Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 31, September 2006, pp. 369-375

Effect of mass of kapas on quality of ginned lint M Tamil Selvana & K Raghunathan

Department of Textile Technology, A C College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India

Received 28 May 2005; revised received and accepted 14 September 2005

Impact of mass of kapas on quality of ginned lint has heen studied using MCU-5 variety. It is found that with the increase in mass of kapas, the quantity of lint and its length illcrcase. The other physical properties of lint are also found to be superior with the increase in mass of kapas . Irrespecti ve of the mass of kapas, the ginning machine setting shows significant impact on fibre properties . Thc strength and elongation of fibre vary significantly with varying length of oscillation of beater knife from the edge of fixed knife. This is because the removal of fibres from the seed is accomplished by a fixed knife held tightly against a single gillning roller and a moving (reciprocating) knife that co-operates with the roller and fixed knife to separate the libre from the seeds. The range of increase in short fibre content and nep (content/g) is found to be significantly higher in the sample below 100 mg. If feec!ing is done in the form of locule in the ginning machine, the fibre deterioration is significant ly lesser as compared to feeding as kapas.

Keywords : Cotton, Ginning, Lint

IPC Code: Inl.CI. 8 DOIBI/OO

1 Introduction Separating the locules with respect to their mass ,

taking into considerat ion the total number of kapas, results in the categorization of kapas with respect to their mass, which, in turn, leads to categorization of fibres with respect to their physical properties. The variations in kapas separated from locules of lower mass are significantly higher compared to variations of kapas separated from locules of higher mass. Irrespective of the number of kapas within a locu le, the mass of kapas plays a vital role in deciding the fibre properties (unpublished work). Mass of kapas, seed, and lint per seed significantly affect the properties of fibres . But on the whole, the mass of kapas and its corresponding quantity playa vital role in deciding the properties of fibre within a particular variety. Increase in mass of kapas results in an increase in fibre upper quartile length (UQL), weight per unit length and maturity ratio (MR), and decrease in short fibre content (SFC), immature fibre content (IFC) and nep (content/g). Therefore, an increase in mass of kapas results in superior fibre properties ancl vice versa, as also observed by using HV!. The increase in mass of kapas results in an increase in micronaire value (Mic) and reflectance value (Rd), and decrease in elongation (ELG) and yellowness value (+b). In general, the wide range of mass

a To whom all the correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tamil sudha@yahoo.com

vanatlon of kapas has been noticed within the particular variety. Therefore, this gives an insight into considering the mass of kapas during ginning process to reduce the deterioration of fibre properties. The cotton gin has, as its principal function , the conversion of a field crop into a salable commodity. Thus, it is the bridge between cotton production and texti Ie manufacturing.

The practice of drying seed cotton to reduce moisture in the lint prior to cleaning or ginning is common in gins throughout the country. Results reported from several investigations l

-4 have shown

that certain fibre properties are adversely affected when moisture in the lint prior to ginning is reduced to an extremely low level.

Ginning rate in double roller gins is 8-10 times lower than that in saw gin_5 The neps in card sliver from saw ginned cottons are lower by 30 - 60 % as compared to roller ginned cottons, even though saw ginned lint samples have higher neps.6 Although double roller ginning is slower, it is far gent ler on the fibre and preserves the quality of lint as compared to saw ginning.7 Attempts to increase the ginning rates have been made by Gillium and Armij 0 8 and Che llamani et at_ They used a rotary knife system instead of osc illating knife for beating the seeds to separate them out from the fibre . The present work is aimed at studying the impact of mass of kapas on quality of ginned lint

370 INDI AN 1. FIBRE TEXT. RES , SEPTEM BER 2006

The fibre properties and their trends with respect to mass of kapas in 9 different varieti es (Suvin , DCH 32, MCU 5, LRA, Surabi , RCH, Bhanni , Bhavani , and Multi +) were studied. As the results were almost similar in all va ri eties, a generali sed conclusion by studying onl y a single va riety MCU 5 was made in the present study.

2 Materials and Methods The ex perimental MCU-5 variety was grown and

harves ted at lrrulappatti vi lIage in the state of Tami I Nadu . From the coll ected cotton, fo ur di fferent samples were separated. The normal sample was collected as per the usual prac tices fo ll owed for collec ti on and preparati on of cotton for ginning and with respect to total number of bpas in a locule, three samples were grouped, namely 10CLdes of 5 kapas, 10Cldes of 6 kapas, and 10CLdes of 7 kapas. Each sa mple was aga in categorized into three di ffe rent sa mples with respect to mass of kapas, namely ' below 100 mg' , ' 101-150 mg', and ' 151-200 mg' . The process fo ll owed for collection and testing of fibres is shown in Fig. 1. Each cotton sample was processed separately from ginning with three di ffe rent lengths (30 mm, 32 mm and 34 mm) of osc illati on of beater

Collection of bolls

~ Disintegration of locules

~ Categorization of loculcs with respect to their total

number of kapas (manually)

r r l Locules of 5 kapns

GroupJg of Kapas

Locules of 6 k.pas Locules of 7 kapas Nonnal

! ! Grouping of kapas Grouping of kapas

~ 1 ~ Group- I Group-2 Group-3 GtJ"Jro".'

Group-I Group-2 Group-3 Group- I Group-2 Group-3

Ginning (Every group were ginned separately)

1 Collection of lint

(Collection of lin! of each group were done separately)

Testing of fibres (t AFIS and BVI)

Group I - Mass ofkapas below 100 Group 2 - Mass ofkapas between 100 and 150 mg Group 3 - Mass of kapas between 151 and 200 mg

Fig. I - Method fo llowed fo r co llecti on and testing of fi bres

kni fe from the edge of fi xed knife. The ginning mac hine spec ificati ons are: roller speed, 120 rpm; and frequency of osc ill ation of beater knife , 950 op m. To study the effect of ginning process on lint quality, the MCU-5 cotton variety was collected from three locati ons in Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu . Each locati on was about 6 miles apart from the other. The sa mples of 9 picking periods were separately collected from location - 1. The samples of 5 picking peri ods out of 8, and 4 picking peri ods out of 6 were collected from locati ons 2 and 3 respecti vely. Irres pec ti ve of the pick ing peri od within a location, two samples were separated to measure the opening efficiency in terms of volume occ upied by the materi al. To measure the volume of cotton sample, a circul ar cy linder of the diameter 10.18 cm was selected. The height occupied by the cotton before and after di sintegrati on of kapas from the loc ule was measured and then the vo lume (n r" l1 ) of circul ar cy linder calculated. Separati on of lint from the seed was done using roller gin . For ginning manuall y, fine knife was used.

Fibre samples were tested using High Volu me Instruments (HVI) and Advance Fibre Info rmati on system (AFIS) as per the stand ard procedure.

Fig . '2 - Mass of kapas and its linl dist rihulion (1\ lel ' - 'i )

Fig . 3 - Mass of kapas and its lin t di stribution by Bacr so rter (MCU-5)

SELVAN & RAGH UNATHAN: EFFECT OF MASS OF KAPAS ON QUALITY OF GINNED LINT

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Mass of Kapas and its Lint Distribution Mass of kapas and its lint distributions are shown

in Figs 2 and 3. The quantity of lint and its length in 200 mg kapas are higher as compared to that in 100 mg and 150 mg kapas. The refore, the inc rease in mass of kapas increases the quantity of lint and its length. The other phys ical prope rties of lint are a lso superior with the increase in mass of kapas. T he results of fibre properti es with respect to mass of loc ules and kapas are in agreement with the earlier work. I Due to thi s, it is expected that the change 10 g lOnlOg process parameter is essenti al with respect to mass of kapas during g inning.

3.2 Mass of Kapas and its Ginned Lint Quality Irrespecti ve of tota l number of kapas within a

locule, the mass of kapas pl ays a vital role in deciding the fib re properties I because the kind of trend with respect to mass of kapas in locules of 5, 6 and 7 kapas are almost s imilar. Thi s indicates that there is no significant change in fibre prope rties with respect to particular mass of kapas with varying total number of kapas within a locule fo r a particular setting (downward movement of oscillating knife from the edge of f ixed knife.) in g inning. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The UQL, SFC and nep (content/g) , as per the AFIS result , show best results in 32 mm and 34 mm settings as compared to that in 30 mm setting. Similarl y, the STR (strength) , ELG (e longati on), LEN (length) and SFI (short fibre index) in HVI results show best results in 30 mm setting as compared to that in 32 and 34 mm. Therefore, from the above result it can be concluded that irrespective of total number of kapas within a locule, the mass of kapas and sett ing show significant impac t on fibre properti es. ANOV A study shows s ignificant changes in fibre properties with varying length of osc illation of beater kni fe and mass of kapas (Appendix 1). The STR and ELG vary significantly with the va rying length of oscillation of beater knife from the edge of fixed knife. Thi s is because the removal of fibres from the seed is accomplished by a fixed knife he ld tightly aga inst a single g inning roller and a moving (rec iprocating) kni fe that co-operates with the ro ller and fi xed kni fe to separate the fibre from the seeds. In general , the fibre strength is a lways higher than that of its base (point at which the fibre stickjng the surface of seed) because the fibres are pulled out from the seed. In earlier days , based on thi s concept, the cotton fibre was probably pull ed off the seed by hand.

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The churka gin is a small hand-powered machine with two-hardwood pinch roller that grip the fibre and pull it away from the seed. lo If pulling force is applied along the axis of fibre, the fibre will break at the base. However, the fibres at varying position in the surface of the seed cause a different force as compared to tensi Ie force. A characteristic feature of cotton, however, IS the wide variation in most of its properties, not only between the fibres that constitute a sample, but also within a fibre itself. 11 Thi s, in turn. leads to fibre breakage not exactly at the base (fuzzy­seed). Due to this , there is wide range of deteri orati on In fibre length. In some cases, fuzzy-seeded Indian cottons (DCH32) that grow best in the south could not be processed satisfactorily on the rolier gin because the fibre was attached to the seed too strongly. With respect of measurement of fibre strength at its base (attachment strength), many difficulties have been experienced. This is because the kapas of similar mass varies 111 its lint quantity and thus it IS found that keeping similarity in kapas preparation for testing is found to be very difficult. The sample ' below 100 mg' shows lower strength and short fibre index, and higher elongation 111 manual ginning, but 111 roll er ginning machine, the generation of range of short fibre content IS 43 % hi gher as compared to the samples ' 100-150 mg ' and ' 151-200 mg' , as shown in Annexure 1. The nature of trend with respect to mass of kapas is same in all the three samples but the range of increment 111 SFC and NEP (content/g) IS significantly higher in the sample ' below 100 mg' . Moreover, the impact of mass of kapas on ginning process with reference to speed of beater knife and roller may significantly affect the fibre properties.

3.3 Effect of Ginning on Fibre Quality Picking-wise machine and manual ginned lint

properties are shown in Table 3. The machine and manual ginned lint properties are found to be significantly differelit, particularly wi th rega rd to length uniformity, e longation, short fibre content and nep (content/g). The same study IS also conducted with respec t to mass of kapas and the results are shown in Table 4. The manually ginned lint properties are significantly superior as compared to mac hine ginned lint, thereby indicating that the ginning process significantly affects the fibre quality.

3.4 Impact of Disintegration of Kapas on Ginning

Due to disintegration of kapas, volume of cotton sample increases significantly. The volume occupied by the cotton before and after di sintegration of kapas

SELVAN & RAGHUNATHAN: EFFECT OF MASS OF KAPAS ON QUALITY OF GINNED LINT 373

Table 3 - Picking-wise data on fibre physical properties from all locations and pickings

Ginning Picking period HVI results _~A:.=-F-,-,IS:::....:..::re:.::.su::..:l-=ts _____ _

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machinc

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machine

Manual

Machinc

Manual

Machine

Manual

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

2

2

3

3

4

4

STR LEN UNF SFI ELG UQL SFC g/tex

27.5

276

27.6

29.7

26.9

27

27 .3

27.8

248

27.9

24

25 .3

24.9

25.2

25 .3

25.2

24.1

22

27.9

28.4

29. 1

25.7

28.1

27.4

29

24.8

29.6

23.9

27.5

28.7

27.8

25. 1

28.3

25.9

25.5

26.1

mm

31.6

33 .3

32.7

33.3

32.3

34

32.5

34.9

32.4

33.1

30.5

33.4

31.7

31.7

30.2

33.2

29.7

30.1

32.5

34.9

31.3

33.2

31.7

33.2

30.6

3 1.9

30.7

32.6

31. I

33.4

3 1.9

32.5

3 I. I

308

31.6

34.1

Location 1

46

53.5

45.7

55 .9

46.7

52.3

45.7

53.9

46.5

54.8

45

54

45.1

49.4

43.3

53

42.6

45.1

Location 2

43.6

52.6

43 .8

48 .6

45

51.1

45.1

51.4

42.6

49

Location 3

46.3

5 1.9

46.4

52.6

46.8

49.6

43 .2

49.4

<3.5

<3.5

<3 .5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

4 .9

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

5.4

<3 .5

8.2

5.4

<3 .5

<3.5

4.7

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

4 .6

<3.5

6.8

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

<3.5

4.8

<3.5

%

4 .9

6.3

5 . 1

6 .2

4 .7

5 .7

4.9

6. 1

5

5.7

4.8

5.8

4.7

5 .9

4 .9

6. 1

4.9

5 .8

5.4

61

5.2

5.9

5.5

6 .4

5.4

6.2

5.7

6.3

5

6.1

55

5.8

5. 1

5 .9

5. 1

5.8

mm

34.7

36.2

34.2

36.1

35.6

36.3

35 .8

38.2

35 .5

36.5

31.1

34.5

33.8

33.2

33.3

35

33 .1

32.2

35.4

38.1

35 .5

358

34.7

33.2

33.8

34.6

32.6

37.3

33.8

34.7

35.7

35.5

35.8

35.4

33.3

35.1

23.9

15. 1

25 .8

13.6

24.7

17.7

26.8

12.4

25

18

25.5

245

26.3

18.6

32.8

161

35.2

24.6

26.8

19.9

24.5

23.4

26.6

23.5

27.3

20.8

29.5

18 . 1

23 .8

15 .8

15.9

18 .1

20.5

13 .9

33.8

21.9

Machine and manual ginned lint propelties, namely UQL, ELG, SFC and NEP, arc significantly different at 95% confidence level.

NEP content/g

172

106

125

82

168

96

2 14

8 1

153

99

190

224

177

70

197

11 8

309

164

152

14 1

176

186

197

150

168

114

213

136

188

96

l 'il

103

120

11 0

394

190

374 IND IAN 1. FIBRE TEXT. RES., SEPTEMBER 2006

Table 4 - Mass of kapas and its correspo nding fibre properties by HV I

Mass of kapas Ginning SCI MI C STR, g/tex LEN, mm UNF SFI ELG, % CSP CG Rd Yellowness. +b

Below 100 mg Machine 100 2.3 23 .5 33 40. 8 5 5.9 2228 32-2 7 1. 1 10.5

Manual 168 2.3 25.5 34.2 47 .5 <3 .5 6.2 252 1 41-3 72.2 9.2

100-150 mg Machine 149 3 26.1 33.9 46.1 <3.5 5.6 2350 32-2 70.3 104

Manual 174 3 25 . 1 34.5 49 <3.5 6 . 1 2520 41-3 73.2 9.1

151-200 mg Machine 134 3.5 26. 1 34.8 44.6 <3.5 54 2330 32-2 72.2 10

Manual 185 3.5 25.8 35.2 50.3 <3.5 5. 7 2547 31-4 73.9 9.1

Machine and manu al g inned lint properties, name ly UNF, SFI , ELG, CSP, Rd and +b, are signifi cant ly different at 95 % confidence level.

Table 5 - Vo lume (cm» occupied by the material be fore and after di sintegration o f kapas

Sample Before After

Locatio n I

Sample I 1140.84 4237.41

Sample 2 9126.73 23224.27

Location 2

Sample I 896.37 3504.01

Sample 2 4970.8 10349.06

Location 3

Sample I 733 .39 3096.57

Sample 2 4726.34 10675 .0 1

Vo lume occupied by the material before and after di sintegration of kapas are signifi cantl y different at 95% confidence leve l.

Table 6 - Form of materi al and its lint properties

Form of materi al HV I results AFIS result

STR LEN UNF SFI ELG UQL SFC NEP g/tex mm % mm co ntent/g

Kapas 25.9 30.6 46.6 <3.5 5 .9 33.7 29 187

Locule 294 32.8 52.7 <3.5 6.2 35 .8 21.2 64

Kapas 264 32 44.4 <3.5 5.9 333 27.8 225

LOClile 25.4 32.3 49 .9 <35 67 35.3 24.5 110

Kapas 254 3 1.4 45.4 <3.5 6. 1 328 26.8 172

Locule 25.4 32.3 48.9 <3.5 6 .4 34 .4 218 82

The form o f material , name ly kapas and locules, significantly affect the lint quality particularl y in UNF. ELG. UQ L. SFC and NEP at 95% confidence leve l.

is shown in Table 5. Due to the di sintegrat ion of kapas, fib res tips (edges) are projected out from the seed, resu lting in significant reduction in elongation; the lint out-turn however decreases . Therefore , if you feed as locule in the ginning mach ine, the fibre deterioration is significantly lesser as compared to feeding as kapas. The results are shown in Table 6. In the case of locules, the length uniformity , elongation, short fibre content and nep content/g give superior results.

4 Conclusions It is very clear that the ginning process

significantly affects the fibre quality but there is no significant change in fibre properties with respect to particu lar mass of kapas by varying tota l number of kapas within a locule in particu lar setting (downward movement of osci llating knife from the edge of fixed knife.) The kind of trend with respect to mass of kapas is same in all three locule samples but the range of increment in SFC and NEP (content/g) is

SELVA & RAGHUNATHAN : EFFECT OF MASS OF KAPAS 0 QUALITY OF GINNED LINT 375

significantly higher in the sample below 100 mg. If you feed as locu le in the ginning machine, the fibre deterioration is significantly lesser as compared to feeding as kapas .

Therefore, the consideration should be given for the mass of kapas and form of material li ke kapas or locule during ginning, so as to avoid or minimize the deterioration in fibre quality with modified ginning parameters .

Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Joint Managing

Director (JMD) and other officials of Mis. Sambandam Spinning Mills Limited , Salem 636 014, Tamil Nadu, India, for their help in testing the requi site samples .

References I Delany J L. Text Res J, 27 ( 1957) 175 . 2 Hart W J, Bail ey T L W (Jr), Keyser W R (J r) & Compton J.

Text Res J , 25 ( 1955) 41 5.

3 Leitgeb D J & Wakeham H, Text Res J, 24 ( 1954) 1047.

4 Nelson M L. Andre.ws F R & Grant J N, Text Res J. 29 ( 1959) 260.

5 COlllparative Pel!orlnance of Diffe rent Types of GillS. A report submitted by CTRL. ATIRA & AIFCOSPAN to IDA/lBRD sponsored by NCDC. Indi a ( 1984).

6 Chell amani K P. Parthasarathy N & Arindan Basu, Asian Text.l. 12 (Jul y 2003) 75 .

7 Sundaram V. COlltributioll of COttOIl Techllo!og ica! Resea rch Laboratory to IlIIpro velllellt of CO l/Oil Ginn illg ill 'lldia , Seri es No. 144 (CTRL. Bombay). 1980.

8 Gilliulll M W & Armijo C B, Alii Soc Agricu!t Eng. 43 (2000) 809.

9 Chellaillani K P. Parthasarlhy N & Jaykumar V, Asiall Text J, 9 (June 2000) 55.

10 Wayne Smith C & Tom Cothren J. CO l/oll -Origill , I-liston ', TeclJ/l o!ogy. and Productioll (Wil ey Seri es in Crop Science. Texas A & M Uni versity) . 1999.

II Nanjundayya C, Iyengar R L N, NalU W R, Ghatge M B. Murli K S. Parikh C B, Sethi B L & Mahta D N, COl/Oil Illdia - A MOllograph (Indian Central Colton Commillee . Bombay), 1960, 40.

Appendi x I - ANOV A results Mass of ka pas _ ______ 3_0'_' ___ _______ _ _ _ 3_2_" _ ____ _

STR ELG LEN UQL SFC NEP STR ELG LEN UQL SFC NEP STR ELG LEN UQL SFC NEP

Below 100 mg 25 .3 6.2 :\34 29.7 43.7 377 224 4 .8 29.3 30.8 30.1 268 20.2 4.8 30.7 30.6 29.8 256

25 .8 6.2 32.8 33.4 36 483 17.9 4 .8 30.2 32.5 3 1 658 20.5 4.7 30.2 3 1.1 284 402

254 6 3 1.7 32.6 4 1.4 427 19 4.6 30. 2 32.2 29.8 734 21.5 4 .7 29.5 32.7 28 34('

2:l.5 5.9 33 33 .5 35 .1 206 21.3 4 .8 30.6 33. 1 29.2 170 19 .8 4 .8 29.6 31.7 214 25 8

156.2 1493 120.1 1830 11 3.6 1262

100 - 150mg 24.8 5.7 33.7 3 1.5 39.9 256 23 .5 4 .6 3 1.5 36.5 24.6 148 19.9 4 .8 3 1.8 344 22.2 106

29.4 6 334 344 3 1.5 2 19 21.5 4.8 3 1.5 35 17.9 164 2 U I 4.9 30.8 34.3 19.7 108

26.5 5.8 34 34 28.5 161 21.6 5 32 33.7 26.6 ISO 22.3 4 .8 30.1 34.6 25.5 196

26.1 5.6 33 .9 33 .536.5 1462244.63 1.8 32.230.6 2042 1.8 4.830.9 34.119.41 18

1364 782 99 .7 666 86.8 528

15 1-200mg 26 4 5.3 344 33 .8 32.5 103 25.8 4 32.2 34.3 22.3 146 22.6 4 .2 3 1.5 343 24 .9 92

25 .1 5.3 34 35 28.5 129 21.6 5 3 1.7 36.7 134 78 2 1.7 5 32 4 35 .l! 16.8 4

29 ,7 64 35 33. 1 32.7 157 23 4 5.3 324 35.1 24.6 154 22 .9 4.8 32 .7 35.3 18.8 76

26 .1 54 34 .8 34.3 33 .8 90 2 1.7 4.8 33 .7 36.2 20.1 130 24.3 4.3 32 35.3 22.5 62

127. 5 479 804 508 83 3 14

F - calculated values (F-test) : Impact of mass of kapas on fibre properti es = R.OS5; Impac t of length of oscillation of beater knife = 5.508:

F - Calculated va lues are significant at 95 % and 99% confidence level.

" Length (0101) of oscillation of beater knife from the edge of fi xed kni fe (downwa rd movement ).