Sequence Component Applications in Protective Relays...
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© 2019 SEL
Sequence Component Applications in Protective Relays –
Advantages, Limitations, and Solutions
Bogdan Kasztenny, Mangapathirao V. Mynam, and Normann Fischer
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
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Symmetrical Components Are 100 Years Old
Charles Legeyt Fortescue
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XC
XB
XA
Sequence Components Transformation
X0C
X0B
X0A
X1A
X1B
X1C
X2A
X2BX2C
𝑋𝑋0𝑋𝑋1𝑋𝑋2
=13
1 1 11 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎21 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎
𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴𝑋𝑋𝐵𝐵𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶
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𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴𝑋𝑋𝐵𝐵𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶
=1 1 11 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎2
𝑋𝑋0𝑋𝑋1𝑋𝑋2
Sequence Components Transformation
X0C
X0B
X0A
X1A
X1B
X1C
X2A
X2BX2C
XA
XC
XB
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Solving Unbalanced Three-Phase NetworksRepresent Each Element With a Sequence Model
[ZABC]
[VABC]
[IABC]
I0 Z0
V0
Z1
V1
Z2
V2
I1
I2
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Solving Unbalanced Three-Phase NetworksConnect Sequence Networks According to Unbalance
IAF
RFVAF IBF = 0 ICF = 0
CB
A
V0F
I0F
V1F
I1F
V2F
I2F
3RFVAF
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Solving Unbalanced Three-Phase NetworksSolve a Single-Phase Network
S RF
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Solving Unbalanced Three-Phase NetworksSolve a Single-Phase Network
S
V0F
V2F
V1F
R
ES ER
3RF
I0F
F
VAF
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• Negative-sequence directional
• Zero-sequence directional
• Negative-sequence differential
• Zero-sequence differential
• Restricted earth fault
• Fault type identification
• System unbalance protection
• Disturbance detectors
• LOP and CT failure detection
• Distance element polarizing
• Fault locating
• Stator-field unbalance
Protection Applications of Sequence Components
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Directional ElementsForward Fault
F
V2F V2REL
I2REL
Z2SYSF
F
V2FV2RELZ2SYSR
I2REL
Reverse Fault
V2FV2REVV2FWD
Protected Element
Voltage Profile𝑍𝑍2 =
𝑉𝑉2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
= −𝑍𝑍2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 𝑍𝑍2 =𝑉𝑉2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
= +𝑍𝑍2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐹𝐹
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• Sensitivity• Speed of operation• Simple settings• Improved security through
limited comparator angle
Directional ElementsImpedance Plane Implementation (32Q, 32G)
Im(Z2)
Re(Z2)ZFWD
ZREV
ZSYSF
‒ZSYSR
Z2ANG
Forward Direction
ReverseDirection
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• Analog relays pay a price in cost, size, and reliability when obtaining negative-sequence
• Today, with µP-based relays, application drives the selection
• Effect of mutual coupling favors negative-sequence
• Nonstandard sources favor zero-sequence
Directional ElementsZero-Sequence or Negative-Sequence?Phase RelaysIA
IB
IC
3I0
GroundCurrent Relay
To C
Ts
GroundVoltage Relay
VA
VB
VC
3V0
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Ground Fault Protection
R1R2
v0FR2
R1 3I0
t
R2 R1
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Restricted Earth Fault
32
Pha
sor
Filte
riA
iB
iC
IB
IA
IC
3I0
Pha
sor
Filte
rIN iN
ABC
G
IOP = INIPOL = 3I0
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Negative-Sequence Differential
87Q
ProtectedApparatus
Pha
sor
Filte
riRA
iRB
iRC
IRB
IRA
IRC
IR2
Pha
sor
Filte
r
iSA
iSC
ISB
ISA
ISC
IS2
Terminal R Terminal S
iSB
ABC ABC
Q Q
IOP = | ΣI2 |
IRT = Σ| I2 |
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Stator-Field Unbalance
60
Pha
sor
Filte
r
iA
iB
iC
IB
IA
IC
I2
Dou
ble-
Freq
uenc
y Fi
lterIF iF
+
SHUNT ‒
Q
ABC
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• System unbalance• Open pole• Instrument transformer
errors- CT ratio errors and
saturation
- VT ratio errors, coupled signals, CCVT transients
• Breaker pole scatter• Filter transients• Asymmetrical bypass of
series capacitors
Many Events Drive Sequence Components, Not Only Faults
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CT SaturationThree-Phase Fault
60
0
4020
–20–40
1050
–5–10–15
10 20 30 400
Pha
se C
urre
nt (k
A)
Spu
rious
I 0 C
urre
nt (k
A)
Time (ms)
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Asymmetrical Bypass of Series Capacitors(AG Fault)
Phase Impedances
Sequence Impedances
−𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶1 → 0 0 0
0 1 00 0 1
−𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶3
2 −1 −1−1 2 −1−1 −1 2
Spark Gap
Controls
A A'XC
C C'XC
B B'XC
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Asymmetrical Bypass of Series Capacitors(BC or BCG Fault)
−𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶1 0 00 1 → 0 00 0 1 → 0
Phase Impedances
Sequence Impedances
−𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶3
1 1 11 1 11 1 1
Spark Gap
Controls
A A'XC
C C'XC
B B'XC
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Filter TransientsThree-Phase Balanced Fault
–2
0
2
–1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (cyc)
0
0.5
1
Cur
rent
(pu)
I 1, I 2
(pu)
I1I2
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Securing Sequence Elements for CT Errors
| I1 |2 pu
0.1
| I0 |
0.1
| I2 |
0.5
3PFLT
LLFLT
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
+1 CYC
0.5 SEC
1 CYC
0.5 SEC1.5 CYC
0
0
1.5 CYC
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Securing Sequence Elements for SmallSystem Unbalances and Errors
| I2 |
PKP| I2 | > PKP
| I2 || I1 |
Σ‒
a2| I1 |
IN OUT
Inverse-Time Security Counts
–+
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• R2 must see the internal fault • R2 must identify the faulted phase• Can we count on 32Q, 32G, and fault type logic in R2?
Using Right Schemes for a Protection JobCross-Country Fault Example
R2R1
S RFEXT
FINT
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Cross-Country Fault AnalysisOnly Forward AG Fault Present
V2 A
C
B
IZ2
V2
A
C
B
IZ2
Only Reverse BG Fault Present
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• The polarizing voltage is off by 60°
• Forward or reverse direction asserted based on relative current flow
• 32Q and 32G may respond differently
• Use distance elements rather than 32Q/G
Cross-Country Fault AnalysisBoth Faults Are Present
V2
IZ2
Marginal Operation
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32Q and 32G May DisagreeForward and Reverse Fault?
S R
R1 R2
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• Avoid using multiple sensitive directional elements
• Use separate permissive key signals if needed
32Q and 32G May DisagreeForward and Reverse Fault?
S2 R2
VS2 VR2
strong weak
S0 R0
VS0 VR0
strongweak
R1 R2
R1 R2
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• Many conditions can cause operating current
• If biased forward, 32Q/G would key on many non-fault events
• Use bias only when short-circuit studies show it is a must
32Q and 32G With Zero Polarizing VoltageAvoid Unless Necessary
Im(Z2)
Re(Z2)ZFWD
ZREV
ZSYSF
‒ZSYSR
Z2ANG
Forward Direction
ReverseDirection
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Weak Infeed LogicNever Key Back if Not Sure There Is a Fault
KEYRECEIVED
ABNORMAL VOLTAGE
REVERSE DIRECTION
ECHO KEYPKP
0
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Nontraditional Sources Drive Sequence Components Differently Than We Expect
WTG(Type 3)
34.5 kV 345 kV
AG
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• Strong zero-sequence due to transformer ground
• Negative-sequence is low and modulated
• Inverter-based source even more difficult than WTG
AG Fault RecordC
urre
nt (A
)V
olta
ge (k
V)
0 50 100 150
200
–200
0
0
500
1000
–500
–1000
Time (ms)
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Incremental Quantities-Based Relay Performs Very Well
806040
200
0
–200
0
800
–800
STARTTD32FAGFLT
–20 0 20
Cur
rent
(A)
Vol
tage
(kV
)
Time (ms)
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• Responds to many types of events, not only faults• Works well for a single event• Requires proper restraining as a part of design• Calls for careful application• May face issues with nontraditional sources• Benefits from phase-based “backup”
Protection Based on Sequence Components Is Fast and Sensitive, But …