurements for an individual sample was calculated.

The film moisture content was determined by measure the initial weight (Wi) of each sample.

Then, the samples were dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 hours and reweighed (Wf). The moisture

content of each film sample was calculated using equation:

𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑓

𝑊𝑖

× 100

The film solubility in water was investigated. Firstly, the sample of each film was obtained in

20 mm × 20 mm measurement and dried in the oven at 105 ℃ for 24 hours. Then, the dried samples

were weighed on an electronic mass balance to obtain the initial weight (Wi) of each film. Each

sample was immersed in 30 mL of distilled water, kept in a sealed conical flask at 23 ± 2 °C, and

stirred periodically for 24 hours. The insoluble portion of film sample were separated from soluble

matters in distilled water using filter paper and dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 hours. Finally,

the oven dried samples were reweighed to identify the weight of the solubilized dry matter (Wo).

Water solubility of each film can be formulated using equation:

𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (%) = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑜

𝑊𝑖

× 100

Results and Discussion The effect of various glycerol content on the thickness of mango seed starch films is shown in Fig.

1. It was observed that the thickness of starch film increased from 0.187 mm to 0.262 mm with the

addition in glycerol content from 5 wt. % to 30 wt. %. The results demonstrated that, by increasing

plasticizer content, fabricated film become thicker. This may be ascribed to the small molecular

size of glycerol and its role as plasticizer in forming hydrogen bonds with starch chains, enhancing

free volume in the blend, hence ensue thicker film (Sanyang et al., 2015). The thickness of starch

films affect the moisture content and solubility of the films. The increasing thickness of starch

films with addition of glycerol, leads to increase moisture content solubility of films. This is

probably due to the interaction of more hydrophilic groups with water molecules (Mali et al.,

2004).

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Fig. 1 Effect of glycerol content on thickness of mango seed starch films

Fig. 2 displays the effect of various glycerol content on the moisture content of mango seed

starch films. Plasticization of mango seed starch films from 5 wt. % to 30 wt. % significantly

increase the moisture content from 14.13% to 54.36%. The results indicated that, the starch film

become more hydrophilic with an increase in glycerol content (Shekarabi, et al., 2014). The high

hygroscopic character in glycerol has accessible hydroxyl groups which capable to interact with

water by hydrogen bonds (O-H), hence causes in greater ability to absorb water at higher glycerol

content (Farahnaky et al., 2013).

Fig. 2 Effect of glycerol content on moisture content of mango seed starch films

The film solubility of glycerol-plasticized mango seed starch films was presented in Fig. 3. It

was found that, the addition of glycerol content provided an increase in solubility of mango seed

starch films. Film solubility increased from 20.25% to 27.94% when glycerol content increased

from 5 wt. % to 30 wt. %. The results could be described by hydrophilicity of glycerol as

plasticizer, which favored the absorption of water molecules, hence improves film solubility.

Moreover, the hydroxyl groups in glycerol have strong affinity to water molecules, enabling

glycerol-plasticized starch-based films to easily retain water within their matrix and form hydrogen

bond, hence act as water-holding agent (Sanyang et al., 2015). At the same time, the film solubility

also could be attributed to low molecular weight of glycerol which easily aid its entrance between

the polymer chains, thus increase the free space volume in the blend (Sanyang et al., 2015).

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Fig. 3 Effect of glycerol content on solubility of mango seed starch films

Conclusion The biodegradable film from non-conventional source of starch from mango seed was prepared. It

was found that, the difference in the amount of glycerol incorporated with mango seed starch has

been shown to have a substantial effect on the thickness, moisture and solubility of films. The

results demonstrated that, low glycerol content gives a desirable physical properties for film

packaging application. The findings of this study will expediate the use of abundant seeds wasted

after industrial processing of mango, and at the same time, will offer basis for further development

of edible packaging from mango seed starch.

References Farahnaky, A., Saberi, B., & Majzoobi, M. (2013). Effect of glycerol on physical and mechanical properties

of wheat starch edible films. Journal of Texture Studies, 44(3), 176–186.

Kittiphoom, S. (2012). Utilization of mango seed. International Food Research Journal, 19(4), 1325–1335.

Mali, S., Grossmann, M. V. E., García, M. A., Martino, M. N., & Zaritzky, N. E. (2004). Barrier, mechanical

and optical properties of plasticized yam starch films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 56(2), 129–135.

Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2015). Effect of glycerol and sorbitol

plasticizers on physical and thermal properties of sugar palm starch based films. Recent Advances in

Environment, Ecosystems and Development, 157–162.

Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2015). Effect of plasticizer type and

concentration on physical properties of biodegradable films based on sugar palm (arenga pinnata) starch

for food packaging. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 326–336.

Shahrim, N. A., Sarifuddin, N., & Ismail, H. (2018). Extraction and characterization of starch from mango

seeds. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1082, 012019.

Shekarabi, A. S., Oroiehie, A. R., Vaziri, A., Ardjmand, M., & Safekordi, A. A. (2014). Effect of glycerol

concentration on physical properties of composite edible films prepared from plums gum and carboxy

methyl cellulose. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4, 1241–1248.

Singh, N., Singh, J., Kaur, L., Sodhi, N. S., & Gill, B. S. (2003). Morphological, thermal and rheological

properties of starches from different botanical sources. Food Chemistry, 81(2), 219–231.

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Chapter 23

English Language Simulations Augmented with

360-degrees Spherical Videos (ELSA 360°-

Videos): ‘Virtual Reality’ Real Life Learning!

Airil Haimi Mohd Adnan, Muhamad Khairul Ahmad, Ahmad

Ariffuddin Yusof, Muhammad Anwar Mohd Kamal

& Nurul Nadiah Mustafa Kamal

Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus,

32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

Abstract Learning technology adoption demands technical know-how, time and money. For these reasons, many

educators continue teaching using ‘old-school’ methods that are not aligned to the current needs and wants

of today’s learners. A case in point in learning technology adoption is the use of virtual reality (VR). Although

VR use in the field of education goes as far back as 50+ years, it has never achieved widespread application.

Nevertheless, the start of the 4th Industrial Revolution and its ‘disruptions’ has brought cheaper and more

user-friendly VR technologies into the public realm, for instance for gaming. The boom in VR technology

also brought new products into the consumer market, for the creation of straightforward VR content, one of

these being 360° video cameras. Now, instead of having to work with complicated computer-generated VR

contents, educators can create immersive ‘real life’ contents using 360° cameras to deliver lessons anytime,

anywhere. Our English Language Simulations Augmented with 360-degrees spherical videos or ELSA 360°-

Videos is one such project. Focusing on a degree level course on English for Professional and Workplace

Interactions, ELSA 360°-Videos help undergraduates to experience what it is like to be in a meeting room,

to see how colleagues react to each other as they share ideas and deal with issues, and to learn critical

communicative skills to succeed in the modern workplace. The novelty value of ELSA 360°-Videos lies in

the fact that it is unscripted and recorded under actual test conditions, in other words authentic and real. The

advantages of ELSA 360°-Videos are: Contents are uploaded onto YouTube and are freely available online;

Learners can learn anytime, anywhere they want; Better immersion can be achieved using cheap VR goggles

powered by learners’ smartphones; Weaker learners who need more time for comprehension now have the

freedom to revise on their own accord. Being in its early stages, the benefits of 360° videos in language

learning content delivery are already apparent. The challenges now are to create high production value

contents in a professional manner, and to promote wider use of this technology to Malaysian educators from

primary, secondary to tertiary institutions.

Introduction/Background We are, for better or for worse, in an era of disruptions where dramatic changes are fast becoming

real, and future technologies that used to be storied in comic books, sci-fi novels and Star Trek

episodes are turning into everyday realities within our lifetime. Whether the 4th Industrial

Revolution (or IR40) are mere buzzwords or not, the simple fact is that unprecedented changes are

happening in many facets of modern life without any indications of slowing down (Ehlers &

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Kellermann, 2019; Schwab, 2016; Schwab & Davis, 2018). Within the realm of education for

instance, in the Malaysian and ASEAN settings particularly, nations are playing catch up to ensure

that IR40 disruptions do not bring negative impact to the teaching and learning dyad (Adnan,

2018).

As human civilisation quickly crosses into the era of IR40, the realm of education has also

moved into the next monumental stage: Education 5.0 (or EDU50). Education today needs to do

more than just facilitating the social changes of the 1960’s through the 70’s, 80’s and beyond (see

Doucet, Evers, Guerra, Lopez, Soskil & Timmers, 2018). As the world prepares to usher in year

2020, the realm of EDU50 must dynamically address the challenges of globalisation and deal with

unprecedented developments in computers and telecommunications technologies sparked by IR40

disruptions. In an era of accelerating innovations, nothing less than a revolutionary educational

framework will be needed in developing and developed nations of the world (Araya, 2015;

Gleason, 2018).

Within the Malaysian education setting, changes have been happening on the ground to prepare

young learners as future IR40 knowledge workers and to ensure that EDU50 becomes a catalyst

for positive social changes. Malaysian educators need to understand the fundamental fact that not

only are young people changing as learners, the way that they learn is also rapidly evolving. Failure

to close the gap between how educators today teach and how learners today learn will be disastrous

in a world where technological changes that used to happen tomorrow, already happened yesterday

(Rüfenacht, 2017).

Our EDU50 learning technology innovation project is an effort to close the teaching versus

learning gap in the tertiary setting, and to take advantage of technologies that are aligned to the

learning styles of future IR40 knowledge workers (see Mustafa Kamal, Adnan, Yusof, Ahmad &

Mohd Kamal, 2019). This project also adheres to the flipped classroom notion (Martin, 2011) so

as to facilitate independent self-regulated learning outside of the lecture room, and to ensure that

lecture hours could be fully utilised for training and reinforcing knowledge that has been acquired

beforehand.

Problem statement: Imagination, immersion and engagement Language learning is a process that needs the power of imagination (see Madigan, 2018). Without

it, it would be difficult to comprehend communicative situations that learners have never before

faced, what more to imagine the skills needed to successfully navigate those situations. The ELSA

360°-Videos project is an attempt to bridge this gap for learners of English for Professional and

Workplace Interactions who must learn critical skills like negotiating with other people,

conducting formal meetings, planning activities, managing resources, pitching for lucrative

business contracts and more.

Previously, these skills would be taught using Business Communication workbooks or

manuals. Nevertheless, with lesser and lesser directed teaching hours being allocated for the

teaching of English and other language subjects, not just in our present context but also in most

tertiary colleges and universities, a novel and more practical approach needs to be taken to enhance

the delivery of these skills to learners. Learners also need to be given the space and freedom to

learn and to closely engage with these skills based on their own initiatives, outside of the walls of

the lecture room.

For this aim, we turned to 360° or spherical video technology. 360° or spherical video

technology brings together the constructs of imagination, immersion and engagement for the

purpose of teaching and learning English within the Malaysian educational context (see Ahmad,

Adnan, Yusof, Mohd Kamal & Mustafa Kamal, 2019).

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Project objectives: From imagination, immersion, engagement to learning At this juncture, we can strongly argue that there are many advantages of using 360° or spherical

videos for education (see Geng, Chai, Jong & Luk, 2019; O’Halloran, Tan, Wiebrands, Sheffield,

Wignell & Turner, 2018). This became clear once a series of 360° or spherical clips we deployed

freely online through the ELSA 360°-Videos project. Focusing on a degree level course on English

for Professional and Workplace Interactions, the ELSA 360°-Videos project is meant to help

undergraduates to experience what it is like to be in an actual meeting room, to see how colleagues

react to each other as they share ideas and deal with work-related issues, and to learn critical

communicative skills to succeed in the modern workplace in year 2020 and beyond. An Insta360

ONE X camera was procured (by Airil Haimi) specifically for this project (see Insta360, 2019).

All rendering and post-processing was done on Insta360 ONE X’s proprietary Windows 10

software together with Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2019.

Fig. 1 The 360° / spherical ‘Nadir’ logo for the ELSA 360°-Videos project (stereoscopic display)

Whilst this teaching and learning technology innovation project is still at its infancy, it became

apparent that the immersive qualities of these 360° or spherical videos in delivering syllabus

contents, for instance ‘interacting informally with professional colleagues’ and ‘discussing agenda

items in a meeting’, were actually helping learners to engage more actively and closely with such

communicative and professional-related contents. In short, when they do not have to merely

imagine office situations that they have never experienced (a task that some of them normally fail

to do), most if not all of the learners were able to quickly comprehend difficult syllabus contents

that demand not just good communication abilities but also high proficiency in the English

language.

Novelty factors: The ELSA 360°-Videos project With reference to the English for Professional and Workplace Interactions degree course that we

teach, the primary novelty value of the ELSA 360°-Videos project lies in the fact that everything

that we did were unscripted and recorded under actual test conditions, in other words authentic

and real. Based on continuous assessments of workplace-related and professional situations from

the actual course, all the clips within the ELSA 360°-Videos project not only provided positive

examples for learners to follow but these also helped them to prepare for their own continuous

assessments as the semester unfolded. The best part of this project is that it allows learning to

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happen prior to precious face-to-face contact time in the lecture room. In other words, we have

successfully ‘flipped’ the classroom as learners were now able to acquire workplace-related and

professional English skills even before they come to class. As a direct result, classroom time can

now focus extensively on guided practice, and intensively on preparation for course assessment

regimes (see Mohd Kamal, Adnan, Mustafa Kamal, Ahmad & Yusof, 2019).

Fig. 2 Immersion to engagement in the ELSA 360°-Videos project (stereoscopic display)

Realising the novelty value of this teaching and learning project, the Academic Affairs Division

of our university has chosen ELSA 360°-Videos as a keystone project for year 2019-2020 for the

delivery of curriculum contents using IR40-based and EDU50-created learning technology

innovations (!) This is a testimony not just to the importance of the ELSA 360°-Videos project for

the IR40 and EDU50 era but also proof-of-concept that we are just beginning to touch the surface

of what 360° or spherical videos could do for learners and teachers in formal educational contexts.

Benefits to users (and society): The ELSA 360°-Videos project What was most surprising was the hidden benefit of the ELSA 360°-Videos project for weaker

learners of English; they seemed to be benefitting a lot from this technological tool compared to

more proficient learners. The opportunities afforded to the former to be immersed in work and

professional-related situations were helping them to make sense, and to figure out how they should

communicate and behave in such office situations. To increase opportunities for access, the 360°

or spherical videos were all initially uploaded to YouTube as the world’s leading video sharing

platform. Weaker English learners who stumbled in communicative tasks in the classroom in front

of other students, now had the golden chance to hone their skills (Repetto, Germagnoli, Tribeti &

Riva, 2018) and to prepare for course assessments from the comfort of their hostel beds.

Another surprising and illuminating benefit from the ELSA 360°-Videos project was that some

of the learners took their learning experience to the next level using cheap and readily available

smartphone powered ‘virtual reality’ (VR) goggles. For these learners who already had access to

such goggles and smartphones (primarily for movie watching and simple VR gaming purposes),

engaging with the ELSA 360°-Videos project materials was just a natural extension to what they

were already doing with other VR materials on the World Wide Web. Due to this, for the

immediate future, we will also start transferring ELSA 360°-Videos materials to alternative online

platforms that would allow for better interactivity and engagement. At the moment, VeeR and its

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free so-called ‘VeeR Experience’ online creator is being tested, together with ThingLink and its

paid educational content developer model.

Fig. 3 Initial 180° point-of-view of a simulated meeting (stereoscopic display from VeeR)

Fig. 4 Opposite 180° point-of-view of a simulated meeting (stereoscopic display from VeeR)

Within society, without a shadow of doubt, 360° or spherical videos have earth-shaking

potentials especially within the sphere of education. Sadly, for our team, much of what we are able

to do at this moment is being constrained by financial factors. This is due to the fact that state-of-

the-art software and online platforms to create interactivity and engagement through 360° or

spherical videos remain scandalously overpriced.

Commercialisation potentials, awards and recognitions for the ELSA 360°-Videos

project There is without reservation, huge commercialisation potentials for this project. On the other hand,

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there are a number of teething issues to be settled as explained in the last section. The biggest

problem comes from the very high costs involved in producing 360° or spherical videos with high

production value. Proprietary software and online platforms with monthly or yearly subscription

fees remain notoriously expensive for small-time production teams (like ours). That said, at this

moment in time, this project is still at its infancy and there are a number of financing options to be

explored by our team through research grant applications and inter-varsity collaborations.

With reference to awards and recognitions, as the previous section has explained, the Academic

Affairs Division of our university has chosen this particular project to explore the deployment of

IR40 and EDU50 learning technologies for year 2019 to 2020, and beyond. At the same time, this

project is a keystone project for collaboration between our university and the Open University of

Indonesia (UT Indonesia) and MARA Junior Science College (MRSM) iGCSE Kuala Kubu

Bharu, Selangor. A number of other collaborations are being surveyed at this moment, with several

interested stakeholders in the public and private sectors in Malaysia and the ASEAN region.

Realising that the future of education will be made up of ‘interactive immersive educational

experiences’, it is hoped that the ELSA 360°-Videos project will be able to win actual awards and

secure strong funding in future. That would allow us to develop even better 360° or spherical video

contents with high to professional production values, that could easily be commercialised and go

beyond the teaching and learning of English language.

Conclusion Being in its early stages, the benefits of 360° or spherical videos in language learning content

delivery are already noticeable from the ELSA 360°-Videos project. Benefits to end users include

being able to see eye contact between all the interlocutors who were acting in the video clips and

getting to know about professional mannerisms, including how to interrupt during formal

discussions from looking at the whole situation in the meeting room. The end users or learners are

also able understand the importance of bodily gestures and facial expressions during professional

communication, leading to their ability to communicate more effectively and professionally in the

workplace as the experience of watching 360° or spherical videos is akin to being in the real

situation.

At the same time, there are several challenges to be overcome before this technology could be

adopted more widely in Malaysian education by Malaysian educators. The biggest challenge is a

financial one, given the highly expensive price to buy and use 360° or spherical videos

development software and online deployment platforms. The next challenge is a technical one,

whereby content developers must be able to learn about 360° or spherical videos technology from

the outset and continue to keep up with rapid changes in this technological field. The final

challenge is undoubtedly to improve 360° or spherical videos content creation so that they are not

just immersive but also highly interactive, thus able to lead to actual learning and acquisition of

knowledge. Once these challenges are met head on, only then can we expect to see more 360° or

spherical videos with high production value created in a professional manner, and wider use of

this technology by Malaysian educators.

References Adnan, A. H. M. (2018). Industry 4.0 skill sets, higher-order thinking skills and gamification: Lessons from

‘Potentia Project’, Malaysia (Plenary Panel Presentation). Proceedings from TING X 2018: The Tenth

National Meeting of Teachers (Temu Ilmiah Nasional Guru) 'Innovation in Education for Indonesia 4.0'.

Tangerang: Universitas Terbuka Indonesia.

Ahmad, M. K., Adnan, A. H. M., Yusof, A. A., Mohd Kamal, M. A., & Mustafa Kamal, N. N. (2019). Using

new technologies to teach English in Malaysia - issues and challenges. Paper presented at the

International Invention, Innovative & Creative Conference (InIIC Series 1/2019), Malacca, Malaysia.

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Araya, D. (2015). Rethinking US Education Policy: Paradigms of the Knowledge Economy. New York, NY:

Palgrave Macmillan.

Doucet, A., Evers, J., Guerra, E., Lopez, N., Soskil, M., & Timmers, K. (2018). Teaching in the Fourth

Industrial Revolution: Standing at the Precipice. Oxford: Routledge.

Ehlers, U. D. & Kellermann, S. A. (2019). Future Skills: The Future of Learning and Higher Education.

Karlsruhe: International Future Skills Delphi Survey.

Geng, J., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., & Luk, E. T. H. (2019). Understanding the pedagogical potential of

Interactive Spherical Video-based Virtual Reality from the teachers’ perspective through the ACE

framework. Interactive Learning Environments, DOI: 10.1080/10494820. 2019.1593200

Gleason, N. W. (Ed.) (2018). Higher Education in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Singapore:

Palgrave Macmillan.

Insta360 (2019). Insta360 ONE X – Own the moment. Retrieved from https://www.insta360.com/

product/insta360-onex

Madigan, P. (2018). A spotlight on virtual reality in the English classroom. Metaphor, 2, 56-58.

Martin, J. (2011). Advancing the flip: Developments in reverse instruction. Retrieved from http://

connectedprincipals.com/archives/2775

Mohd Kamal, M. A., Adnan, A. H. M., Mustafa Kamal, N. N., Ahmad, M. K., & Yusof, A. A. (2019). 60

seconds ‘Video-based Learning’ to facilitate Flipped Classrooms and Blended Learning at a Malaysian

university. Paper presented at the International Invention, Innovative & Creative Conference (InIIC

Series 1/2019), Malacca, Malaysia.

Mustafa Kamal, N. N., Adnan, A. H. M., Yusof, A. A., Ahmad, M. K., & Mohd Kamal, M. A. (2019).

‘Immersive Interactive Educational Experiences’ - adopting Education 5.0, Industry 4.0 learning

technologies for Malaysian universities. Paper presented at the International Invention, Innovative &

Creative Conference (InIIC Series 1/2019), Malacca, Malaysia.

O’Halloran, K. L., Tan, S., Wiebrands, M., Sheffield, R., Wignell, P., & Turner, P. (2018). The multimodal

classroom in the digital age: The use of 360 degree videos for online teaching and learning. In H. de Silva

Joyce & S. Feez (Eds.) Multimodality Across Classrooms: Learning About and Through Different

Modalities (pp. 84-102). New York, NY: Routledge.

Repetto, C., Germagnoli, S., Tribeti, S., & Riva, G. (2018). Learning into the wild: A protocol for the use of

360 video for foreign language learning. In P. Cipresso et al. (Eds.) MindCare 2018, LNICST 253 (pp.

56-63). Boston, MA: Springer.

Rüfenacht, M. (2017). Education 5.0 — why we need to adjust the education system. Retrieved from

https://medium.com/@MattiaSuisse/education-5-0-why-i-think-we-need-to-adjust-the-education-

system-4a669b26396d

Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

Schwab, K., & Davis, N. (2018). Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

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Chapter 24

The Use of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)

Magnetic Fields to Increase the Content of

Isoflavones in Tempe Foods

1 Ita Jeny Trisnawati, 1 Muhammad Abdul Halim, 2Aulia Adilla Aji & 1Sudarti

1 Physics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,

University of Jember 1English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education,

University of Jember [email protected]

Abstract In this study, it aims to examine the effect of ELF magnetic fields on the isoflavone content in tempe. This

research method uses experimental laboratories with ELF magnetic field treatment exposed in tempe samples.

The exposures of ELF were carried out in 2 groups of tempe ingredients 4 hours after the fermentation process

with an intensity of 200 µT for 60 minutes and 300 µT for 20 minutes. Moreover, the measurements of tempe

isoflavone content were carried out at 48 hours after fermentation. From here, the results of this study indicate

that exposure to ELF magnetic fields at an intensity of 300 µT for 20 minutes significantly increased the

isoflavone content in tempe. Therefore, in conclusion, the results of this study shows that exposure to ELF

magnetic fields with an intensity of 300 µT for 20 minutes proved to increase the isoflavone content in tempe.

Keywords: ELF magnetic field, isoflavone content, tempe

Introduction

Soybean is contained in the family of leguminosae which is found in many isoflavone compounds

(Zubik and Maydini, 2003; Astuti, 2008). Isoflavones are in the class of flavonoids which are

polyphenolic compounds. Isoflavones aglycones, especially genistein, show the highest

antioxidative activity (Purwoko, 2004). Isoflavones in the form of aglycones (genistein, daidzein,

and glycitein) are more easily absorbed by the small intestine as part of the micelles that are formed

by bile. Isoflavones are partly resolvable in fat and it makes the circulation in the blood complex

(Schmidl and Labuza, 2000). The efforts to improve the absorption of isoflavones can be done

through the hydrolysis process outside the body through chemical methods and fermentation for

releasing sugar molecules in the isoflavones glycosides. The hydrolysis process involve strong

acids, such as: HCl and H2SO4 while the fermentation process can be carried out using several

types of probiotic microorganisms (Polkoswski and Mazurek, 2000). The real example of it can

be seen through the fermentation process in tempe, this process utilizes Rhizopus mold. The


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method used is by utilizing ELF magnetic field radiation to increase the content of isoflavones in

tempe. ELF magnetic field radiation is safe to use because it is non toxic (Belyaev, 2011).

Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field radiation is a spectrum of electromagnetic

waves that have a frequency range of 0-300 Hz (Ras, 2011). ELF magnetic fields have many

advantages, e.g.: Stop from ionizing and can enter almost all substances. ELF magnetic field are

able to interact with biological substance which resulted to many responses, for example: being

able to increase calcium intracelullar (Sudarti, 2015). Intracelullar calcium increases in specific

conditions which will then help increase cell proliferation. Moreover, it is strengthen by research

results taken from Kristinawati and Sudarti (2015) which shows that exposure to 100 µT magnetic

fields for 5 minutes can increase the proliferation of L. casei bacteria, so that it is useful to speed

the process of maturing cream cheese. Meanwhile, the exposure to ELF 500 µT magnetic field for

30 minutes can increase the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sticky tape (Kristian et al.,

2015). From here, the results of the previous studies it is hoped that ELF magnetic fields is able to

increase the isoflavone content in tempe. Although ELF magnetic fields have very low energy,

they have the ability to enter many substances. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect of ELF

magnetic field exposure on increasing isoflavone content in tempe.

In this research, the writer intends use alaboratory experimental research with also utilizing the

ELF magnetic fields as the treatment. Furthermore, the research design being used was randomized

subjects post test but only control group design was examined. The sample of this study was tempe

with the duration of 4 hours after the fermentation process with a composition of 49.9 grams of

soybeans and 0.1 gram of Rhizopus oligosporus. The variation of ELF magnetic field intensity and

exposure time used to expose tempe was 200 µT for 60 minutes and 300 µT for 20 minutes. As a

control, tempe is not exposed to ELF magnetic fields. The ELF magnetic field in this study was

produced by ELF sources. The ELF magnetic field exposure process is done by placing tempe

samples into the exposure space of ELF sources. Next, the voltage settings are useful to produce

the ELF magnetic field that is needed to know intensity of this study design. The process of

exposing the magnetic field in the ELF sources exposure space as shown in the figure below:

Figure 1. The process of ELF magnetic field exposure

After all the sample groups were exposed to ELF magnetic fields, the isoflavone content

analysis was exposed during the 48th hour after fermentation using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric

method calculation consisting of Tempe Extraction, Stock Solution Making and Raw Curve,

Genistein Tempe Analysis, and Data Analysis using linear regression equations. The reason 48th

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hour was chosen for the fermentation process because Rhizopus oligosporus grew optimally,

especially after the fermentation process (Purwoko, 20004; Susianto and Rita, 2013). Besides

descriptive study, it also uses a one way ANOVA method with the Least Significant Difference

(LSD) method to know the intensity and duration of exposure to ELF magnetic fields which

influences the isoflavone content.

Content

Soybeans are low in carbohydrates, but high in protein. Furthermore, compared to the other beans,

soybeans have high isoflavone content. Isoflavones are a type of polyphenol which has an

estrogen-like structure that can give an effect like estrogen. Isoflavones are also known as

phytoesterogen derivatives with estrogenic activity (Lampe, 2003). Isoflavones is used as

antioxidants and have a biological effect similar to estrogen. Isoflavones can reduce the risk of

osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration, reduce the prevalence of prostate cancer and

breast cancer, reduce atherogenesis; as well as reduce bone reabsorption. This is because

isoflavones can prevent oxidation of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (Otieno et al., 2006). The

example of a well-known soybean product is tempe. Tempe is a processed soybean product that is

preferred by the people of Indonesia and it is also a source of protein, especially vegetable protein

(Rosida et al., 2008). Soybeans contain flavonoid compounds, or more known as isoflavones, are

beneficial for, preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis,

obesity, menopause (Winarsi, 2010).

Extraction in both samples was done by using the extraction liquid of ethyl acetate organic

solvents in a separating funnel (Fawwaz et al., 2016). This is because estyl acetate has a dielectric

constant of 6.0 which has low toxicity. Extraction with ethyl acetate is used to connect isoflavone

genistein compounds in the semi-polar properties. The use of ethyl acetate also facilitates the

process of removing sugar components in extracts from fermentation or hydrolysis. The ethyl

acetate phase that binds to the isoflavone compound is collected and then evaporated with a rotary

evaporator at 40ºC which aims to evaporate the solvent until a thick extract is obtained. The

analysis of isoflavone aglycone levels in soybeans uses the comparison of standard genistein in

the isoflavone aglycone compounds contained in large numbers in the family of leguminosae

plants (Yamaguchi et al., 2005). The genistein standard curve is made on the concentration of 2,

4, 6, and 8 ppm. Determination of the maximum wavelength is carried out through the process of

running lamda max in one of the variations in the concentration that has been prepared with a

wavelength range of 200-400 nm. The highest absorption peak is obtained at a wavelength of 261

nm. The prepared series of genistein concentrations measured the absorbance at the maximum

wavelength. The absorbance data is then made a linear regression equation y = a + bx as a basis

for calculating genistein levels in the sample. Linearity is also needed to see the relationship

between concentration and absorbance, so that it can be ascertained that the method used is valid

and the tools used are still adequate.

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Figure 2. Isoflavone content in tempe at 48 hours after fermentation

The isoflavone content test only used tempe which was exposed to ELF 200 µT magnetic field

with the duration of 60 minutes in 300 µT for 20 minutes, and control.

Table 1. Data analysis of isoflavone content using one way Anova test

(I)

Treatment (J) Treatment

Mean

Difference

(I-J)

Std.

Error Sig.

95% Confidence

Interval

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Control 200 micro T, 60 menit -36,13033* ,34820 ,000 -36,9823 -35,2783

300 micro T, 20 menit -44,38700* ,34820 ,000 -45,2390 -43,5350

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Based on the results of data analysis using the one way Anova test, it was found that the

isoflavone content in tempe exposed to ELF 200 µT magnetic fields with the duration of 60

minutes in 300 µT for 20 minutes significantly increased compared to the control group (p <0.05).

This can be seen from Figure 1 that the isoflavone content in tempe exposed to ELF 300 µT

magnetic fields for 20 minutes had the highest isoflavone content compared to control and 200 µT

for 60 minutes. The calculation results showed that the genistein content of 300 µT tempe extract

for 20 minutes was much higher and 5 times greater than the control that showed 200 µT with the

duration of 60 minutes of the produced aglycones, such as: genistein.

Previous research showed the effects of ELF magnetic fields, especially its influence that

increases with the development of electric machines. Low-energy ELF magnetic fields can affect

various functions of living things and several experiments are done. The studies show that low-

energy ELF magnetic fields can influence various cellular functions and the important target of

ELF magnetic fields in cells is the signal transduction cascade. Furthermore, ELF magnetic field

affects not only the transcription of specific genes and cell growth, but also membrane-mediated

signal transduction processes, especially the Ca2 + transportation system. The effect of ELF

magnetic field on mitochondrial function, cell growth and transformation, neutrophil signal

transduction, cell apoptosis, gene expression and biological membrane lipid peroxidation are

examined. Strong lipid peroxidation induced ELF magnetic fields from biological membranes.

Today, it is well known that the magnetic ELF field (<300 Hz) induces biological changes that

include effects, for example: the increasing rate of enzyme reactions to increasing transcript levels

for certain genes. Moreover, there is some extensive literature on the relationship of

5.5

2

41

.98

49

.91

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Kontrol 200 µT 60' 300 µT 20'Iso

fla

vo

ne

Co

nte

nt

Treatment

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electromagnetic effects to cells. Interaction with signaling systems is a potential mechanism by

which ELF magnetic fields that have very low energy can result to the production of metabolic

responses in the body. The receptor there is used for hormones and neurotransmitters which is in

the form of special protein molecules that use many biochemical processes to send chemical

signals from outside the cell across the plasma membrane to the interior. Due to this, several low-

energy ELF magnetic fields have little energy to cross the membrane; it is possible that they can

modify the signal transduction process that exists in the cell membrane, thereby providing

transduction and biochemical amplification of the field effect itself.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the analysis of the data attained; therefore, it is concluded that the highest

isoflavone content was at the duration of 48 hours, and it occurred in tempe samples exposed to

an ELF magnetic field with an intensity of 300 µT for 20 minutes. In addition, if there is an increase

in isoflavone content in tempe, the quality of tempe will also increase.

References

Astuti, S. (2008). Isoflavon Kedelai dan Potensinya sebagai Penangkap Radikal Bebas. Teknologi Industri

dan Hasil Pertanian Universitas Lampung. 13(2): 126-136.

Belyaev, I. (2011). Toxicity and SOS-response to ELF magnetic fields and nalidixic acid in E. coli cells.

Mutat Res. 722(1):56-61.

Fawwaz, M., Akbar, N., Pratama, m., saleh, A., dan Baits, M. (2016). High Performance Liquid

Chromatographic Analysis of Isoflavones Aglycone in Indonesian Soybean. International Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 7(10): 4230-4233.

Kovacic, P and Somanathan, R. (2010). Electromagnetic fields: mechanism, cell signaling, other

bioprocesses, toxicity, radicals, antioxidants and beneficial effects. Journal of Receptors and Signal

Transduction. 30(4): 214-226.

Kristian, R. S., Sudarti, dan A. A Gani. (2015). Pengaruh Paparan Medan Magnet ELF (Extremely Low

Frequency) 300 µT dan 500 µT terhadap Perubahan Jumlah Mikroba dan pH Pada Proses Fermentasi

Tape Ketan. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika. 4(1): 1-8.

Kristinawati, A dan Sudarti. (2015). The Influence of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Magnetic Field

Exposure on The Process of Making Cream Cheese. Proceeding The 1st IBSC Towards The Extended Use

Of Basic Science For Enhancing Health, Environment, Energy And Biotechnology. Universitas Jember:

181-183.

Lampe, J. W. (2003). Isoflavonid and Lignan Phytoestrogens as Dietary Biomarkers. Enviromental Halth.

1(7): 888-894.

Otieno, D. O., Ashton, J. F., dan Shah, N. P. (2006). Evaluation of Enzymic Potential for Biotransformation

of Isoflavone Phytoestrogen in Soymilk by Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and

Lactobacillus casei. Food Research International. 39(4): 394-407.

Polkowski, K., dan Mazurek, A. P. (2000). Biological Properties of Genistein A Review of in Vitro and in

Vivo Data. Acta Polaniae Pharmaceutica – Drug Research. 57(2): 135-155.

Purwoko, T. (2004). Kandungan Isoflavon Aglikon Pada Tempe Hasil Fermentasi Rhizopus microsporus var.

oligosporus: Pengaruh Perendaman. BioSMART. 6(2): 85-87.

Ras, P. T. P. (2011). Studi Tingkat Radiasi Medan Elektromagnetik Yang Ditimbulkan Oleh Telepon Selular.

Jaya pura: Universitas Tanjungpura.

Schmidl, M. K., dan Labuza, T. P. (2000). Essentials of Functional Foods. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers.

Sudarti. (2015). The Mecanism of Increasing Calcium Intracelullar of Exposed Extremely Low Frequency

(ELF) Magnetic Field 150 uT As The Study of Biophysics. Prosiding Internationel Conference

University of Muhammadiyah Jember. Muhammadiyah Jember: 1-3.

Susianto dan R. Rita. (2013). Fakta Ajaib Khasiat Tempe. Jakarta: Penebar Plus.

Winarsi, H. (2010). Protein Kedelai dan Kecambah Manfaatnya Bagi Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

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Yamaguchi, M., Igarashi, A., Sakai, M., Degawa, H., dan Ozawa, Y. (2005). Prolonged Intake of Dietary

Fermented Isoflavone-Rich Soybean Reinforced With Zinc Affects Circulating Bone Biochemical

Markers in Aged Individuals. Journal of Health Science. 51(2): 191-196.

Zubik, L., dan Meydani, M. (2003). Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside

forms in American women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 77(6): 1459-1465.

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Chapter 25

The Implementation of Safety Helmet as a

Drowsiness Detection on Motorcycle Rider

Using Fuzzy Logic Controller Method

Sumardi, S.T., M.T, Kukuh Priambodo, Malikul Fanani & Iklil

Sulaiman

Engineering and Public Health Faculty, Jember University

Abstract The results of the statistical test are obtained that the relationship between fatigue and the incidence of death

due to an accident caused the death of 57.9%. One of the things to overcome the problem of the high number

of traffic accidents is to provide protection in the form of prevention so that the rider does not experience an

accident which is by using a helmet with special technology. This study uses the fuzzy logic method with the

sensor input of brain signals and pulses. This brain signal reading is divided into 4 characteristics, which are

a focus, less focus, exhausted and sleepy. The pulse sensor uses characteristics of weakness, slowness,

exhausted, drowsiness and height. The output of the fuzzy logic test is a servo limit angle that moves the

butterfly valve on the carburetor. This test was done using 25 trials at the Laboratory of Applied Electronics

Electrical Engineering at Jember University. The test results to find out the level of rider’s fatigue that causes

drowsiness is on the reading of the brain signal sensor. It detected the fatigue at a reading of 1,218,342 ADC

(Analog to Digital Converter) values and a pulse reading sensor at a value less than 80 BPM (Beat Per

Minutes). On the readings of the brain signal sensor, it has the value of 977,351 and the pulse sensor of 100

BPM, then the servo limit output is 40.90 and on the brain signal sensor reading of 1,218,342 and the pulse

sensor of 60 BPM, then the servo angle limit is 18.40. The relationship of servo angle to speed is the greater

the servo angle of the reading result, the process of opening the carburetor butterfly valve will increase and

this causes the gas combustion level faster and causes the vehicle faster. With this, the servo angle limit

reading results are getting smaller, so when the rider is detected tired, the vehicle speed will decrease and

also followed by the turn signal light which turns on the left automatically.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Butterfly Valve, fatigue

Introduction

The number of traffic accident victims throughout Indonesia throughout 2017 were lower than the

previous year. Data from the Indonesian National Police recorded the number of motor vehicle

accidents fell to only 98,419 times from the previous year. Throughout 2017, the victims killed

due to traffic accidents reached 25,859 people and those injured were 16,159. The main causes of

motor vehicle accidents are human factors such as drowsiness when driving or motorcycle rider's

incompetence of 35%. While the quality factor of the vehicle such as the broken brake has not

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reached 31%. (databooks, 2018). Accidents cause many losses, both financially and materially.

Accidents are not only incidents or events that befall individuals but are also one of the factors

inhibiting economic growth in developing countries. The number of motorcycle accidents in

Indonesia tends to decline but is still categorized as high.

One of the innovations made by students to help the government in reducing the number of

accidents is the Androsys anti-drowsing helmet (Anti-Drowsing System on motorcycle helmets by

University of Surabaya students). The Androsys system that was designed uses a heart pulse sensor

equipped with a timer, counter, and vibrator. Then the work was updated by HEPINAR (Smart

Helmet) with the addition of a brain signal sensor and SMS gateway that has the concept of

prevention and handling post-accident. HEPINAR has many advantages, such as real-time

reporting with the SMS gateway, the speed reduction of the motorcycle connected with helmet and

the reporting that is integrated with the police and the nearest hospital. But HEPINAR has

weaknesses in decision making. Therefore we need a method that can make a more accurate

decision making. Based on these problems in this study will be designed a control system of fatigue

detection using Fuzzy Logic Controller.

Literature Review

This control system of vehicle speed control aims to reduce the number of accidents to riders

caused by fatigue. Fatigue is a biological urge to take a break in order to restore conditions

(Williamson et.al., 2011).

A. EEG Signals Data Acquisition

To detect the EEG signal on the rider's brain to detect the level of fatigue on the rider, it uses

2 (two) electrodes placed in the closest part to the forehead embedded in the helmet. The

electrode used to detect has a low resistance consisting of 2 bipolar electrodes and monopolar

which are used to detect the occurrence of electrical symptoms in the brain.

B. Pulse Heart Rate Data Acquisition

Pulse is generated on comparison when the heart pumps blood throughout the body including

the age and pulse classification (Achanuphab, 2014). To display the results of the

measurement technique, it uses an optical cable to develop a sensor to measure the heart

rhythm from several signs of an electrocardiogram (EKG).

C. Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)

This algorithm is used in the application of data processing which is interpreted in the form

of binary numbers. The Fuzzy logic reads vague statements into a logical understanding. System

development methodology using Fuzzy Logic Controller. Fuzzy logic controller is one way to

manage several inputs so that it produces the output that is planned accordingly.

Research Methods

This research was conducted using a direct experimental model, meaning that all data retrieval

starting from the reading of the theta wave on the brain signal and a pulse is done by directly

observing the object from being conscious to falling asleep without using a motorcycle. This is

intended to see the magnitude of the opening of the butterfly valve on a motorcycle carburetor and

at the same time to analyze the results of observations.

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A. System Block Diagram

B. Designing the algorithm of butterfly valve opening with Fuzzy Logic Controller there are

several main steps including:

1. Define fuzzy controller (FLC) input and output variables

2. Create a Rule Base Fuzzy

3. Choose the Defuzzyfication method

C. Mechanical Design of Safety Helmet

Results and Discussion

The output results in the experiment to reduce the amount of motor speed through the results of

the second reading of the sensor is by using Fuzzy Logic logic. The calculation of the servo angle

used as the maximum limit of the carburetor valve on the motor, the author uses a fuzzy inference

system. The author uses the fuzzy logic toolbox that is in the MATLAB R2013a application with

the Mamdani type. The use of this Mamdani type uses two input variables and produces an output

variable that is adjusted to the level of fatigue of the rider and is related to the reading of the servo

angle rotator knob to the carburetor.

A. EEG Sensor

The result of brain signal readings in the sample under normal conditions shows that the waves are

low alpha, low and the delta looks big and theta waves look small. The test result of reading the

signal of a person in a state of drowsy show that theta waves in the second test are slightly larger

and the presence of high alpha, low beta and delta signals decreases. The result of brain signal

readings in the sample under drowsy conditions. show that theta waves occupy the highest graph

and all waves show the smallest value.

B. ECG

ECG testing was done to determine the relationship between the number of pulses and the level of

fatigue control show different BPM values, which are 113 BPM when the sample is normal and

79 BPM when the sample is drowsy, whereas if seen from the ECG graph the two images above

when the number of BPM 79 amplitude intensity produced is higher than when normal condition.

It is because when the condition of drowsiness, the amount of blood flow when the systole and

diastole of the pulse decrease this is triggered because of the relaxation in the body to make

condition rest. Serial data that is read on the programming algorithm is made so that it can connect

to 2 serials, which are serial pulse heart rate (processed data or input), serial Arduino (data for

control) and output, which is motor speed data.

The declaration of the programming algorithm in this system is by the signal range of the

number of BPM with a certain value will be processed in order to issue a command that will be

transmitted by the Radio Frequency module and the radio frequency receiver will receive

instructions and will instantly reduce the speed of the motorcycle by automatically closing the gas

on a motorcycle carburetor.

C. Relationship between EEG, ECG and Motor Speed

The output results in the experiment to reduce the amount of motor speed through both sensor

readings are by using Fuzzy Logic logic. The calculation of the servo angle used as the maximum

limit of the carburetor valve on the motor, the author uses a fuzzy inference system. The author

uses the fuzzy logic toolbox that is in the MATLAB R2013a application with the Mamdani type.

The use of this Mamdani type uses two input variables and produces an output variable that is

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adjusted to the level of rider's fatigue and is related to the reading of the servo angle of knob rotator

to the carburetor.

D. Test Results of Fuzzy Logic

The results of testing the Fuzzy Inference System for several different shown in below:

Input 1 : 761,200 Brain Signals and 137 Pulses Output : 46.9˚ (Drowsy State)

Input 2 : 925,500 Brain Signals and 97 Pulses Output : 36,4˚ (Exhausted State)

Input 3 : 234,500 Brain Signals and 115 Pulses Output : 60.4 (Normal State)

Input 4: 1,032,000 Brain Signals and 110 Pulses Output : 46˚ (Little Drowsy State)

Input 5 : 1,172,000 Brain Signals and 54 Pulses Output : 20.8˚ (Very Drowsy State)

From the experiments above, it can be seen that when the brain signal is large and the pulse is

low, the servo angle will be limited to a minimum so that the motorcycle cannot go fast. Unlike

when the Brain signal is smaller than before and the pulse is normal, the servo angle is still limited

because the rider is detected less concentration so that the motorcycle cannot drive at full speed.

Conclusions The application of a decision-making system detects fatigue on helmet technology using this fuzzy

logic controller can be done well in distinguishing the level of fatigue in the rider. The magnitude

of the sensor signal readings when detected drowsy is between the range of 1,172,000 while the

pulse sensor value is below 80 BPM.

References

Williamson, A., Lombardi, D.A., Folkard, S., Stutts, J., Courtney, T.K., Connor, J.L. (2011). The link

between fatigue and safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 498-515.

J. Malmivuo, R. Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism, Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic

Fields, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995

Lalita Achanuphab, http://www.doctor.or.th/article/detaiI!5158.(p.ll-p.15) Retrieved January 20, 2014

Kiyotaka Ho, Kenta Yamamoto, Naoki Tsuchiya, Hiroshi Nakajima, Kei Kuramoto, Syoji Kobashi, Yutaka

Hata, Multi Sensor Approach to Detection of Heartbeat and Respiratory Rate Aided by Fuzzy Logic,

(p.lp.6) IEEE 2010.

Jan Jantzen, “Tutorial on fuzzy logic”, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Automation,

Denmark, 1998.

Reznik L.1997. Fuzzy controllers, Newnes, Oxford.

T.Balamurugan, S.Manoharan, “Fuzzy controller design using soft switching boost converter for MPPT in

hybrid system” International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), vol 2, issue 5,

November 2012.

Databoks. (2018, September 21st). Sepanjang 2017 Terjadi 98 Ribu Kali Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas. Retrieved

November 19, 2018, from databoks.katadata.co.id: ribu

https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2018/09/21/sepanjang-2017-terjadi-98- -kali-kecelakaan-

lalu-lintas

http://www.doctor.or.th/article/detaiI!5158.(p.ll-p.15)

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Chapter 26

Innovative Green Analytical Magnetic Solid

Phase Extraction Technique

Nur Husna Zainal Abidin, Ungku Amirul Arif Ungku Abdullah, Wan

Nazihah Wan Ibrahim, Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi &

Nursyamsyila Mat Hadzir

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA,

40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract Two different magnetic adsorbents namely, Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 were synthesized and used as

effective adsorbent in magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) to isolate tetracycline (TC) and chlorpyrifos

from tap water coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). The structure of the

sorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron

microscopy (FESEM). The main parameters affecting the sorbent efficiency namely extraction time,

desorption time and desorption solvent were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, satisfactory

recoveries were obtained for both Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 at 96.9 and 97.5 %, respectively. The

synthesized sorbents have several appealing attributes including rapid extraction capability, small

consumption of organic solvent and high extraction efficiency.

Introduction Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is an innovative green analytical technique that employs

a magnetic material as a sorbent to separate targeted compounds suspended or dissolved in a liquid

mixture from other interferences. The prime benefits of this technique over its conventional

predecessors are its simplicity, smaller consumption of organic solvent and shorter analysis

time(Kechagia & Samanidou, 2017). Normally, the MSPE sorbent will be prepared by combining

two types of different materials; an organic sorbent with high adsorption capacity and an inorganic

material with superparamagnetic properties such as ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) (Aghaei, 2017).

Fe3O4 is commonly used in the preparation of magnetic sorbent as it is inexpensive, biocompatible

and easy to synthesis. Owing to the magnetic properties, magnetic sorbent can be easily separated

from an aqueous phase using a magnetic field.

Among the popular organic sorbents are graphene oxide (GO) and SBA-15. GO is a single

layer atom of carbon packed densely in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice, with functional groups

containing oxygen in variable ratios attached to its surface. This excellent sorbent material

received its popularity due to its high thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, high

hydrophobicity and good acid/alkali resistance (Priyadarsini et al., 2018). Meanwhile, SBA-15 is

an interesting mesoporous silica material having highly ordered nanopores and a large surface area

(Jaramillo et al., 2016). In this study, GO and SBA-15 were hybridized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles

to form two distinct magnetic sorbents. Subsequently, the two newly synthesized sorbents, namely

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Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15, were employed to extract tetracyclines (TC) and chlorpyrifos from

tap water, respectively.

TC and chlorpyrifos are organic contaminants that are commonly present in the environment

(Thompson, 2019). TC is a broad-spectrum antibiotic compound which is commonly used to treat

bacterial infections. On contrary, chlorpyrifos is an organic phosphorous pesticides (OPPs) that is

widely used in agriculture to kill a number of pests, including insects. Due to their extensive usage,

these contaminants leached into our environment which ended up in our water sources (Javid et

al., 2016; Donald et al., 2007). Although in general the concentration is low, at an escalated level,

if not prevented, they might impose great global risk of health (Fletcher & Fletcher, 2015; Saunders

et al., 2012). In respond to this matter, this research was aimed to employ an MSPE procedure

based on Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 to isolate TC and chlorpyrifos from our tap water system

as an economically and environmentally friendly procedure which align with the concept of green

chemistry.

Experimental section

Instrumentation All analyses were carried out using HPLC system with ultraviolet (UV) detector. Chromatographic

separations were performed using the analytical HPLC C18 column (5 µm x 2.1 x 100 mm). For

the analysis of OPPs, the mobile phase used was acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 4.5;1 mM)

at the ratio of 60:40 v/v with constant flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1. Considering the sensitivity of

samples analysis, UV detector was selected at 210 nm for analyzing chlorpyrifos. Meanwhile, for

the analysis of TCs, gradient elution using methanol (A), acetonitrile (B), and 0.03 M oxalic acid

(C) was applied at a consistent flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1, starting at 0:8:92 v/v (A:B:C) for 1 min,

followed by 0:18:82 v/v for 2 min, which was changed to 5:20:75 v/v and remained isocratic for

5 min, followed by 10:25:65 v/v for 3 min, 15:20:65 v/v for 1 min and finally 12:25:60 v/v for 3

min. The UV detection wavelength for TC was set at 360 nm.

The infrared transmittance spectra were recorded in the range from 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1 using

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR, Perkin Elmer) in a KBr matrix to identify the functional groups

and chemical bonding of the materials. The morphology of and size of Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-

15 were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (JEOL-JEM-2300, Tokyo,

Japan) operating at 20 kV accelerating voltage.

Preparation of Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 The preparation of Fe3O4-GO was initialized by dissolving 25 mg of GO in 20 ml of ultrapure

water in ultrasonification for 3 h. Next, the pH of the mixture was modified to 11 followed by

adding 500 mg of FeCl2.4H2O and leave for 3h agitation. Final product of Fe3O4-GO was separated

from the solution by an external magnetic field and left in an oven for overnight.

Incidentally, Fe3O4-SBA-15 was prepared by mixing 0.5 g of SBA-15 in 100 mL doubled

distilled water and 1 mmol FeCl2.4H2O and 2 mmol FeCl3 were added to the solution. The resulting

solution was added dropwise with 10 mL of aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution and

continuously stirred for 1 hour. Finally, the obtained products were centrifuged with doubled

distilled water until pH become neutral and dried in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature.

MSPE procedures for the TC and chlorpyrifos The prepared Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 sorbents were employed in an MSPE procedure to

extract TC and chlorpyrifos from water. 20 mg of magnetic sorbent was added into a 10 ml of

ultrapure water, spiked with 1 mg L-1 of targeted analytes. Next, the mixture was subjected to

orbital shaker for 15 min to allow adsorption of analytes onto the sorbent surface. The sorbent was

then isolated form the aqueous phase by an external magnetic field and the supernatant was

decanted. The adsorbed analytes were eluted from magnetic sorbent with 500 µl of desorption

solvent by ultrasonication. The desorption solvent was then evaporated under N2 stream,

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reconstituted with 300 µl of a selected diluent, and filtered through 0.45 µm nylon syringe filter.

Finally, 2 µl of aliquot was injected into the HPLC/UV system for analysis.

Result and Discussion

Characterization sorbents The synthesized sorbents (Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15) were characterized under field emission

scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) in order to understand the surface morphology and the

distribution of the magnetite particles on the surface of the sorbent. As observed in Figure 1 (a),

GO is presented as a smooth wrinkled surface that was uniformly coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles,

which, as can be seen, tends to agglomerate. Evidently, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles is widely

distributed in the range of 50 nm to 250 nm on the surface of GO with a narrow distribution size.

Similarly, with regards to Figure 1 (b), the bare spherical-like Fe3O4 nanoparticles are also

agglomerated and dispersed onto the exterior surface of SBA-15 in the range of 90 nm.

The compositional and type of functional groups present in the prepared sorbent were evaluated

via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The characteristic peaks of Fe3O4-GO which

can be observed at Figure 1 (c), appears at the band of 1048 and 587 cm-1 due to C–O stretching

of epoxy groups and Fe–O stretching vibrations, respectively. The absorption at the peak of 1564

and 1201 cm-1 are related to C=C stretching of aromatic rings and C–O–H bending of phenolic

groups in GO. Meanwhile, Figure 1 (d) shows the characteristic peaks of Fe3O4-SBA-15 which

can be observed at the vibrational band of 960 cm-1, due to the presence of silanol groups (Si-OH)

commonly found in mesoporous silica. The alteration peak presented occur after functionalization

process.

Figure 1 FESEM image of (a) Fe3O4-GO, (b) Fe3O4-SBA-15 and IR spectrum of (c) Fe3O4-GO

and (d) Fe3O4-SBA-15

Optimization of MSPE procedure In order to obtain the highest analyte recovery, two factors affecting the MSPE procedure, namely

extraction time and desorption conditions have been optimized. Chlorpyrifos was selected as a

model analyte for Fe3O4-SBA-15 sorbent, while tetracycline was selected for Fe3O4-GO sorbents

in a water sample.

Extraction time is a key parameter that plays an imperative role in the MSPE procedure. The

effect of extraction time of the selected analytes on both Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 was studied

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at four different shaking periods in the range of 5 to 20 min. As shown in Figure 2 (a) - (b), the

peak area of TC and chlorpyrifos increased gradually from 5 to 15 min, whereas extending the

shaking period to 20 min does not show any significant improvement. It can be concluded that the

equilibrium between the aqueous phases and the sorbents was reached at 15 min.

An equally significant factor of MSPE, desorption conditions, provide a large contribution to

the enrichment efficiency. In this experiment, the desorption condition was divided into two sub-

factors, namely desorption solvent and desorption time. Highest sensitivity can be achieved by

selecting an appropriate desorption solvent to elute trapped analytes from a sorbent material.

Hence, in this experiment, several polar and non-polar organic solvents were studied in the

desorption process of TC and chlorpyrifos from the prepared Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15

sorbent. The experimental results demonstrate that the best response of TC (Figure 2 (c)) and

chlorpyrifos (Figure 2 (d)) was obtained using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively. These solvents

were able to provide the highest response due to the implications of polarity, in which ethanol

provides desirable hydrophilic interactions with polar TC, whereas n-hexane provides desirable

hydrophobic interactions with non-polar chlorpyrifos.

The desorption time was studied to determine the minimum amount of time required by the

analytes to be completely eluted from the sorbent. Figure 2 (e) shows that the highest elution

performance for TC was achieved in 2 min, whereas Figure 2 (f) shows that the desorption

performance of chlorpyrifos improved significantly from 1 to 5 min. However, further increase on

the desorption time past the highest responses obtained did not results in any improvement on the

analyte recovery.

Figure 2. Effect of extraction time for (a) TC and (b) chlorpyrifos, effect of desorption solvents

for (c) TC and (d) chlorpyrifos, and effect of desorption time for (e) TC and (f) chlorpyrifos on

the extraction efficiency.

Application of Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 on water samples. To study the capability of the developed method, both Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 were used to

isolate TC and chlorpyrifos in real water sample. The relative recoveries (RR) obtained for TCs

and chlorpyrifos were 96.9 and 97.5%, respectively. Triplicate MSPE data gave a satisfactory

relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.3 and 4.8% for TC and chlorpyrifos, respectively.

Accordingly, the adsorption of TC onto Fe3O4-GO was attributed to π-π interaction, while the

Fe3O4-SBA-15 successfully adsorbed chlorpyrifos due to hydrogen bonding through the hydroxyl

group on silanol surface and anionic sites of chlorpyrifos (Cl, O and S) and electrostatic interaction

between partial positive group of (P) of chlorpyrifos with partial negative (O) present in iron oxide

(Lin, Xu, & Li, 2013; Qin, Ma, & Liu, 2007).

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Conclusion

In this work, Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 were successfully synthesized, characterized using

FTIR and FESEM, and employed in an MSPE procedure to isolate TC and chlorpyrifos from tap

water. Both Fe3O4-GO and Fe3O4-SBA-15 worked with an outstanding recoveries of 96.9% for

TC and 97.5% for chlorpyrifos. These results indicate that the sorbents endowed great values and

are promising a wide range of applications in the field of analytical chemistry.

Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia for

facilitations and the Ministry of Education Malaysia for their financial supports through vote

number 600-IRMI/MyRA 5/3/LESTARI(098/2017), 600-IRMI/FRGS 5/3 (039/2017) and

(FRGS/1/2017/STG01/UITM/02/8).

References Aghaei, E. (2017). Magnetic Adsorbents for the Recovery of Precious Metals from Leach Solutions and

Wastewater, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7120529

Donald, D. B., Cessna, A. J., Sverko, E., & Glozier, N. E. (2007). Pesticides in Surface Drinking-Water

Supplies of the Northern Great Plains, 115(8), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9435

Fletcher, S., & Fletcher, S. (2015). Understanding the contribution of environmental factors in the spread of

antimicrobial resistance. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 243–252.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-015-0468-0

Javid, A., Mesdaghinia, A., Nasseri, S., Mahvi, A. H., & Alimohammadi, M. (2016). Assessment of

tetracycline contamination in surface and groundwater resources proximal to animal farming houses in

Tehran , Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 1–5.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-016-0245-z

Kechagia, M., & Samanidou, V. (2017). Trends in Microextraction-Based Methods for the Determination of

Sulfonamides in Milk. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations4030023

Leyla Y. Jaramillo, W. A. H. and E. P.-G. (2016). Synthesis of SBA-15/MCM-41 bimodal mesoporous silica.

Materials Research Society, 1, 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.201

Lin, Y., Xu, S., & Li, J. (2013). Fast and highly efficient tetracyclines removal from environmental waters

by graphene oxide functionalized magnetic particles. Chemical Engineering Journal, 225, 679–685.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.104

Priyadarsini, S., Mohanty, S., Mukherjee, S., Basu, S., & Mishra, M. (2018). Graphene and graphene oxide

as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 8(2), 123–

137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0265-6

Qin, Q., Ma, J., & Liu, K. (2007). Adsorption of nitrobenzene from aqueous solution by MCM-41. Journal

of Colloid and Interface Science, 315(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2007.06.060

Saunders, M., Magnanti, B. L., Carreira, S. C., Yang, A., Alamo-hernández, U., Riojas-rodriguez, H., …

Bartonova, A. (2012). Chlorpyrifos and neurodevelopmental effects : a literature review and expert

elicitation on research and policy. Environmental Health, 11(Suppl 1), S5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-

069X-11-S1-S5

Thompson, L. A. (2019). Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Food : Review of a Global Problem,

2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2345283

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Chapter 27

The Implementation of Integrated Public

Services Management through the Magic

Hospital Application

Ain Nur Anisa, Edwin Dwi Andrian, Farhan Seta Dhitama, Nuari

Ramadhan

Brawijaya University

Abstract Industrial revolution 4.0 requires the people to fulfill their life needs in public service sector easily and

practically. The available public services in Republic of Indonesia will be the asset to the upcoming year, in

order to increase its quality and maintain the current standards. The development of technology, which is

caused by the Indonesian youth, makes the government the executor and the government must be able to be

transparent on giving technology innovation in a form of integrated public services system, along with

management concept. Management concept can be used to manage every activities that the public services

provide.

Introduction Based on the law number 25 year 2009 about Public Services, Public Services are events or series

of events in delivering the needs of services in contrast with the laws for every citizens on goods,

services, and/or administrative services that the public services executors provided on of the form

of public services that gives huge impact to many people is in the health services.

According to Law number 44 year 2009, health services are rights of every people, which are

guaranteed in 1945 Constitutions, that need to be implemented in ways of increasing the health

degree of the people as high as possible. In inclining the health services, the facilities themeselves

are surely needed. One of the examples of the health facilities is hospital. Hospital is a health

service institution that held individual health service, which provides several services such as

hospitalization, outpatient, and emergency unit. Surely, in the execution of public services, the

management is needed. It is needed to manage the activity of services to people, based on the main

regulations or other regulations.

Content In order to response about the problem regarding the public services, especially in health service,

gives us opportunity in providing services in a form of integrated information system with

management basis, as the implementation of Magic Hospital application program. Magic Hospital

is defined as a system that is designed to solve the problems in the hospital such as patient

registration, doctor appointments, and medicine prescription in the pharmacy. Magic Hospital

application has lots of features, for example there are emergency call lists, doctor availability list,

appointments with doctor, online registration, medical redords data, and process of medicine

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prescriptions in the pharmacy. This product is a result of the application of the Information and

Communication Technologies and Information system designed with patient’s need of health

service. There is another method used in the making of Magic Hospital application, it is called

Agile Development Methods. Agile Development Methods are software development

methodology that is based on the same principles or short term development system. Thoso needed

fast adaptation from developer to any kind of changes.

The description of the image, among others:

a. First Meeting

The scrum process begins with making the goals to be achieved and determining the

product backlog. Product backlog are quantified in days (between 1-20 days). Product

backlog is a combination of story based work (use case/product feature based work) and

task based work. For example, “add validation on all forms”). The product backlog is

prioritized by the product owner. The product backlog contains a priority list of feature

that will be on the product.

b. Sprint planning meeting

It is a meeting for the product owner, scrum team and interested people. In this meeting

aims to determine the sprint goal which is the goal to be achieved in the next scrum sprint

(next 30 days). Sprint goals are usually the minimum functional requirements that must be

achieve.

c. Daily scrum meeting (Inspect and adapat cycle)

This meeting is a daily meeting for no more than 15 minutes, which is just sharing that

was done yesterday, now, and plans for tomorrow. Those who can speak in this team are

Scrum Master and a member of the developer team. Other people who have an interest can

participate in the team but may not communicate (speak).

d. Sprint review meeting

This meeting is a meeting after the activity for 2 weeks or 1 month (sprint) ends, which is

then followed by a sprint planning meeting for the next sprint. This meeting reviews the

sprints that have been carried out and updates the sprint backlog which reflect how long it

will take to complate the task.

e. Sprint retrospective meeting

This meeting is a meeting after the sprint review meeting and before the next sprint planning

meeting. This meeting is a meeting attended by Scrum Master and a team of developers to

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revise the process and work methods of scrum, the development process so that the next

sprint is more effective.

The application of and Information System is important in the dissemination of information, which

is a process of developing techniques, methods, and communication media to exchange

information between humans. Information and Communication Technologies’s and Information

System are considered to make business processes more efficient and effective and increase the

productivity of management at the Hospotal.

Conclusion To realize the level of effective and efficient public service, and to give a lot of influence to

increasing satisfaction with the use of service facilities provided, therefore a synergy between

stakeholders is needed, namely, the parties involved in granting permits and the community as

service user. Magic Hospital is present wrapped in the application of Information and

Communication Technologies and Information Systems in the face of existing anxiety in health

services, through an integrated process between sections, making it useful that is expected to have

an impact on trimming the business process of a hospital management.

References Republik Indonesia. 2009. Undang-Undang No. 25 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelayanan Publik. Lembaran Negara

Republik Indonesia, No. 5038. Sekretariat Negara. Jakarta.

Republik Indonesia. 2009. Undang-Undang No. 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit. Lembaran Negara

Republik Indonesia, No. 5072. Sekretariat Negara. Jakarta.

Carvalho, Bernardo & Henrique, Carlos & Mello, Carlos. (2011). Scrum Agile Product Development Method

Literature Review, Analysis and Classification. Product: Management & Development. 9. 39-49.

10.4322.

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Chapter 28

Development of Springed Ankle Foot Orthosis

Ahmad Aizat Johar1, Muhammad Iddin Saufi Abdul Wahid1, Eka

Noorul Amanina Darwin1, Giha Tardan2 & Abdul Halim Abdullah1,*

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,

40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul

Aziz Shah, Persiaran Usahawan, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract This product is an improvement design for ankle foot orthosis (AFO) for stroke patients. It is focus on the

foot gait region or the most common spastic deformity, which is known as equinus. One of the effective

approach to help aiding the development of the treatment in treating spastic deformity is through orthosis,

which is a device that helps mirroring the normal gait pattern of a foot. The aim of this project is to design an

adjustable and customized ankle foot orthoses so that the ankle flexion can be adjusted to compose a dynamic

dorsiflexion damper. Several stages involved in this project which consisted of (i) product design process,

(ii) computational analysis and (iii) fabrication of product using 3D printing technology. Systematic design

process is followed to gain the appropriate data in selecting the best approach, important parameter involved

and customer needs. The computational analysis is conducted to ensure the design feasibility, optimization

and customer satisfaction with cost effective. The full scale model of the product is fabricated using 3D

printing technology as prove of its functionality and effectiveness.

Introduction

Stroke is a brain disease that affects the arteries. There are two types of strokes which are ischemic

stroke and haemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke happen when a blood vessel that carries oxygen

and nutrients to the brain is blocked by a clot while haemorrhagic stroke happen when the blood

vessel become ruptures. Different treatments are available for stroke patients. For Ischemic stroke,

the goal of the treatment is to remove the clot while the goals of Haemorrhagic stroke treatment

are to stop the bleeding. Besides, there is also post-stroke treatment which is rehabilitation. The

purpose of rehabilitation is to relearn the old movements that gone when stroke attack the patient.

Rehabilitation process depends on which part of the body affected by stroke. It also stated that

through rehabilitation process, spasticity can be prevented. Spasticity occur when muscles in

certain parts of the body are continuously contracted. It will cause stiffness or tightness of the

muscles which affected the movement, speech and gait. Some of the device available in the market

can help to improve walking movement of stroke patients such as Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO). By

relying on AFO in a longer period, patients can get the risk of spasticity because of no movement

at the ankle region. Based on previous research, it showed that by using AFO patients can improve

walking ability, gait speed, and balance after stroke [1]. Inadequate ankle dorsiflexion during

swing, medio-lateral ankle instability and insufficient push-off during late stance frequently will

disturb their normal walking patterns, causing slower walking speed, shorter step length and foot

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drag [2]. Dorsiflexion is the action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin and plantarflexion

is vice versa to dorsiflexion which is moving the sole of the foot downward. Thus, the aims of the

project are to design, analyse and fabricate a springed AFO that is believed can improve the

patients’ movement and help to prevent spasticity to the stroke patients.

Methodology The process is divided into four part which are generation of idea, product design, analysis and

fabrication. These part are required to achieve the objective for this project.

a. Generation of Idea

Generation of ideas are made after the above steps have been made. This step is done by

referring to the availability of the products in the market and their features. The ideas

generated may provide a possible solution for the problem that has been identified.

Throughout the research made, three conceptual designs are generated. All of the designs were

generated based on the idea that ankle foot orthotic can be deflect at certain angle when no

downward force is applied. The differences between all three designs are focussing on how to

bend the users’ feet during walking process especially on ankle region. Figures below show

the conceptual design of the product.

b. Product Design

Once the conceptual design is selected, the design process is proceeded with Computer Aided

Drawing (CAD) design. In CAD, parts and mechanisms involved in the selected design as

well as its dimension used are displayed. The product consists of two main parts which are

the foot and shank as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: 3D model of foot (left), shank (middle), full assembly (right)

c. Analysis

Analysis is performed to determine total deformation and von Misses Stress of the product.

1000 N of vertical force is applied to foot part and pressure of 1500 Pa is applied to the shank

part to represent the weight of the patient. It is important to perform analysis before fabrication

of the product as it can be used to estimate the weight, printing time as well as cost. Loading

and boundary condition of the computational analysis is described in Fig. 2.

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Figure 2: Computational Analysis of the foot part

d. Fabrication

For fabrication process, 3D printing will be use as it can produce complex shape and also cost

effective. The design can be directly fabricated after the CAD model is uploaded in the 3D

printer. As it can produce complex shape of the parts, it may take long period to fabricate as

the parts of the product will be quite thick. Once the product has been fabricated, the assembly

process need to be done

Results and Discussion Two different materials namely Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

were considered in the computational study. Force and pressure was applied to the shank and foot

model which presenting the standing condition. 1000 N of vertical force is applied to foot part and

1500 Pa is applied to the shank part. The material properties of these material are shown in Table

1.

Table 1: Material Properties of ABS and PLA [3],[4]

Material PLA ABS

Density 1240 kg/m³ 1530 kg/m³

Elastic modulus 3500 MPa 2600 MPa

Shear modulus 1360 MPa 1287 MPa

Poisson’s ratio 0.36 0.35

Yield strength 70 MPa 75 MPa

Ultimate tensile strength 73 MPa 22 MPa

Modulus of elasticity 3750 MPa 2600 MPa

a. Total Deformation

Results of total deformation for ABS and PLA materials in foot and shank parts are shown

in Fig. 3 and 4, respectively. PLA show lower deformation compare to ABS for both foot

and shank part. The maximum deformation of foot part is 0.00189815 mm when using

ABS but 0.00140201 mm when using PLA. The maximum deformation of shank part is

0.17684 mm when using ABS but 0.130033 mm when using PLA. Both foot material

shows the critical deformation at same node entities for foot and shank part. Therefore,

PLA is the most suitable material to be used to fabricate the Ankle Foot Orthosis as its

maximum deformation is lower than ABS.

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Figure 3: Deformation on foot part for ABS (left) and PLA (right)

Figure 4: Deformation on shank part for ABS (left) and PLA (right)

b. Stress Distribution

Stress analysis of the product are illustrated in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 for foot and shank parts,

respectively. PLA indicate lower stress compare to ABS for both foot and shank part. The

maximum Von Misses Stress of foot part is 64.31 kPa when using ABS but 63.95 kPa

when using PLA. The maximum stress of shank part is 43.81 kPa when using ABS but

43.43 kPa when using PLA. Both foot material shows the critical stress at same node

entities for foot and shank part.

Figure 5: Stress distribution on foot part for ABS (left) and PLA (right)

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Figure 6: Stress distribution on shank part for ABS (left) and PLA (right)

Conclusion PLA material indicate the most suitable material to use in fabricating the springed ankle foot

orthosis. It was proven to be stronger than ABS material with the respect of maximum deformation

and maximum von Misses stress. The maximum stress for foot and shank are 63.95 kPa and 43.43

kPa, respectively which are lower than ABS material. The total deformation is also lower which

are 0.00140201 mm for foot part and 0.130033 mm for shank part.

Acknowledgment This research was supported by Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTM under Grant No. 600-

IRMI/MyRA 5/3 LESTARI(025/2017).

References R. Momosakr, M. Abo, S. Watanabe, W. Kakuda, N. Yamada, and S. Kinoshita, “Effects of ankle-foot

orthoses on functional recovery after stroke: A propensity score analysis based on Japan rehabilitation

database,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–10, 2015.

G. Haydar, K. Ayse, A. Haydar, Y. Günes, and E. Süreyya, “Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on hemiparetic

gait [with consumer summary],” Clin. Rehabil. 2003 Mar;17(2)137-139, no. July 2002, pp. 137–139,

2003.

S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions

in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392,

2016.

A. Dimic, M. Zarko, J. Drago, M. Radivoje, R. Mileta, and M. Majstorovic, “Application of rapid prototyping

in maxillofacial surgery,” in The 9th International Symposium on Machine and Industrial Design in

Mechanical Engineering, 2016, January, pp. 1–6.

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Chapter 29

Customized 3D Printed Socket for Transtibial

Prosthetic Leg

Wan Fatimatul Aifaa Wan Fadzil1, Mohammad Azeeb Mazlan1,

Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah2 & Abdul Halim Abdullah1

1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah

Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, 2Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Sungai Buloh,

Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract Diabetes Mellitus contributed the most in the statistics for the cause of major lower limb amputation in

Malaysia. The high cost to construct a good quality prosthetic leg arises from the economic inflation,

technology advancement and the skills required from the experts results in a substantial sum to build a

prosthetic leg. This situation impacts the most for middle class incomed family who require financial

assistance for artificial aids and assistive devices, due to expensive devices. The socket of the lower limb

prosthesis will require modification or replacement to accommodate the changes seen in the residual limb

over time. As an alternative solution to the problem, this biomechanical project is conducted to (i) design a

lower limb socket for below knee amputatees according to size and shape of residual stump, (ii) analyze the

performance of the socket at different thickness and material and (iii) fabricate the lower limb socket using

3D Printing technology. The novelty of this project is the process involved in the fabrication is aligned with

Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the usage of 3D Simulation and Additive Manufacturing. Several phases of design

involved including computational analysis and fabrication using 3D printing technology. The design stage

will be modelling the socket based on the residual stump of patients, which can be obtained from 3D scanning

or CT-scan images. The analysis stage will evaluate the performance of the product based on the material

used and the set-up procedure conducted. Thus, resulting stress and deformation were measured to propose

the best design and will be fabricated using 3D printing technology by considering the best suit of material

and set-up as per obtained in the analysis. It will give a huge impact in biotechnology field and thus will result

in numerous research and development in developing the technology that may benefit amputees all around

the world. It is believed to have high potential for commercialization due to the increasing number of

amputees that could be resulted from increased number of diabetic patients, traumatic amputees due to

accidents or genetic disorders. This method is also environmentally friendly as the used socket that needed

to be changed periodically can be recycled to reproduce the materials used for the socket itself while the

traditional mold-casted socket is non-recyclable and will add to the world’s waste problem.

Introduction There are many different types of lower extremity amputations including hip, knee, ankle and foot

amputations and the rehabilitation is different depending on the type of amputation that patient

undergo. The most common type of lower extremity amputation firstly is the below knee

amputation, which also known as a transtibial amputation, is an amputation through the shin bone.

The below knee amputation is the most common type of amputation performed, and the risk of

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serious post-operative complications in a below knee amputation is far less than in a transfemoral

amputation. Next is the above knee amputation, where the leg is amputated through the thigh bone

above the knee-joint. This type of amputation is also referred to as a transfemoral amputation.

Most often the amputation occurs at the middle part of the thigh bone. Next is hemipelvic

amputation where one where your hip-joint and part of your pelvis is amputated. It is most often

performed because of a malignant tumor or as the result of trauma. The physical therapist and

doctor can work with patients to fit them with the most appropriate device to help maximize their

ability to walk. They may benefit from the skilled services of a physical therapist at different points

in time after their amputation. As their stump shape changes, they may require different

rehabilitation to keep them strong, and they may need a different prosthesis (Brett Sears, 2018).

That factor also contribute the substantial amount of constructing prosthetic leg. As the alternative

solution to this problem, the Industrial Revolution 4.0 technology and can be utilized and merged

with the medical field. The Additive Manufacturing technology which is 3D printing technology

and 3D simulation contributed the most in fabricating prosthetic leg. As the socket need to be re-

designed and re-fabricated due to the changes on their residual limb, thus in this project, the lower

limb socket will be designed and analyzed. Our objectives will be firstly to design a lower limb

socket for a below knee amputation according to shape and size of residual the residual stump.

Secondly, analyze the performance of the socket at different thickness and lastly fabricate the

lower limb socket using 3D Printing technology.

Methodology This project involved four main phases which are (i) the data collection and processing, (ii) product

design and technology implementation, (iii) analysis and parametric study and (iv) fabrication

using 3D printing technology.

a. Data Collection and Processing

To achieve the first objective, the 3D Model of residual limb will be obtained from i) MRI

and ii) 3D Scanning technology. For MRI Process, during scanning, the residual limb is

normally wrapped with casting material as described in Figure 1 to prevent soft tissue

distortion due to gravitational forces. The accuracy of residual limb boundary detection,

besides to the image artefact, depends on the signal intensity of surrounding materials.

(Portnoya, et al., 2007).

Fig.1 The MRI Process on residual limb (Safari, Rowe, & Buis, 2012)

3D Scanning process was performed to configure the size and shape of residual limb. 3D laser

scan technology can give quick results with high resolution. From that, the outside contour

of the residual limb is viewed from different angles.

https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-problems-after-surgery-3156807

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b. Product Design and Technology Implementation

Initial sketch will be form to get better view on the socket before perform design on CAD

Software.

c. Analysis and Parametric Study

To achieve second objective, strength analysis are performed on final design according to

their variables which is the thickness to find Von Mises Stress, shear stress and total

deformation. The analysis started by applying 600N load inside the socket and fixed

support at the bottom of the socket as in Figure 3.

Fig. 3 Fixed support and force applied

d. Fabrication

For the last objective, the fabrication of the model will be made using 3D printer on

different infill density and thickness to compare the strength, smoothness of surface and

time taken to fabricate. Modification will be made on the design if it has printing failure or

has any defects on it. The slicing process is visualized in Figure 4.

Fig. 4 Preparation for printing

Results and Discussion Polylactic Acid (PLA) is the material that had been chosen to for fabrication. The material

properties is as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Material properties of PLA (ShadyFaraha, G.Andersona, & RobertLanger, 2016)

Density 1240 kg/m³

Shear modulus 1360 MPa

Poisson’s ratio 0.36

Yield strength 70 MPa

Ultimate tensile strength 73 MPa

Modulus of elasticity 3750 MPa

The PLA material show high stiffness and strong physical properties where it also has high tensile

strength and tensile modulus. Yet, it lacks in surface quality where it provides rough surface. Yet,

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it can be improved with usage of cushion or gel padding inside the socket for the patient comforts

and thus prevent blisters from happening.

i) Von Mises Stress

Based on the results, the socket with 5mm has lower tolerance toward force compared to 10mm

and 15mm which was the focus of the 3D Printing of prosthetic limb socket. The variation of

maximum von mises results is shown in Figure 6. The maximum von mises stress for 5mm is 2.75

MPa while for 10mm is 0.888 MPa and 15mm is 1.01MPa. The maximum stress is compared to

the yield strength of each material to suggest the best performance. In this respect, 15mm socket

indicate better safety factor as compared to the 5mm and 10mm socket. In both cases, the fracture

is expected to initiated at side where the side of residual limb exert force. Yet, the critical area is

small which will be safe for the patient to wear it.

Fig. 6 Critical Area for 5mm (left), 10mm (middle) and 15mm (right)

ii) Shear Stress

For shear stress, the maximum value for 15mm socket is 0.380 MPa which is the highest. This is

because it has the highest thickness which can bear more load compared to others. The critical

areas occurs at the bottom of the socket. It happened due to the vertical loading from the load of

the patient. Figure 9 shows the maximum value and place it occurs with comparison between 5mm,

10mm and 15mm thickness.

Fig. 7 Critical Area 5mm (left), 10mm (middle) and 15mm (right)

iii) Total Deformation

The total deformation for 15mm is the lowest and is the safest and the most suitable for printing

the socket for prosthetic leg. The maximum deformation on 15mm is 5.90x10-2 m while 10mm is

9.45x10-2mm and 5mm is 0.2831mm. The Figure 8 shows findings socket models. The critical

area occurs at the front part of the socket which the 5mm socket has bigger critical area on the

socket compared to other.

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Fig. 8 Isometric View 5mm (left), 10mm (middle) and 15mm (right)

Conclusion As a conclusion, the objectives of the project were successfully achieved. The lower limb socket

was designed accordingly to the size and shape of residual stump and analysis process was done

accordingly to the thickness. The lower limb socket was successfully fabricated using 3D Printing

Technology. As for the result, the maximum value of Von Mises Stress was compared between 5

mm, 10mm and 15 mm thickness where 5mm has the highest value which is 2.75 MPa. The

analysis also performed successfully which were to find Total Deformation and Shear Stress. The

thickness that has highest total deformation is 5mm which is 0.2831 mm. Hence, the thickness that

has the highest shear stress is 15mm which is 0.380 MPa. With this result, we managed to identify

the differences in quality and strength of thicknes 5mm, 10mm and 15mm and thus determine the

suitable thickness to be used in manufacturing lower-limb socket for prosthetic leg. The most

suitable thickness is 15mm because it it the safest among the three thickness.

Acknowledgment This research was supported by Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTM under Grant No. 600-

IRMI/PERDANA 5/3 BESTARI(103/2018).

References Brett Sears, P. (2018, December 30). Types of Lower Extremity Amputations. Retrieved from verywell health:

https://www.verywellhealth.com/types-of-lower-extremity-amputations-2696172 Portnoya, S., Yizharb, Z., Shabshinc, N., Itzchakc, Y., Kristald, A., Dotan-Marom, Y., Gefen, A. (2007).

Internal mechanical conditions in the soft tissues of a residuallimb of a trans-tibial amputee. Journal of

Biomechanics, 20-135.

Safari, M. R., Rowe, P., & Buis, A. (2012). Accuracy Verification of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Technology for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Research: Utilising Animal Soft Tissue Specimen and Common

Socket Casting Materials. The Scientific World Journal, 10.

ShadyFaraha, G.Andersona, D., & RobertLanger. (2016). Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and

their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,

367-392

.

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Chapter 30

Eco Product in Art and Design:

Portable Tracing

Nafisah Binti Mat Nasir & Diniha Hidayah Binti Abdul Manan

Politeknik Muadzam Shah

[email protected]

Abstract Why innovators should commercialized this eco product? What are the factors that innovate this product?

This study reviews research on “Eco Product in Art and Design: Portable Tracing” innovation that considers

how and why this eco product should commercialized as an external sources of innovations. Admittedly, to

work as an artist or creative designer you are going to need to be creative and have a keen eye for detail. But

using with non-eco product it can affect to our body and health (eyes painful and headache). This innovate

product functional to lecturers and students especially in art and design also architecture field for their

teaching and learning process. It is an initiatives have been and are being implemented to improve service

TVET quality in Malaysian Polytechnic. This innovation product is eco-friendly and sustainability

environment. The study expanded the focus of previous product are not user friendly which is large

measurement and heavy size. Lighting also cannot be tuned to reduce their energy saver. The specific aim of

this innovation is to improve existing tracing table to be an eco-product. Recommendations of this product

using scrap materials and energy saver. Besides, this study also to enhance student’s competency and skill

mastery of illustration in manual drawing by using eco portable tracing anytime and anywhere. In addition,

innovators can applied the product usage to improve teaching and learning process focused in art and design

field. The study also contributed to the literature on internal entrepreneurship by expanding and empirically

testing the integrative concept of this innovate product. The results show that internal entrepreneurship of the

scientific and technical workforce in both types of organizations is the most powerful predictor of

commercialization and technology transfer in the public-private cooperation. Eco Portable Tracing is unique

because it have dual power sources either can use by electrical or power bank. Therefore, this innovation

product is very light and small size that can bring anywhere. It comes with an extra function such as adjustable

lighting and use scrap or waste material, which is threat to the environment. This study is hoped to solve and

help not just for TVET lecturers and students (art and design field), and also to up skills the knowledge’s of

society for lifelong learning process.

Introduction “Eco Product in Art and Design: Portable Tracing” is an innovation of light box that considers

how and why this eco product should commercialized as an external sources of innovations. This

innovation product was created specifically for creative professionals (graphic design, illustration,

fashion design, industrial design, animation, architecture, drawing and others). Eco Portable

Tracing was innovated eco-product with sustainability environment, energy saver, easy to store

away and carry around. Data collection was applied on pre and post assessment on student’s

understanding of Eco Product in Art and Design: Portable Tracing focusing on Semester 1

Diploma in Print Media Technology (DVP 1014 – Graphic Software) and Semester 2 Diploma in

Graphic Design (DVG 2032 – Digital Illustration) at Polytechnic Muadzam Shah, Ministry of


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Education. Eco Portable Tracing has been developed as a learning aids to help TVET lecturers also

students for enhancing their competencies and skill mastery of illustration in manual drawing by

using this innovation product.

Problem Statement The previous tracing table are not user friendly, large measurement, heavy size and non-

adjustable lighting

Unsafe – using glass material (temperature extreme), strain & injury

Unhealthy and affected to body system (eyes painful & headache)

Limitation of usage – only located in studio or lab at the institution

Novelty

Objectives : To innovate existing tracing table to be an eco-friendly product and energy

saver

To create an eco-product with sustainability environment

To control ergonomic risk factors

To enhance TVET lecturers and students competency and skill mastery illustration in

manual drawing (design or visual communication)

Benefit to user Dual power electrical sources

Adjustable lighting indicator

Small measurement

Easy to use and carry also able to minimize space/storage

Usage of waste materials

Eco energy (eco light) of LED lamps (light-emitting diode)

To avoid negative affects of health and body by using non-eco product (eyes

painful and headache)

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Benefit to Society To upskill the creative knowledge’s of society for lifelong learning process focused on art

and design or visual communication

Affordable innovate product

Promotes green living that help to conserve energy-prove to be boon for the environment

Improve quality of life in terms of mortality, age, disease and illness

Eco-friendly technology

Commercialization Potential Ideation stage – Introducing the innovation of eco-friendly product in creative area

Business process stage & market entry – Developing of innovation (4P’s)

Stakeholders stage – TVET lecturers & students and community

Conclusion “Eco Product in Art and Design: Portable Tracing” was very useful, eco-friendly and it is an

initiative to enhance the implementation of learning process at Malaysian Polytechnic especially

in creative area. So, this innovation project is hoped to improve existing tracing table to help the

planet safe, capable of providing benefits, affordability to users, energy saving, minimizing of

storage also easy to carry everywhere.

References Sami Kara, Suphunnika Ibbotson, Berman Kayis, (2014). “Sustainable product development in practice: an

international survey”. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 25 Issue: 6, pp848-872,

https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-09-2012-0082

Dean Bartlett, Anna Trifilova, (2010).“Green technology and eco-innovation: Seven case-studies from a

Russian manufacturing context”. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 21 Issue: 8,

pp.910-929, https://doi.org/10.1108/174103811011086757

Felicia Goh , Annemaree Caroll, Robyn M. Gillies, (2019). “A review of the use of portable technologies as

observational aids in the classroom”, Information ad Learning Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-08-

2018-0080

P. Nyholm, S. Rao, H. Duffy, (1994). “Electromagnetic Interference in Portable Electronic Products:

Emerging Challenges and Oppurtunities”. Circuit World, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp.14-20,

https://doi.org/10.1108/eb046248

Ioannis Papadopoulos, Glykeria Karagouni, Marios Trigkas, Zoi Beltsiou, (2014).“Mainstreaming green

product strategies: Why and how furniture companies intergrate environmental sustainability”, EuroMed

Journal of Business, Vol. 9 Issue: 3, pp.293-317, https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-12-2013-0058

Norazah Mohd Suki, (2016).“Green product purchase intention: impact of green brands, attitude, and

knowledge”, British Food Journal, Vol. 118 Issue: 12, pp.2893-2910, https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-

2016-0295

Day P. (1994, December 13). “Lightbox For Display Purposes”. United States Patent. Retrived from

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com

Holzer, D. (2018, December 10). What does Eco Friendly mean?. Retrived from

https://homeguides.sfgate.com

Moskal, D. (2017, December 12). What is the basic difference between innovation and novelty ?. Retrived

from https://www.quora.com

Harris C. (2015, July 8). “How Light Works: The Science of Light and Optics”. Retrived from

https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/science-behind-how-light-works/

Harris C. (2018). “Dimmer Lighting Guide: How to Buy Dimmers”. Retrived from

https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/light-dimmers-guide/

2017, February 2. Hazard and Risk. Retrived from

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html

Lundgren A.“8 Tips For Improving Your Drawing Skills”. Retrived from https://alvalyn.com

https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-09-2012-0082

https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-08-2018-0080

https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-08-2018-0080

https://doi.org/10.1108/eb046248

https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-2016-0295

https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-2016-0295

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/

https://www.quora.com/

https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/science-behind-how-light-works/

https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/light-dimmers-guide/

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html

https://alvalyn.com/

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Chapter 31

The Effectiveness of BaSiDa, a Compost-

Compression Kit to Decompose Organic

Materials and Produce Compost Extract for

Plant Growth

Mulyani Muhamad Effendi, Noor Aini Kamin, Rohayu Yusof,

Rozita Idris, Nurfirzana Norjoharuddeen, Azizan Suhadi, Elham

Ismail & Nurul Huda Raja Nordin

Kolej Matrikulasi Johor, Jalan Payamas,

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 84900, Tangkak, Johor.

[email protected]

Abstract

Organic matter, includes kitchen wastes such as vegetables and fruits wastes could be incorporated into the

production of compost. Fermentation of compost produces compost extract, which are an organically-based

solution can be used liquid fertilizer. Compost extract could improve nutrient content in plants by enhancing

certain essential elements. However, only a limited study has been conducted on the production of compost

extract through the innovated method of compressing compost. Hence, the aim of this study were to determine

the effectiveness of a compression-kit model called BaSiDa to decompose organic materials and produce

mass amount of compost extract from a compressing technique in a certain period of time as compared with

the conventional method. A conventional compost bin (closed) were established as a control model. The

compost which consist of fruit peel, vegetable wastes and rice (1:1:1 v/v ratio) were allowed to decompose

and fermented in both model for 1 month under shaded area with close monitoring of the surrounding

humidity and temperature. The extract produced were collected and the amount were determined before

applying it to a growing Brassica plants (1:10 dilution). Through BaSiDa, 75% more liquid extract were

produced as compared to the conventional method. Based on the lower amount of un-composted wastes left,

BaSiDa also were able to fasten the decomposition rate by 67% from compression method. Hence, BaSiDa

could indefinitely be used as an alternative way of decomposing wastes to produce mass amount of compost

extract as an alternative organic fertilizers compared to chemical fertilizer.

Keywords: Compost; extract; fertilizer; Organic; wastes

Introduction

Waste management in Malaysia has become an alarming concern not only for policy makers but

also by individuals. According to Moh and Manaf (2014), this is due to the household being the

primary source of solid waste production, which ties in with increasing limited space of landfill

sites (Zaipul and Ahmad, 2017; Razali, Weng Wei and Daud, 2017). Awareness in recycling solids

waste is required to overcome these issues in order to reduced the municipal waste produce at the

household level. One solution is to instill a habit among individuals to recycle their kitchen waste

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product for various uses, an initiative that the BaSiDa kit provide by composting the organic

kitchen waste into fertiliser.

Organic fertiliser have various benefits other than better waste management. It provide an

alternative to chemical fertiliser, yielding to non-toxic production of plants. This lessen the

probability of acquiring chemically induced diseases such as cancer (Baudry, Assmann, Touvier,

Allès, Seconda et al., 2018), obesity (Kesse-Guyot, Baudry, Assmann,Galan, Hercberg et al., 2017)

and allergic reactions (Shahali and Dadar, 2018). Based on the research by Xin, Zhang, Zhu and

Zhang (2016), organic fertiliser further maintain the balance of the soil ecosystem as no artificial

compounds were left in the soil. Repeated use of the soil can be extended over a lengthen period

of time, ensuring sustainability. In addition, beneficial microbes are also encourage to flourish in

the soil due to the presence of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as nutrients (Olajire-

Ajayi, Dada, Wahab and Ojo, 2015).

The process of organic waste into fertiliser work best by anaerobic compost. Composting is the

semi decaying of the organic waste by microorganisms, leading to better absorption of nutrients

for the plant. Anaerobic microbes thrive in oxygen deficient environment, thus breaking down to

produce more usable compost and higher volume of liquid extract than in aerobic compost (Martín,

Santos, Aparicio and Alonso, 2015). The wet biomass are also nitrogen-rich and has higher water

content (Jensen, Møller and Scheutz, 2017), which the anaerobes use to facilitate the production

of ammonia needed for a growing plant (Klawonn, Bonaglia, Brüchert and Ploug, 2015). It is also

noted by Chynoweth and Mah (1977) that anaerobes also prosper in the presence of brown sugar,

as glucose is a main source of nutrient, thus fasten the decomposing process. Unlike in aerobic

compost, the process in anaerobic compost is simpler and requires less effort, as constant aeration

of compost is unnecessary to maintain population of microbes (Chanakya and Sreesha, 2012).

From the compost, liquid is extracted over a period of time and use as liquid fertiliser. Compare

with dry fertiliser, it is easily applicable and fast acting, as the liquid penetrates the soil quickly

(Martínez-Alcántara, Martínez-Cuenca, Bermejo, Legaz and Quiñones, 2015). Better distribution

of nutrients is achieved by uniform spraying of liquid, leading to fairer quality between plants. The

increase in control lets user better application of nutrients, where different stages of plant growth

is tailored according to its nutritional needs (Ji, Dong, Shi and Min, 2017). Based on the research

by Iqbal, Shafiq and Ahmed (2010), the production of liquid extract from the compost may be

obtained at a higher volume through interval of manual compression. The increase pressure on the

compost also pressed the liquid extract that contains higher organic degradation (Makan, Assobhei

& Mountadar, 2014). The compression on compost may also limits the entry of oxygens,

maintaining the population of anaerobic microbes during the decomposing process.

Methodology

Conventional compost bin and compression-kit model called BaSiDa

Composting provides benefits to the home gardener, such as encouraging higher crop yields and

reducing pests. But commercially prepared compost can be expensive. Even people with limited

space can make their own compost by using a dustbin in the backyard or even in the kitchen.

Composting is an effective way to do something useful with kitchen scraps and yard refuse. It

saves valuable landfill space and gives you rich extract for gardens and planting. Many people

avoid composting because compost piles are unsightly and have an unpleasant smell. Composting

in a dustbin gives to improve aeration and the benefit of keeping our compost in a closed container.

The dustbin method that use was simple. Started by filling the dustbin with compost materials, and

then monitor the heat and moisture while the materials break down. An experiment was done to

investigate the level of decomposition and amount of compost extract from two different type of

compost bin which is conventional compost bin and compression-kit model called BaSiDa.

There are several ways on how to make compost extract and recently, we decided to try a

different type of compost bin, convensional compost bin and BaSiDa. Figure 1 shows the

comparison conventional compost bin and BaSiDa.

https://www.wikihow.com/Compost

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Conventional Characteristic BaSiDa Kit

Outlook

No Build up with

Compressor

Kit

Yes

Figure 1: Comparison conventional compost bin and BaSiDa

BaSiDa Design Specification

Based on the problem define and some small scale research done, a BaSiDa bin were develop to

determine the effectiveness of a compression-kit model to decompose organic materials thus

produce mass amount of compost extract as compared with the conventional method. Figure 2

shows a several steps taken to build up the BaSiDa bin.

Figure 2: Steps to build up the BaSiDa bin

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The BaSiDa bin model consist of several main part. The top unit is a compressor part. The

second unit is the waste composting part. The third unit is the collection bin. The top compressor

part consist of cradle caulking gun 9in in a sturdy steel frame. This gun is great for achieving the

function of compressor to a plate. A plate is use to press the fruit peel, vegetable wastes and rice.

The waste composting part consist of a plate, cloth and pot rack. This unit can hold up to 2 kg of

waste fruit peel, vegetable wastes and rice. This part is design to press the the fruit peel, vegetable

wastes and rice. In this part the second plate also is used to press the waste fruit peel, vegetable

wastes and rice. The third unit or the bottom unit is collection bin unit for compost extract

collection. It take around a week for composting the fruit peel, vegetable wastes and rice. The

amount of organic material were composed by measure the amount of extract liquid loaded into

the bin using BaSiDa kit. Figure 3 shows working physical of BaSiDa bin.

Figure 3: Working physical of BaSiDa bin

BaSiDa Working Flowchart and Composting Process

This explains the working of BaSiDa for kitchen housewaste. It explains the parts present in the

BaSiDa and explain the working flowchart. Figure 4 shows the working BaSiDa kit flowchart.

This flowchart explains how the BaSiDa works.

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Figure 4: Working BaSiDa kit flowchart

The process start with the collected kitchen waste from house and cafe. All the fruit peel,

vegetable wastes and rice is chopped finely to increase area of decomposition. Then all the fruit

peel, vegetable wastes and rice is mix well using hand. Then 1kg of molasses is added and mix

well using hand again in the BaSiDa bin for effective composting. After 1 week, BaSiDa bin is

checked for compost extract. After the composting process is completed, middle part of

composting area is removed and the compost extract at the bottom bin is collect and the amount of

compost extract collected is recorded. Figure 5 shows the composting process used in the BaSiDa

bin designed for household kitchen waste.

Figure 5: Composting process

Results This section discusses the data that was collected in order was to investigate the level of

decomposition and amount of compost extract from two different type of compost bin which is

conventional compost bin and BaSiDa. The difference level between initial and final compost

material indicating the level of decomposed material and was measured in centimeters (cm). While,

the amount of compost extract was collected and the volume was measured in milliliters unit (mL).

The reading level of decomposition and amount of compost extract was recorded after certain

period of composting process in triplicate series and summarized in table 1

Fruit peel

BaSiDa bin

Mix well

Mollases

(1kg)

Compost extract

Vegetable

waste Rice

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Table 1 Level of decomposed and amount of compost extract for conventional

compost bin and BaSiDa Type of bin Level of decomposed (cm) Amount of compost extract (mL)

I II III I II III

Conventional compost bin 1.8 2.1 2.9 3.2 4.3 5.0

BaSiDa 6.2 6.8 7.5 15.8 16.7 18.3

Decomposition rate of compost

The average lentgh of decomposited compost were shown in Figure 6. It has been indicated that

the average composted compost were approximately 50% higher in the BaSiDa than the average

composted compost in the conventional bin

Figure 6: The average length of decomposited compost

It was observed in Table 2 that the standard deviation for the length of composted compost

before and after the decomposition process were lower with only 0.569 while for the standard

deviation for the length of decomposted compost in BaSiDa are higher with 0.907. This have

indicated that the data in all three replicates in BaSiDa have wider range of values as compared to

the conventional bin.

Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the decomposition rate One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

DecomposeLengthConventiona 3 2.2667 .56862 .32830

DecompostLengthBasida 3 4.1667 .90738 .52387

Whereas in Table 3, it showed that there are significance in values of length of decomposted

compost in both model (p<0.05). However in the model of BaSiDa, the mean difference is much

higher compared to by using the conventional method.

Table 3: Test of Significance One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0

t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

DecomposeLengthConve

ntiona

6.904 2 .020 2.26667 .8541 3.6792

DecompostLengthBasida 7.954 2 .015 4.16667 1.9126 6.4207

Conventional bin BaSiDa

mean 2.27 4.17

0.002.004.006.00

Dec

om

po

siti

on

(cm

)

Treatment


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Amount of Extract Produced

The average amount of extract produce by using the 2 different model were shown in Figure 7. It

has been indicated that the average extract produced were approximately 4 times higher in the

BaSiDa than the average extract produced in the conventional bin

Figure 7: The average amount of extract produced

It was observed in Table 4 that the standard deviation for the amount of extract produced in the

conventional bin were lower with only 0.907 while for the standard deviation for the amount of

abstract produced in BaSiDa are higher with 1.266. This have indicated that the data in all three

replicates in BaSiDa have wider range of values of amount of extract produced from decomposition

process as compared to the conventional bin.

Table 4: Descriptive statistics of the decomposition rate

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

CompostExtractConventiona

l 3 3.20 5.00 4.1667 .90738

CompostExtractBasida 3 15.80 18.30 16.9333 1.26623

Valid N (listwise) 3

Whereas in Table 5, it showed that there are significance in values of amount of abstract produced

from decomposition process in both model (p<0.05). However in the model of BaSiDa, the mean

difference is much higher with higher significance value compared to by using the conventional

method. Table 5: Test of Significance

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0

t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

CompostExtractConventio

nal

7.954 2 .015 4.16667 1.9126 6.4207

CompostExtractBasida 23.163 2 .002 16.93333 13.7878 20.0788

Discussion

In the present study, the compression kit (BaSIDa) decompose organic materials significantly

influence the duration and the amount of compost extract production. The BaSIDa kit possessed


mean 4.17 16.93

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00Ex

trac

t p

rod

uce

d (

mL)

Treatment


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significantly produced higher amount of compost extract, which is average 16.93ml, compared to

conventional composting method that only produce 4.17ml in a month. As expected, the

continuous pressure will help to increase the production of compost extract and reduce the time of

leaching process. This result was strengthen by research conducted by Abdalhakim Mohamed

(2014) on production of leachate from chicken manure. The production of chicken manure

leachate is higher when 105kPa pressure applied at the compost bin compared to the leachate that

are produce with the pressure of only 0.49kPa. Besides that, the compression method was believed

to increase the rate of composting process by reduce the aeration in the composting bin. Hence,

the organic waste in the BaSiDa become increase in the temperature either and reach the

thermophilic phase faster than conventional method. This increases the anaerobic microorganisms’

population in the organic waste as the condition favors them compared to aerobes. The presence

of these anaerobes further drives the composting process, thus the rate of composting become

higher and produces more compost extract compared to conventional composting method in

shorter period of time. At the same time, the degradation of organic or kitchen wastes become

more faster than conventional composting method.

The production of compost extract with high-pressured was also believed to gives many

advantages to the vegetative growth of short term plant such Brassica plant. The compost extract

produced with high-pressured technique produce low pH compared to low-pressured technique.

This statement was proves by research Abdalhakim Mohamed (2014), that showed the pH of

leachate produce with 105kPa is 7.34 while pH reading for leachate produce with 0.49kPa is 8.42.

The higher pH of the compost extract will affect the uptake of available nutrient to plant for support

the vegetative growth (McCauley, Jones & Olson-Rutz, 2017).

Organic fertilizer commonly known to contain higher available nutrient compared to chemical

fertilizer. The available form of nutrients may have contributed by activity of beneficial microbes

that stimulated during composting. These microorganisms increase the nutrient bioavailability

through nitrogen fixation and mobilization of key nutrients (phosphorus, potassium and iron) to

the crop plants while remediate soil structure by improving its aggregation and stability (Rashid et

al., 2016). Thus resulted better growth performance of Brassica plant in the present study.

Besides that, the present of plant growth regulators in organic fertilizer that produced by the

microbial activity also believed to be contributor to the excellent growth performance to the plant.

The plant growth regulators referred to the humic acids (Atiyeh et al., 2002; Yan et al., 2012) that

mostly produce during composting. Humic acids in organic fertilizer highly contribute to growth

of plants by carried available plant nutrients on the chelating capacity that humic acids possessed.

Humic acid have large chelating sites that serve as storage for large quantity nutrients for the

growth of plants and microbial growth (Tan, 2003). The storage of nutrients at chelating sites will

reduce leaching process. It could enhance the ability to uptake the available nutrients for the plants.

The action by these substances that present in organic fertilizer could eases the absorption of

nutrients continuously for growing the plant thus performed excellent growth.

In general, the study showed the application of compression compost bin kit known as BaSiDa

gave beneficial effects towards composting of kitchen wastes in terms of production of compost

extract and shorten the period of degrade the wastes. In other hand, the compost extract produced

also can be use as alternative organic fertilizer in order to produce safer and healthier vegetables

instead of using chemical fertilizer.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the newly developed compression-kit model called BaSiDa can be an alternative

to replace the conventional compost bin in managing the organic wastes. Besides effective in

composting the food and kitchen waste in faster rate compared to conventional bin, the aereted

compost extract produced from BaSiDa has been test as a fertilizer on park choi growth.

Compression method in BaSiDa showed more amount of organic material were composed by

measure the final and initial amount of food scraps loaded into the bin and produced 75% more

compost extract compared to conventional bin. However, further research on compost extract

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component in BaSiDa is necessary to analyze the microbial parameters during the composting

process.

References Abdalhakim Mohamed, A.K. (2014). Optimising nutrient extraction from chicken manure and Compost

(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern

Queensland. Queensland. Australia.

Baudry, J., Assmann, K. E. Touvier, M., Allès, B., Seconda, L., Latino-Martel, P., Ezzedine, K., Galan, P.,

Hercberg, S., Lairon, D. & Kesse-Guyot, E. (2018) Association of Frequency of Organic Food

Consumption With Cancer Risk: Findings From the NutriNet-Santé Prospective Cohort StudyAssociation

of Organic Food Consumption With Cancer Risk. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178(12), pp.1597–1606.

Chanakya, H.N. & Sreesha, M., (2012). Anaerobic retting of banana and arecanut wastes in a plug flow

digester for recovery of fiber, biogas and compost. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16(2), pp.231–

235.

Chynoweth, D.P. & Mah, R.A., (1977). Bacterial Populations and End Products during Anaerobic Sludge

Fermentation of Glucose. Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), 49(3), pp.405–412.

Iqbal, M.K., Shafiq, T. & Ahmed, K. (2010). Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical

properties of compost. Bioresource Technology, 101(6), pp.1913–1919.

Jensen, M.B., Møller, J. & Scheutz, C. (2017). Assessment of a combined dry anaerobic digestion and post-

composting treatment facility for source-separated organic household waste, using material and substance

flow analysis and life cycle inventory. Waste Management, 66, pp.23–35.

Ji, R. Dong, G. Shi, W. and Min, J. (2017). Effects of Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Plant Growth and

Rhizosphere Soil Characteristics of Chrysanthemum. Sustainability, 9(5), p.841.

Kesse-Guyot, E., Baudry, J., Assmann, K. E., Galan, P., Hercberg, S. & Lairon, D. (2017). Prospective

association between consumption frequency of organic food and body weight change, risk of overweight

or obesity: results from the NutriNet-Santé Study. British Journal of Nutrition, 117(2), pp.325–334.

Klawonn, I. Bonaglia, S., Brüchert, V. & Ploug, H. (2015). Aerobic and anaerobic nitrogen transformation

processes in N2-fixing cyanobacterial aggregates. ISME Journal, 9(6), pp.1456–1466.

Makan, A., Assobhei, O. & Mountadar, M. (2014). Initial air pressure influence on in-vessel composting for

the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. International Journal of Environmental

Science and Technology, 11(1), pp.53–58.

Martín, J., Santos, J. L., Aparicio, I. & Alonso, E. (2015). Pharmaceutically active compounds in sludge

stabilization treatments: Anaerobic and aerobic digestion, wastewater stabilization ponds and composting.

Science of The Total Environment, 503–504, pp.97–104.

Martínez-Alcántara, B., Martínez-Cuenca, M. R., Bermejo, A., Legaz, F. & Quiñones, A. (2016). Liquid

organic fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Nutrient uptake of organic versus mineral fertilizers in citrus

trees. PLoS ONE, 11(10), pp.1–20.

McCauley, A., Jones, C. & Olson-Rutz, K. (2017). Soil pH and Organic Matter. Nutrient Management

Module, Vol. 8, pp. 4449-4465.

Moh, Y.C. & Abd Manaf, L., 2014. Overview of household solid waste recycling policy status and challenges

in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 82, pp.50–61.

Olajire-ajayi, B. L. , Dada, O. V., Wahab, O. M. & Ojo, O. I. (2015). American Journal of Engineering

Research ( AJER ) Effects of fertilizers on soil ’ s microbial growth and populations : a review. American

Journal of Engineering Research ( AJER ), 4(7), pp.52–61.

Rashid, M. I., Mujawar, L.H, Shahzad, T. Almeelbi, T., Ismail, I. M. I. & Oves, M. (2016). Bacteria and

fungi can contribute to nutrients bioavailability and aggregate formation in degraded soils.

Microbiological Research, vol. 183, pp. 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.007

Razali, F., Weng Wai, C. & Daud, D. (2019). a Review of Malaysia Solid Waste Management Policies To

Improve Recycling Practice and Waste Separation Among Households. International Journal of Built

Environment and Sustainability, 6(1–2), pp.39–45.

Shahali, Y. & Dadar, M. (2018). Plant food allergy: Influence of chemicals on plant allergens. Food and

Chemical Toxicology, 115, pp.365–374.

Xin, X. Zhang, J., Zhu, A. & Zhang, C. (2016). Effects of long-term (23 years) mineral fertilizer and compost

application on physical properties of fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain. Soil and Tillage Research,

156, pp.166–172.

Zaipul, A.Z. & Ahmad, R.S. (2017). Policies, Challenges and Strategies for Municipal Waste Management in Malaysia. Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 3(1), pp.18–22.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.007

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Chapter 32

Catechin Liquid Spray Of Uncaria gambir

(Gambir Sarawak) Extracts as Natural Anti-

Inflammatory Agent

Haziq Zamrulhizam1, Auny Syabirah Azmy1, Mazni Musa1, Norul

Azilah Abdul Rahman1 & Rozita Abdul Latif2

1School of Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Applied Sciences 2Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Science & Recreation

University of Technology MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch,

Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract Uncaria gambir, a well-known Gambir Sarawak is reported to have many significant medicinal properties as

it is widely used for burn treatment, headaches, diarrhea and skin cancer. In this study, preliminary

phytochemical screening revealed that the extract of Uncaria gambir possesses phenolic compound.

Characterization analysis using Fourier Transform Attenuated Total Reflectance (FT-ATR) spectrometer

model spectrum 100 Perkin Elmer has confirmed that the major chemical constituents of Uncaria Gambir are

mainly catechin. The FTIR spectra showed that the major peak observed was at 3337.30 cm-1, 1635.24 cm-1

and 1032.59 cm-1 which indicated the OH group, stretching of C=C and CO stretch respectively. Catechin is

a phenolic compound that has a potential as a natural anti-inflammatory. The use of Uncaria gambir extract

as an alternative in inflammation treatment to substitute the current application of ethyl chloride as topical

anesthetic for contusions and minor sports injuries is studied. The acute (short term) effects of ethyl chloride

from inhalation exposure in humans consists of temporary feelings of drunkenness, and higher levels cause

lack of muscle coordination and unconsciousness. Ethyl chloride is also volatile, flammable and costly to

produce. Compared to Uncaria Gambir which is natural, nonvolatile, non-flammable and cheaper, it is much

more favorable. The effect of anti-inflammatory of catechin was tested on six injured athletes from the pencak

silat sports athletes from Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation of UiTM Negeri Sembilan Branch,

Seremban Campus by applying two different concentrations of catechin, liquid spray of catechin A (LSCA)

and liquid spray of catechin liquid spray of catechin B (LSCB). The results of treatment showed that anti-

inflammatory activity positively correlated with the content of catechin. LSCB with the higher concentration

of catechin potentially produced a better anti-inflammatory, which can be used to replace the conventional

ethyl chloride spray. Therefore, the results obtained in the present study indicated that Uncaria Gambir extract

could be potential source of a natural anti-inflammatory.

Introduction Gambir is the name of a product from the plant Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb, that is originating

from Malaysia and Singapore and also found in Sumatra and Borneo. The Uncaria genus comes

from the Rubiaceae family that represents 34 species which is widely distributed in tropical

regions. In Malaysia, there are about 14 species available and the most popular is Uncaria gambir


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also known as Gambir Sarawak (Salim et al., 2011). According to the previous study, forty

flavonoids from the genus Uncaria have been identified and classified as flavan-3-ols and

flavonols. Flavan-3-ols also known as catechin is the most common flavonoids in Uncaria (Zhang

et al., 2015). Catechin is most likely utilized as a main resources of pharmaceutical and cosmestic

product due to its anti-oxidant and anti-bacteria characteristics.

Figure 2: Chemical structure of catechin

Methodology

Extraction of Dirty Catechin About 20 g of refined gambir was macerated with 100 mL of methanol for 72 hours (3 days) at

room temperature and then filtered to obtain the filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated by using a

rotary evaporator to obtain crude methanol extract. In a water bath shaker, 30 mL of distilled water

was added into the crude methanol for about 20 minutes at 70 oC. The solution was cooled in the

freezer for about 24 hours. For the next step, the method from Ferdinal (2014) was modified where

the sample was freeze dried instead of wind dried for two months. The oily compound obtained

was dirty catechin as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 3: Dirty Catechin

Phytochemical Screening of Extracted Dirty Catechin 1. Test for Alkaloids

Wagner reagent test

The extracted dirty catechin was mixed with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCL). The mixture was

shake well and filtered to obtain the filtrate. In a test tube, a few drops of Wagner’s reagent was

added until the reddish brown precipitate form. The reddish brown precipitate indicate the

presence of alkaloids (Iqbal et al., 2015).

2. Test for Saponins

Froth test

The extracted dirty catechin was diluted with distilled water in a test tube. The mixture was

shake well for 15 minutes until the layer of foam was appeared. The layer of foam indicate the

presence of saponins (Tiwari et al., 2011).

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3. Test for Flavonoids

Alkaline reagent test

In a test tube, a few drops of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added into the extracted

dirty catechin until the intense yellow colour solution formed. The intense yellow colour

indicated the presence of flavonoids (Shah and Hossain, 2014).

Lead acetate test

In a test tube, a few drops of lead acetate solution was added into the extracted dirty catechin

until the yellow precipitate formed. Orange to crimson colour shows the presence of flavonones

(CS et al., 2014).

4. Test for Phenols

Ferric chloride test

The extracted dirty catechin was diluted with distilled water in a test tube. A few drops of FeCl3

was added into the mixture until the colour changed. A blue, green or violet color was a positive

test (CS et al., 2014)

Characterisation of Extracted Dirty Catechin To identify the presence of functional groups in a compound, Fourier Transform Attenuated Total

Reflectance (FT-ATR) spectrometer model spectrum 100 Perkin Elmer was used. Catechin was

placed on the sample holder of the FT-ATR. The samples was recorded in the range 4000 - 650

cm-1.

The Study of Effect of Catechin 1. Preparation of Liquid-spray of Dirty Catechin

A diluted dirty catechin was prepared with two different concentrations. First, for Liquid-spray

of Dirty Catechin A (LSCA), a 0.086 M dirty catechin solution was prepared by dissolving 0.5

g of dirty catechin into 20 mL of distilled water in a beaker at room temperature while for

Liquid-spray of Dirty Catechin B (LSCB), 1.0 g of dirty catechin was dissolved into 20 mL of

distilled water in a beaker at room temperature to prepare a 0.172 M dirty catechin solution.

Both mixtures were stored in two bottle spray respectively.

2. The Research Design

In this research, the effect of catechin as natural anti-inflammatory agent was tested by applying

liquid-spray of dirty catechin on injured sport athletes. The selection of this athletes was taken

from the pencak silat sports athletes from Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation of UiTM

Negeri Sembilan Branch, Seremban Campus. From six chosen injured athletes, there were 4

males and 2 females. The tests were carried out by applying two different concentration (LSCA

and LSCB) of diluted catechin on target muscle and the data was collected according to the

time of the subjects heal from the pain. The time taken for subjects to heal by using Solution A

and Solution B was compared with the time taken for subjects to heal by using ethyl chloride (

a conventional spray for temporary relief of minor sports injuries).

Conclusion

Catechin was successfully extracted from Gambir Sarawak. Purification of catechin could not be

proceeded due to negative results appeared after several repetitions. Phytochemical screening

analysis on the extracted crude sample was done to test alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid and phenol.

All the colour changes that happened during performing phytochemical screening analysis shown

the secondary metabollites. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to identify the specific

functional group in extracted catechin. Major funtional group present are OH stretch, C=C stretch

and CO stretch band respectively. Application of extracted Gambir Sarawak was done to prove an

anti-inflammatory characteristic of catechin existed. The product was compared with a

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conventional (Ethyl chloride spray) in terms of time taken for the injured sports athletes to heal

from the pain. All the product feedbacks were also recorded. Therefore, it can be concluded that

the effect of catechin application on sports injuries was positively correlated to the concentration

of catechin.

References Cs, V., Vb, H., Sr, S., Vilash, V., and Nm, K. (2014). Comparative Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of

Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Olea dioica Roxb. Infected with the Rust Fungus Zaghouania Oleae ( E .

J . Butler ) Cummins and Non-infected Plants, 3(4), 69–72.

Ferdinal, N. (2014). A Simple Purification Method of Catechin from Gambier. International Journal on

Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 4(6), 53–55.

Iqbal, E., Abu, K., and Lim, L. B. L. (2015). Phytochemical Screening , Total Phenolics and Antioxidant

Activities of Bark And Leaf Extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus ( Airy Shaw ) from Brunei Darussalam.

Journal of King Saud University - Science, 27(3), 224–232.

Tiwari, P. et. al. (2011). Phytochemical Screening and Extraction: A Review, 1(1).

Salim, F., and Ahmad, R. (2011). Alkaloids from Malaysian Uncaria longi flora var . pteropoda. Biochemical

Systematics and Ecology, 39(2), 151–152.

Shah, M. D., and Hossain, M. A. (2014). Total Flavonoids Content and Biochemical Screening of the Leaves

of Tropical Endemic Medicinal Plant Merremia Borneensis. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7(6), 1034–

1038.

Zhang, Q., Zhao, J. J., Xu, J., Feng, F., and Qu, W. (2015). Medicinal Uses , Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Uncaria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1–33.

Leading towards Creativity & Innovation, Series 1 is a compilation book to speciallypresent selected essays of creative and innovative products that have enteredInternational Invention & Innovative Competition (InIIC) Series 1/2019 organised byMNNF Network, on 27 April 2019 in Malacca, Malaysia.

The organiser has called the participants to submit their essay in order to documenttheir creative and innovative products in this book. The contribution of essays fromthe participants is highly appreciated. This documentation with images andillustrations is significantly important in aiding readers to understand how theircreative & innovative products have been developed.

This book is practical for everyone in several ways. It is handy to review the work ofother participants. It will also be beneficial as a reference to sparkle ideas in orderto become more creative and innovative in designing new products.

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