september 2013 Instrument approach procedures, PBN, GNSS · EPN, seminar AFIS, september 2013...

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EPN, seminar AFIS,september 2013

Instrument approach procedures, PBN, GNSS

• By Frédéric BOISARD, AFIS-O at Cholet LFOU

Thanks to Mrs Morgane BARDIEUX (DGAC –DSAC/O) and to Mrs Corinne BOUSQUET (DGAC - DSNA/DTI) for their help, assistance and the use of Mrs BOUSQUET's presentation at UAF on december 2012


IAP : Instrument Approach Procedure

What for ?

Provide pilot/aircraft a track/path ensuring clearance with all obstacles ( natural and human-made) when flying IMC

Caracteristics :

- segments with specified track and minimum altitude

- minimas : visibility and Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Decision Altitude (DA)


A typical IAP


Instruments Approach Procedures : a classification


exemple


IAP : pilot's operations

�To perform an approach, the visibility and/or RVR must be above the requested minima

�Arriving at the MDA/DA or MAPt :

� - if the pilot hasn't got visual references or if he got visual references, but the plane's position can't ensure a safe landing, then the pilot must go around and follow the missed approach procedure

� - if the pilot has got visual references, then he can continue for landing


IAP with horizontal guidance only : MDA


IAP with horizontal and vertical guidance : DA(simplified version)


Horizontal guidance vs vertical guidance : minimas


NDB/VOR vs GNSS

Exemple :

Cholet (LFOU)

Red : NDB

Blue : GNSS

Primary and secondary

areas wider for NDB

than GNSS : less obstacles

taken into consideration

in GNSS


NDB / VOR vs GNSS�Benefits of the GNSS

� - no maintenance of ground stations

� - no joining overhead the airfield (useful in case of aerobatics, parachute jumping, winch gliders,...)


Conventional Navigation

�Navigation using information from ground stations

•VOR

•NDB

•DME

•ILS/MLS

Code AC2


constraints

�Ground maintenance

•Scheduled calibration flight

•Ground stations maintenance

•Stations renewal

�Localisation

�Coverage


Conventional navigation limits

�Tracks concentration

� (tracks converging towards ground stations)

�Utilisation of ground stations performances and not (or a little) of plane's navigation ability

�Unappropriate to some areas (mountainous)

�No vertical guidance (safety consequences)


PBN : Performance Based Navigation

�A new navigation concept (ICAO Doc 9613 )

�No requirement concerning “how the plane flies”, nor “which type of sensor is used to know the plane position, and to follow a path”

�Requirements concerning plane's navigation system performances

•Positioning precision

•Navigation : what is the plane able to do ? Which type of path can he follow ?

�Crew requirements


Navigation PBN

�Not characterized by the type of ground stations used

�Navigation from point A (Lat, Long) to point B (Lat, Long):

�Airplane

•calculate its position using ground stations

• calculate its position using navigation satellites

•fitted with navigation device allowing flight from A to B

�Acceptable navigation solution if :

•Calculate position with a precision coherent with the phase of the flight

•(accuracy)

•Reliance on this calculated position (integrity)

•Availability of this navigation solution when needed (continuity) .

Navigation PBN


PBN : navigation specifications

�Each navigation sensor has a navigation specification

�Different navigation specifications are :

�- RNAV : aRea NAVigation

�- RNP : Required Navigation Performance

�- RNP AR : RNP Authorization Required


navigation specification:RNAV vs RNP

�Permanent indication of the plane's GPS location in comparison with the plane's expected path

�Display of distance and heading to the next way-point (WP)

�Display of ground-speed and flight-time to the next way-point

�Use of navigation database

�Indication of navigation system failure

Common points


navigation specification:RNAV vs RNP

� Navigation Specification RNP

• Navigation performances monitoring function and

•Alerting function

� Navigation Specification RNAV

•No requirement concerning performances monitoring and alerting

differences


navigation specifications and navigation sensors


PBNnavigation specificationsprecision required (Nm)

APCH: ApproaCH AR: Authorisation Required


Navigation Specifications associated to airspaces

OCEANIC

REMOTE

EN ROUTE

TERMINAL

APPROCHE

RNAV10RNP4

RNAV5 RNAV1RNAV2

RNAV2 RNAV1BASICRNP1

RNP

APCHRNP AR

Code AC2


GNSS Concept

MSAS

Augmentation

geostationary satellite(SBAS)

From ground(GBAS)

On board(ABAS)

EGNOS

WAAS

R.A.I.M

A.A.I.M

GPS

GLONASS

GALILEO

GAGAN

ABAS : Aircraft Based Augmentation SystemSBAS : Satellite Based Augmentation SystemGBAS : Ground Based Augmentation System

GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite SystemRAIM : Receiver Autonomous Integrity MonitoringAAIM : Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

Satellites constellations


SBAS :

Integrity monitoringprecision improvedCovers a large area

GBAS:Integrity monitoring / precision improvedcovers an area 25 NM around airport

Augmentation systems

ABAS :

On board equipments with integrity monitoring

No precision improvment


29

Approach : PBN vs Conventional

ICAO

Classification

NPA

non precision approaches

APV Approaches

with vertical guidance

PA

precision approaches

Conventionalprocedure

RNP APCH

NPA GNSSVOR/DME

NDB

Localizer…

LNAV

RNP APCH

APV Baro APV SBAS

LNAV/VNAV LPV

conventional procedure

ILS

MLS

PAR

RNAV with lateral and vertical guidance

PA GBAS

GLS

Vertical guidance on APV approaches is less performant

than guidance required for precision approaches.

PBN


Guidance on final


LNAV/VNAV

APV

Focus on approach

GBAS

APVNPA

LNAV LNAV/VNAV LPV CAT I, II/III

, II/IIIPA CAT I

LPV


Equipment and final path

Plane with SBAS receiverand appropriate navigation systm

Plane with GPS receiverand VNAV function

Plane with GPS receiver


APV BaroVNAV�Benefits

•At present time system widely existing on planes (ca. 80% of Paris-CDG traffic)

�Limitations

•Costly system

•Technical Problems :

�Altimeter setting error (QNH)

�QNH given by the ground false or not updated

�Omission of new setting when passing transition level

�Unit mistake (mb vs. Inches)

�Non-standard atmosphere

�certif. FMS, database


APV SBAS

�Benefits

•Excellent horizontal and vertical guidances

•Can replace some ILS

�Limitations

•At present time few planes concerned (Business Jets and regional aviation)

september 2013 Instrument approach procedures, PBN, GNSS · EPN, seminar AFIS, september 2013...

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