ISSN 0036-8075

12 September 1980Volume 209, No. 4462

LETTERS Nucleic Acid Sequence Bank: M. 0. Dayhoff et al.; Dismissed Australian Scientist:B. Martin; Cocoa, Not Cocaine: A. T. Weil.

EDITORIAL Karl Marx Was a City Boy: L. R. Brown.

ARTICLES High-Frequency Skywave Radar Measurements ofHurricane Anita:J. W. Maresca, Jr., and C. T. Carlson .

Estimating Cancer Risks from Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: C. E. Land .

Federal Funding in Materials Research: J. G. Ling and M. A. Hand.

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

ANNUAL MEETING

DOE Leads Synfuels Crusade Without a Map ...... . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Carter Plan: Dividend for R & D .

Los Alamos-Coming to Terms with the 1980's.

Hometown with a Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Briefing: Republican Candidate Picks Fight with Darwin; Chemical Warfare:Panel Promotes Binaries; France Seeks European Team to Develop Breeder;Remember the Elephant . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prenatal Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects .

Jovian Weather: Like Earth's or a Star's?.

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Science and Technology: Bridging the Frontiers: A. Herschman; MeetingInformation; Preliminary Program; Advance Registration, Hotel Reservation.and Air Travel Reservation Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221

BOOK REVIEWS General Relativity and Gravitation, reviewed by S. A. Bludman; Star Clusters,P. W. Hodge; The Early Postglacial Settlement ofNorthern Europe,M. Jochim; Maternal Effects in Development, G. Freeman; Books Received. . 1234

REPORTS Voyager Detection of Nonthermal Radio Emission from Saturn:M. L. Kaiser et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238

Human Cutaneous Leishmania in a Mouse Macrophage Line: Propagation andIsolation of Intracellular Parasites: K.-P. Chang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240

Cerebral Arteriolar Damage by Arachidonic Acid and Prostaglandin G2:H. A. Kontos et al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242

2-Aminoethylphosphonic Acid Metabolism During Embryonic Development of thePlanorbid Snail Helisoma: M. V. Miceli, T. 0. Henderson, T. C. Myers. 1245

la,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Nuclear Receptors in the Pituitary:H. A. Gelbard, P. H. Stern, D. C. U'Prichard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247

Cultivation in vitro of the Quartan Malaria Parasite Plasmodium inui:P. Nguyen-Dinh, C. C. Campbell, W. E. Collins ..... . ..... .... . . 1249

Electrophoretic Injection ofa Fluorescent Dye into Giant Mitochondria andMitoplasts: C. Bowman and H. Tedeschi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251

Auditory Brainstem Anomalies in Human Albinos: D. Creel et al . . . . . . . . . . . 1253

Human Aging and Spatial Vision: R. Sekuler, L. P. Hutman, C. J. Owsley . . . . . . 125S

Tumoricidal Response Induced by Cytosine Arabinoside After Plasma Perfusionover Protein A: D. S. Terman et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257

Stress-Induced Eating Is Mediated Through Endogenous Opiates:J. E. Morley and A. S. Levine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259

The Spinal Frog Takes into Account the Scheme of Its Body During theWiping Reflex: 0. I. Fukson, M. B. Berkinblit, A. G. Feldman . . . . . . . . . 1261

Biological and Sociocultural Effects on Handedness: Comparison BetweenBiological and Adoptive Families: L. Carter-Saltzman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263

PRODUCTS AND Growth Factors; Microtome; Spectrophotometers; Software; Spectrometer;MATERIALS Sterilizers; Literature ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1266

COVER

___________________________________________ Skyline view of Toronto with CN Tow-er. See page 1221, Preliminary Programof the AAAS Annual Meeting, 3-8 Jan-uary 1981. [Courtesy ofCN Tower, To-ronto, Ontario, Canada]

12 September 1980, Volume 209, Number 4462

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR Karl IVTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- Althouj

tion and discussion of important issues related to the ad- a show ofvancement of science, including the presentation of mi- growing dnority or conflicting points of view, rather than by pub-lishing only material on which a consensus has been embargo Ireached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science- The harshincluding editorials, news and comment, and book re-views-are signed and reflect the individual views of the losing theauthors and not official points of view adopted by theAAAS or the institutions with which the authors are af- Historifiliated. the late 19

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SCIENCE:

Iarx Was a City Boygh the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan has been widely perceived asf strength, it has drawn attention to a major Soviet weakness-alependence on foreign grain. The decision by President Carter tograin imports to the Soviet Union underlined this vulnerability.i reality is that the Soviet Union, once a leading grain exporter, isbcapacity to feed itself.cally, the U.S.S.R. was the breadbasket of Europe. As recently as930's, net grain exports from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe5 million tons a year-exactly the same as those from NorthSince then, the food balance has slowly shifted and the Soviet

Ls become a food-deficient country. During the mid-1970's, grainoy the Soviet Union averaged 9 million tons a year; by the end ofle, they had climbed to some 20 million tons a year. The Sovietsally planned to import 34 million tons in 1980-the largest amounttory of any country.viet agricultural problem is twofold, with each part compounding. They have inherited a relatively poor piece of agricultural realId they have designed an agricultural system that is close to beingtimaginable. Agriculture in the U.S.S.R. is handicapped by lownd a short growing season. The shortage of well-watered, fertileiandicap, but not an insuperable obstacle. It might explain why thenion is not the leading food exporter, but it is not a sufficient ex-of why it is importing so much grain. Japan, for example, is alsoidowed with agricultural resources, yet with 3 million hectares ofrain, it manages to satisfy the needs of its 110 million people forhave some left over for export. The Soviet Union, with 260 millionas 122 million hectares in grain.re serious problem facing the U.S.S.R., and the one it appearsto cope with, is the inefficiency of its agricultural system. The keyteen the efforts of people who work the land and the reward forrts is weak. Soviet agricultural collectives and giant state farms doto approach the productivity of the family farm system that domi-anese and U.S. agriculture.p of young American farmers, who recently returned from livingcollective farms on an exchange program, were amazed to seeeave their tractors promptly at 5 o'clock, regardless of the circum-Planting could be weeks behind schedule or a harvest could beLd by a coming storm, it made little difference. The mentality wasctory workers leaving their shifts, not that of farmers. This wouldppen in Kansas or Iowa. Farmers in the United States would, ifr, work around the clock to get their corn or soybeans planted.--husband, wife, and any children old enough to handle the equip-Duld take a turn.Sk of deep personal ties to the land has also led managers of statective farms to exploit the soil in order to -meet short-term produc-as and advance their own careers. The widespread loss of topsoilLssociated loss of inherent productivity may help to explain whyn the heavy investment in agriculture are so disappointing. Thanei, a Soviet scholar at Harvard, explains that Soviet efforts to ex-production must now reckon with "50 years of neglect that have

icy of badly damaged soils."imbination of a relatively poor agricultural resource endowmentDf the most inefficient agricultural systems yet devised helps ex-failure of Soviet agriculture. It virtually guarantees a gap between,umption and agricultural output. The factory-style organization ofe into state farms and large collectives may sound like a good idea,s not work very well. Karl Marx was a city boy, and his origins aren the shortcomings of Soviet agriculture.-LESTER R. BROWN,Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C. 20036