Sequencing and the Chemistry Classroom

Sequencing and the Sequencing and the Chemistry ClassroomChemistry Classroom

Chemistry Memory the Chemistry Memory the Painless way (maybe)Painless way (maybe)

Goals and ObjectivesGoals and Objectives

Teach kids about sequencing, Teach kids about sequencing, chunking, the brain and chunking, the brain and memorization.memorization.

Apply to specific content (elements, Apply to specific content (elements, ions and polyatomic ions).ions and polyatomic ions).

Chunking

For Starters…For Starters…Present Present sequencing and sequencing and memory memory information.information.

Use sequencing, Use sequencing, chunking, and chunking, and grouping software grouping software lab to determine lab to determine span.span.

Step 2Step 2Learn the elements Learn the elements through the natural through the natural “chunking” and “chunking” and grouping offered grouping offered by the periodic by the periodic table and hopefully table and hopefully developed by developed by students.students.

Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm

1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18 1

H 1.008 2

13 14 15 16 17

2

He 4.003

3

Li 6.941

4

Be 9.012

5

B 10.81

6

C 12.01

7

N 14.01

8

O 16.00

9

F 19.00

10

Ne 20.18

11

Na 22.99

12

Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13

Al 26.98

14

Si 28.09

15

P 30.97

16

S 32.07

17

Cl 35.45

18

Ar 39.95

19

K 39.10

20

Ca 40.08

21

Sc 44.96

22

Ti 47.87

23

V 50.94

24

Cr 52.00

25

Mn 54.94

26

Fe 55.85

27

Co 58.93

28

Ni 58.69

29

Cu 63.55

30

Zn 65.39

31

Ga 69.72

32

Ge 72.61

33

As 74.92

34

Se 78.96

35

Br 79.90

36

Kr 83.80

37

Rb 85.47

38

Sr 87.62

39

Y 88.91

40

Zr 91.22

41

Nb 92.91

42

Mo 95.94

43

Tc (98)

44

Ru 101.1

45

Rh 102.9

46

Pd 106.4

47

Ag 107.9

48

Cd 112.4

49

In 114.8

50

Sn 118.7

51

Sb 121.8

52

Te 127.6

53

I 126.9

54

Xe 131.3

55

Cs 132.9

56

Ba 137.3

57

La 138.9

72

Hf 178.5

73

Ta 180.9

74

W 183.8

75

Re 186.2

76

Os 190.2

77

Ir 192.2

78

Pt 195.1

79

Au 197.0

80

Hg 200.6

81

Tl 204.4

82

Pb 207.2

83

Bi 209.0

84

Po (209)

85

At (210)

86

Rn (222)

87

Fr (223)

88

Ra (226)

89

Ac (227)

104

Rf (261)

105

Db (262)

106

Sg (266)

107

Bh (264)

108

Hs (269)

109

Mt (268)

110

Uun (271)

111

Uuu (272)

112

Uub (277)

Lanthanides 58

Ce 140.1

59

Pr 140.9

60

Nd 144.2

61

Pm (145)

62

Sm 150.4

63

Eu 152.0

64

Gd 157.3

65

Tb 158.9

66

Dy 162.5

67

Ho 164.9

68

Er 167.3

69

Tm 168.9

70

Yb 173.0

71

Lu 175.0

Actinides 90

Th 232.0

91

Pa (231)

92

U 238.0

93

Np (237)

94

Pu (244)

95

Am (243)

96

Cm (247)

97

Bk (247)

98

Cf (251)

99

Es (252)

100

Fm (257)

101

Md (258)

102

No (259)

103

Lr (262)

Learning ElementsLearning Elements

Provide flashcards to students.Provide flashcards to students.

Have students develop best way to Have students develop best way to chunk and introduce periodic table.chunk and introduce periodic table.

Put in topics of primacy, recency, Put in topics of primacy, recency, chunking and practice.chunking and practice.

Step 3Step 3Learn the ions Learn the ions names and names and symbols by symbols by chunking using chunking using associations with associations with the periodic table.the periodic table.

Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Fixed Charge

Symbol Name Symbol Name

H1+ hydrogen ion H1- hydride

Li1+ lithium ion F1- fluoride

Na1+ sodium ion Cl1- chloride

K1+ potassium ion Br1- bromide

Rb1+ rubidium ion I1- iodide

Cs1+ cesium ion O2- oxide

Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide

Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide

Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride

Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride

Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide

Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide

Al3+ aluminum ion

Ag1+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion

Cd2+ strontium ion

The ending for a negative ion’s name is –ide. For example, fluorine is fluoride. Replace the -ine with -ide

Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge

Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name

Common name


Common name

Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous

Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic

Au+ gold(I) aurous

Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous

Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic

Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous

Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic

Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic

Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous

Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric

Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous

Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic

Monatomic Ion PatternsMonatomic Ion Patterns

Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Fixed Charge

Symbol Name Symbol Name

H1+ hydrogen ion H1- hydride

Li1+ lithium ion F1- fluoride

Na1+ sodium ion Cl1- chloride

K1+ potassium ion Br1- bromide

Rb1+ rubidium ion I1- iodide

Cs1+ cesium ion O2- oxide

Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide

Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide

Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride

Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride

Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide

Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide

Al3+ aluminum ion

Ag1+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion

Cd2+ strontium ion

The ending for a negative ion’s name is –ide. For example, fluorine is fluoride. Replace the -ine with -ide



Common name


Common name


Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic

Au+ gold(I) aurous










Fixed

Variable

Iron RustingIron Rusting

Fe is oxidation state 0

Fe2+ is oxidation state of 2+

A pit is formed in the Fe. Water enters the pit.

Fe2+ and Fe3+ is exposed to oxygen and forms Fe2O3 with water attached.

Picture from: http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/everyday_corrosion.html

Column 1FixedColumn 1FixedColumn 1 loses an electron to obtain the noble gas Column 1 loses an electron to obtain the noble gas

configuration of column 18.configuration of column 18.

1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18

1

H 1.008 2

13 14 15 16 17

2

He 4.003

3

Li 6.941

4

Be 9.012

5

B 10.81

6

C 12.01

7

N 14.01

8

O 16.00

9

F 19.00

10

Ne 20.18

11

Na 22.99

12

Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13

Al 26.98

14

Si 28.09

15

P 30.97

16

S 32.07

17

Cl 35.45

18

Ar 39.95

19

K 39.10

20

Ca 40.08

21

Sc 44.96

22

Ti 47.87

23

V 50.94

24

Cr 52.00

25

Mn 54.94

26

Fe 55.85

27

Co 58.93

28

Ni 58.69

29

Cu 63.55

30

Zn 65.39

31

Ga 69.72

32

Ge 72.61

33

As 74.92

34

Se 78.96

35

Br 79.90

36

Kr 83.80

37

Rb 85.47

38

Sr 87.62

39

Y 88.91

40

Zr 91.22

41

Nb 92.91

42

Mo 95.94

43

Tc (98)

44

Ru 101.1

45

Rh 102.9

46

Pd 106.4

47

Ag 107.9

48

Cd 112.4

49

In 114.8

50

Sn 118.7

51

Sb 121.8

52

Te 127.6

53

I 126.9

54

Xe 131.3

55

Cs 132.9

56

Ba 137.3

57

La 138.9

72

Hf 178.5

73

Ta 180.9

74

W 183.8

75

Re 186.2

76

Os 190.2

77

Ir 192.2

78

Pt 195.1

79

Au 197.0

80

Hg 200.6

81

Tl 204.4

82

Pb 207.2

83

Bi 209.0

84

Po (209)

85

At (210)

86

Rn (222)

87

Fr (223)

88

Ra (226)

89

Ac (227)

104

Rf (261)

105

Db (262)

106

Sg (266)

107

Bh (264)

108

Hs (269)

109

Mt (268)

110

Uun (271)

111

Uuu (272)

112

Uub (277)


The Stock system name uses Roman The Stock system name uses Roman numerals for the charge of the ionnumerals for the charge of the ion..



Common name


Common name


Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(III) nickelic

Au+ gold(I) aurous










•Copper (I)

•Cu1+

•Tin (IV)

•Sn4+

Some words to remember for Some words to remember for common namingcommon naming

-ous is less -ous is less – The charge of the ion is the lower The charge of the ion is the lower

oxidation numberoxidation number– Example Ferrous is FeExample Ferrous is Fe2+2+

-ic is more-ic is more– The charge of the ion is the higher The charge of the ion is the higher

oxidation numberoxidation number– Example Ferric is FeExample Ferric is Fe3+3+

Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, NiCr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni For common naming For common naming

2+ -ous is less, 3+ -ic is more 2+ -ous is less, 3+ -ic is more Pattern on the periodic chartPattern on the periodic chart

1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18

1

H 1.008

2+ 2

3+ 13 14

3- 15

2- 16

1- 17

2

He 4.003

3

Li 6.941

4

Be 9.012

Example: Chromous 2+ Chromic 3+ 5

B 10.81

6

C 12.01

7

N 14.01

8

O 16.00

9

F 19.00

10

Ne 20.18

11

Na 22.99

12

Mg 24.31

3 4 5

II III - ous -ic 2+ and 3+

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13

Al 26.98

14

Si 28.09

15

P 30.97

16

S 32.07

17

Cl 35.45

18

Ar 39.95

19

K 39.10

20

Ca 40.08

21

Sc 44.96

22

Ti 47.87

23

V 50.94

24

Cr 52.00

25

Mn 54.94

26

Fe 55.85

27

Co 58.93

28

Ni 58.69

29

Cu 63.55

30

Zn 65.39

31

Ga 69.72

32

Ge 72.61

33

As 74.92

34

Se 78.96

35

Br 79.90

36

Kr 83.80

37

Rb 85.47

38

Sr 87.62

39

Y 88.91

40

Zr 91.22

41

Nb 92.91

42

Mo 95.94

43

Tc (98)

44

Ru 101.1

45

Rh 102.9

46

Pd 106.4

47

Ag 107.9

48

Cd 112.4

49

In 114.8

50

Sn 118.7

51

Sb 121.8

52

Te 127.6

53

I 126.9

54

Xe 131.3

55

Cs 132.9

56

Ba 137.3

57

La 138.9

72

Hf 178.5

73

Ta 180.9

74

W 183.8

75

Re 186.2

76

Os 190.2

77

Ir 192.2

78

Pt 195.1

79

Au 197.0

80

Hg 200.6

81

Tl 204.4

82

Pb 207.2

83

Bi 209.0

84

Po (209)

85

At (210)

86

Rn (222)

87

Fr (223)

88

Ra (226)

89

Ac (227)

104

Rf (261)

105

Db (262)

106

Sg (266)

107

Bh (264)

108

Hs (269)

109

Mt (268)

110

Uun (271)

111

Uuu (272)

112

Uub (277)


Step 4Step 4

Using chunking techniques to present Using chunking techniques to present and learn the polyatomic ionsand learn the polyatomic ions

AMMONIUM ION AMMONIUM ION (NH (NH44))+1+1

PHOSPHATE ION PHOSPHATE ION (PO (PO44))-3-3

POLY ATOMIC ION MODULEPOLY ATOMIC ION MODULESEQUENCE LEARNING CAN BE USED TO SEQUENCE LEARNING CAN BE USED TO MAKE MEMORIZING THESE IONS EASIER MAKE MEMORIZING THESE IONS EASIER AND MORE EFFICIENTAND MORE EFFICIENT

CHUNKING IS A PROVEN WAY TO IMPROVE CHUNKING IS A PROVEN WAY TO IMPROVE MEMORIZATION ABILITYMEMORIZATION ABILITY

A NATURAL WAY TO CHUNK DOWN A NATURAL WAY TO CHUNK DOWN TYPICALLY PRESENTED POLY IONS IS TYPICALLY PRESENTED POLY IONS IS ACORDING TO THE IONS ACORDING TO THE IONS CHARGE(OXIDATION)CHARGE(OXIDATION)

FIRST WE WORK ON -1 FIRST WE WORK ON -1 ANIONSANIONS

NITRITESNITRITES

COMMON NEGITIVE ONE COMMON NEGITIVE ONE ANIONS ANIONS

HYDROXIDE ION HYDROXIDE ION (OH) (OH)-1-1

PERCHLORATE ION PERCHLORATE ION (ClO (ClO44))-1-1

ACETATE ION ACETATE ION (CH (CH33COO)COO)-1-1

HYDROGEN CARBONATE ION HYDROGEN CARBONATE ION (HCO (HCO33))-1-1

AMIDE ION AMIDE ION (NH (NH22))-1-1

THEN NEGATIVE TWO ANIONSTHEN NEGATIVE TWO ANIONSCARBONATE ION CARBONATE ION (CO (CO33))-2-2

CHROMATE ION CHROMATE ION (CrO (CrO44))-2-2

DICHROMATE ION DICHROMATE ION (Cr (Cr22OO77))-2-2

SULFATE ION SULFATE ION (SO (SO44))-2-2

THEN THE REST OF THEMTHEN THE REST OF THEM

AMMONIUM ION AMMONIUM ION (NH (NH44))+1+1

PHOSPHATE ION PHOSPHATE ION (PO (PO44))-3-3

PHOSPHITE ION PHOSPHITE ION (PO (PO33))-3-3

ARSENATE ION ARSENATE ION (AsO (AsO44))-3-3

HAVE STUDENTS WORK WITHIN HAVE STUDENTS WORK WITHIN THEIR SPANTHEIR SPAN

TO COMMIT POLY IONS FROM THEIR TO COMMIT POLY IONS FROM THEIR WORKING MEMORY TO THEIR WORKING MEMORY TO THEIR PERMENANT MEMORYPERMENANT MEMORY

MEMORIZATION CAN BE STUDENT MEMORIZATION CAN BE STUDENT SELECTIVE USING FLASH CARDS OR SELECTIVE USING FLASH CARDS OR USING REPEATED WRITING METHODUSING REPEATED WRITING METHOD

Sequencing and the Chemistry Classroom

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