Sept-Oct 2008 Sandpiper Newsletter Grays Harbor Audubon Society

8/8/2019 Sept-Oct 2008 Sandpiper Newsletter Grays Harbor Audubon Society

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Membership MeetingSunday October 5, 2008Oregon Birding Trip

Malheur NWR, OregonSlides by Carole Sunde

1:30 pm 3 pmPearsall Building

2109 Sumner Avenue, Aberdeen

The

Sandpiper

September/October 2008

And now for somethingcompletely wonkieForest songsters evolved in anearly rush

Evolution seems to have hap- pened in ts and starts at leastthats what the fossil recordshows. From trilobites to ptero-dactyls, ammonites to Archae-opteryx, scientists nd the same

pattern: brief bursts of innova-tion in which a single species, or branch on the tree of life, turnsinto a cluster of new twigs, thenlapses into long stretches ruledby the status quo.

The question is why? Is thefossil record incomplete? Arefossil beds just snapshots of a process that occurs at a steadypace throughout time? Or mightchanging environmental or geo-logic conditions alter the rate at

which species arise?Its arguably one of the mostfundamental questions in all ofevolutionary biology, said DanRabosky, a graduate student atthe Cornell Lab of Ornithologyand lead author of a new analysisof the problem. How do speciesarise? Where does all this biodi-versity that we see on Earth comefrom?

Rabosky and coauthor IrbyLovette, director of the FullerEvolutionary Biology Programat the Lab of Ornithology, usedDNA analyses to look at ve mil-lion years of evolution in 25 spe-cies of colorful North Americansongbirds known as wood war-blers. They discovered that a ur-

ry of species divergence occurredearly on, with many species ap- pearing in just the rst millionyears. The research appears on-line July 9 in the journal Proceed-ings of the Royal Society B.Rabosky and Lovette developed

a new mathematical model thatattributed the pattern to the wayclosely related species divide uptheir environment. At rst, withfew relatives around to com-

pete with, species can differen-tiate rapidly. But as the specieslist grows, competition becomesercer and leads to fewer oppor-tunities for additions.

Right after the dinosaurs wentextinct, most people are awarethat there was a huge explosion ofmammal diversity, Rabosky said.That extinction created lots ofecological space,opportunitiesfor new species of mammals totake advantage of resources. On a

much smaller scale of both spaceand time, this little group of war-blers from North America mightbe playing out the same story.

The pattern of rapid diversica-tion is well known to biologists-theyve even coined a name forthe process, adaptive radiation.But the best-known examplestend to involve geographic iso-lation: Darwins nches of the

Galapagos, anole lizards of theCaribbean, and the marvelouslycolorful cichlid shes of Africasinland lakes.

Whats interesting is that thishappened on a continent, whereits ecologically much more com- plex than an island, Raboskysaid. Youve got lots of compet-

itors. Clearly, lots of other birdswere already here, eating insectsand probably doing what war-blers do now.

Rabosky and Lovette chose tostudy the warbler genus Dendro-ica and to use DNA analyses be-cause they needed a detailed pic-ture of the genetic relationshipsamong the 25 species a level ofinformation that fossils simplycant provide. Those details let

them reconstruct, species by spe-cies, the chronological order inwhich new species appeared.

And besides, four-inch-long,half-ounce forest birds dont leavemuch of a fossil record. In fact,Rabosky said, the vast majorityof biodiversity on this planet thatwe need to explain doesnt havea fossil record. But just by usingspecies that are alive today, andlooking at their DNA, we can seethe signal of an early explosion of

species millions of years ago.

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology is a

membership institution dedicated to

interpreting and conserving the earths

biological diversity through research,

education, and citizen science focused

on birds. Visit the Labs web site at

http://www.birds.cornell.edu


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The Presidents Perch

By Arnie Martin

page 2

Good Food Just Down TheRoad

by Janet StrongAs you wander along the coun-

try byways of Thurston, GraysHarbor and Lewis Counties thissummer, you will undoubtedlypass by farms which sell theirproducts directly to consumers.Why not make your sojournmore worthwhile by stopping inand picking up fresh produce,

beautiful flowers or carefullywrapped meat? In these timesof soaring food and fuel prices,why not team up with a neigh-bor to purchase locally raisedfood in bulk and take it homefor canning or freezing? Nextwinter your family can shop

right from your pantry for highquality edibles.Grays Harbor Extension Service

and South of the Sound Com-munity Farmland Trust have published excellent guides andmaps to dozens of nearby farmsselling all kinds of agriculturalitems. The guides contain namesof the farmers, contact informa-tion and complete descriptionsof their products. Most ask thatyou contact them beforehand tond the best times to visit. Re-member, to produce organic veg-gies, gorgeous owers, lusciousfruits and healthy animals meansspending hours and hours eachday out in the eld, not waitingby a fruit stand.

The 2008 Farm Fresh Guideto Grays Harbor County, pro-duced by Grays Harbor CountyExtension, can be found in manylocal stores, at the Fairgrounds

Extension Office or online athttp://graysharbor.wsu.edu. Theamazing variety of farm productsranges from oysters to buffalo,from strawberries to cheeses,from pears to peonies and allthings that ourish in the misty,moist Grays Harbor area. Mostparticipating farms are locatedin the central Chehalis valleybetween Porter and Grays Har-bor, with short excursions up theSatsop and Wynoochee Rivers,

and along the southern shore ofthe harbor.

The 2008 Thurston CountyFarm Map, published by theSouth of the Sound CommunityFarmland Trust, features farmsall over Thurston County anda couple in Lewis, Mason andGrays Harbor Counties.

continued on page 5

Volunteers needed!The Grays Harbor AudubonSociety board of directors has been diminished by resigna-tions and, now, by the passingof one of the Societys longestserving board members, RoseDuBois. The board needs addi-tional members who will attenda meeting a month, possibly sitin on meetings of interest to theSociety, and are willing to learna great deal about the local area

and its environmental needs andchallenges.

The Habitat Committee needsmembers and a chairman. Infact theyre so desperate thatthey have me sitting in on theirmeetings and also expect cogentcomments from this rank ama-teur. Seriously, I was warned byRose when I joined the chapterthree years ago that the com-mittee members: the Schwick-

eraths (Dean and Diane), JanetStrong, and Steve Hallstrom allhad great expertise and experi-ence in land acquisition, habitatconservation, and great generalknowledge regarding the protec-tion and development of wood-lands.

After attending several com-mittee meetings, Ive found thatRose was 100% correct in herevaluation. The Schwickerathsare experts in nding funding

sources, Janet Strong has amaz-ing knowledge of biology andforest practices, and Steve Hall-strom has great experience fromhis time with Seattle Audubonand much wisdom regarding lo-cal regulations and practices.

Your local chapter has over3,000 acres of land that have been acquired to assure their protection for wildlife habitat

and the continuing maturationof some woodland parcels backto mature forestlands. Severalparcels are shoreline properties, preserved to keep the coastalenvironment healthy and to pre-vent the wall to wall house building that has occurred at

some locations. The fundingto acquire these properties hascome primarily from private do-nors, with some funding fromother conservation organizations(this is one of the parts that thisnewbie has not yet mastered).

The committee is committingresources to identifying theproper forest management prac-tices for the woodland holdings,with a goal of attaining sustain-ability ratings for their hold-

ings. The properties are beingevaluated by Northwest Natu-ral Resource Group, a group ofprofessional foresters from PortTownsend. The developmentand implementation of their rec-ommendations will allow thecommittee to direct their effortsand resources where the needsare greatest and the rewards (in preservation and habitat devel-opment) will be maximized.

Please contact a board memberto nd out how you can assistthe chapter as a board member,or as a committee member. Youwill nd that it is a rewardingexperience.


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GHAS Mission The mission of the GraysHarbor Audubon Society isto seek a sustainable balancebetween human activity andthe needs of the environ-ment; and to promote enjoy-ment of birds and the naturalworld

Third Annual Chehalis River Watershed FestivalMorrison Riverside Park, Rotary Log Pavilion

by Janet StrongCome and celebrate our wonderful Chehalis River Watershed during the week of September 20

through 27, culminating in a free family event beside the river in Aberdeen. Featured items includehands-on activities for all ages, childrens crafts, talks, stories, informational displays, docksidetours of the Hawaiian Chieftain and Lady Washington, longboat tours, 18th Century Mock SeaBattle Sailings (for a fee), Fin the giant salmon, a salmon bake, great music and MORE!

This festival, only in its third year, keeps getting better and better. Also the activities leading upto the festival, during Chehalis Watershed Week (Sept. 20 27) are varied, educational and fun,and will be held throughout the basin. Here is the list so far and more is in the ofng:F Sat., Sept 20 10 a.m. - Seminary Hill Natural Area, Centralia IVY PULL with refresh-ments call Sandy Godsey for information 360-736-7045F Sat., Sept 20 12:30 p.m. Discovery Trail at Centralia City Farm, Centralia guidedNATURE WALK, looking at birds, native plants, wildlife watch the eagles, ducks and more.Call Jan Strong for information 360-495-3950FMon, Sept 22 6 p.m. -Montesano City Forest FORESTRY WALK call 360-249-5424for informationF Tuesday, Sept. 23 - 5 p.m. BIRDING TRIPat Chehalis Surge Plain Trail, led by MaryONeill and Jan Strong meet at the trailhead parking area off Blue Slough Road, SW fromMontesano. (Sponsored by GHAS) Call Jan Strong for information 360-495-3950FWed., Sept 24 all day FARM TOUR of Boistfort Farm in the South Chehalis River Val-

leyF Fri., Sept 26 6 p.m. COASTAL VIDEO Westport Winery sponsored by SurfriderF Sat., Sept 27 WYNOOCHEE VALLEY FARM TOUR travel by bus or in your car callGrays Harbor Conservation District for information 482-2934 registration needed for thebusBe on the lookout for additional information in local papers and radio stations. Everyone in-

volved in planning this celebration hopes all of you will join in, learn more, enjoy yourselves andappreciate what a wonderful asset to our quality of life we have in the streams, wetlands, riversand harbor of the Chehalis River Basin.


4/9

Discovery Coast Audubon in-vites you to their region of thePacic Coast to nd that Bird-ing at the Beach is Better! formore information and to down-load a registration form go tohttp://www.discoverycoas-

taudubon.com.

page 4

Birding at the Beach isbetter!

by Raquel Crosier Plan a getaway on the scenicWashington Coast and join us forfall ACOW 2008 October 10th,11th and 12th. The conferencewill be held at the ChautauquaLodge located on the beautifulshoreline of Long Beach Wash-ington. Enjoy relaxing accom-

modations, beach access and anenticing array of educational ac-tivities, meetings and speechesoutlining the heart of Audubonsmission in Washington State.

The three-day conference will begin with a light day Friday,allowing you time to absorb thesurroundings, explore the sanddunes and bike or walk for mileson the Discovery Trail follow-ing the beach. Friday evening

will include an Education Meet-ing followed by a reception andevening of festivities.

On Saturday, your choice ofeld outings will bring you ontothe beach and into the sand towitness the local ecology andhabitat of shore birds. In the af-ternoon, a Conservation Meet-ing will be held at the lodge in-corporating regional discussionsof habitat preservation and res-toration. Saturday evening, join

your colleagues in an indulgentSurf and Turf dinner and ban-quet, followed by presentationsfrom various individuals repre-senting local, state and federalstate agencies.

Audubon Washington boardmembers will meet Sundaymorning before dispersing totheir separate corners of thestate.

Are you interested in receiv-

ing The Sandpiper online?Send us your email addressand we can forward the latestissue the moment it is readyto publish or visit http://ghas.org to view the newsletter asa color pdf le.

A Rose by Any OtherNameMy personal tribute to RoseDubois

By Diane Schwickerath I havent written in the Sand- piper in a very long time. Ivebeen behind the scenes workingas your treasurer. The recent

passing of a dear friend, RoseDubois, prompts me to write.I met Rose in 1997 on a bird-

ing eld trip (of course) to theWillapa area. We rst spoke aswe birded the Raymond Airport.That was the start of a beauti-ful friendship. At that time, Ihad just become the president ofGHAS. Rose was so encourag-ing and began attending boardmeetings. We soon talked herinto joining the board. With all

of her experience in other orga-nizations, she became our Rob-erts Rules expert. At a timewhen the chapter was withouta president, she volunteered totake a term.

Rose always encouraged newbirders, and birders of any level.She was the person we used tocall when visitors to Grays Har-bor wanted to see birds.

Rose was an amazing birderand traveled widely lookingfor birds in the USA and othercountries. She used to say sheworked for birding trip money.After awhile, she couldnt doa lot of walking, but that did

not stop her from birding. Shecould spot a little three inchWarbler from her moving car. Ihad trouble getting my eyes onit even after she stopped her car.The only active Hummingbirdnest I have ever seen was foundby Rose. How did she spot thattiny nest up in a tree? I wasthrilled to see the baby Hum-mingbirds in their nest.

Rose always volunteered towork at any events the chap-

ter was participating in. Shealways wanted to share herenthusiasm for birds with oth-ers. And she knew all the bestbirding places in the county andwhere to nd any particularspecies you wanted to see. Shealso worked hard on the Christ-mas Bird Count for many years,including helping to establish anew CBC in the East County.Rose did all this and more and

she was in her 70s when I mether. She was quite a role model,lled with enthusiasm and ener-gy of spirit even when her bodywas slowing down. I am grate-ful for what she shared with me.I, GHAS, and the entire birdingcommunity will miss Rose.


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Squirrel-proof feeder?

Photo by Becky Durr

Pontoon Project Updateby Arnie Martin

As has been reported in the localAberdeen press, the WashingtonDepartment of Transportationhas been studying locating a fa-cility in Hoquiam for buildingreplacement pontoons for theSR520 oating bridge acrossLake Washington. The City ofHoquiam has enthusiasticallysupported their using this loca-tion, which is on the westernside of the Hoquiam River at itsmouth on the Harbor.

As with any project there arepluses and minuses that can befound in the details of the proj-ect. The DOT has been holdinginformational meetings at local

sites regarding their planningfor the construction site, thedisposal of the construction ex-cavations, and the constructionmethods used in building the pontoons. Also meetings wereheld regarding the temporarystorage of the pontoons in theHarbor and transportation of thenished pontoons to their usagein repair or replacement of thecurrent bridge pontoons.The City of Hoquiam has plans

for usage of the Pontoon Con-struction Site excavations in theeventual partial lling of the Ho-quiam Sewage Treatment Plant(STP) lagoon. The HoquiamSTP lagoon must be cleaned ofthe accumulated biosolids thatwere accumulated before thecurrent plant was installed. TheCity then wants to use the Pon-toon Construction Site excava-

tions to ll in the eastern half ofthe lagoon, after making provi-sions to prevent damage to thewestern half of the ponds whichcurrently provide a resting areafor a varied population of water-fowl.The ponds remaining area will

be further divided (one-third forstormwater surge basin and theremaining two-thirds presentlyleft for the waterfowl). The wa-terfowl area will only be one-third of the current area and willhave different food resourcesafter the biosolids are removed.This partial preservation of theSTP pond will only be tempo-rary until the STP plant needsreplacement sometime in the

next 10 to 20 years.Please suggest to the Hoquiamcity ofcials that if the exca-vated materials are used to ll in part of the STP pond, some ofthe DOT Pontoon Project miti-gation funds be used to providealternate resting places for thewaterfowl. The Grays HarborNWR is a shorebird refuge, anddoesnt have suitable area or ge-ography to provide for the wa-terfowl.

Farms Guides Continued frompage 2

Surprisingly, several are locatedright in and around Olympia,a tribute to its retention of asmall town avor. Many of thesefarmers also maintain booths atthe Olympia Farmers Market.Every imaginable farm productthat can be grown in the PacicNorthwest is represented. Thisguide can be found at the Farm-ers Market, the Olympia FoodCoop, at many stores or online atwww.soundfoodshed.org.

Getting acquainted with theinteresting personalities behindthe operations may be as reward-ing as the products themselves.With just a mite of encourage-

ment, most will share fascinat-ing tidbits about their farmingtechniques and the things theyraise and produce. Each farmvisited will provide you with aunique experience. Just followthe instructions on the maps.

Haikus for the dog daysof summer

by Jan McMillan

Augusts last day hereits cool breath touches my skinunder the redwood trees

The last iris bloomsblack bugs skate on the waterwaiting for autumn

Dandelion stalksstand like fuzzy lollipopsmidst the daisy patch


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Snowy Plover habitatrestoration projectupdate

by Jan McMillanFollowing the March training

in Westport, led by Scott Pear-son and Cindie Sundstrom, theproject was visited by AudubonWashington Executive Director,Nina Carter. Audubon Washing-

ton funnels the Hewlett Packardgrant that supports the volunteercomponent of the project.Project volunteers were busy thissummer completing bird surveysby truck, and by foot at Leadbet-ter Point and along the WillapaRefuge. Thanks to WDFW staff-er Kathy Gunther for the driving part of the surveys. No birdswere found at the Leadbettersite except savannah sparrows.

Along the Willapa Refuge beachthey saw 5 or 6 pairs of snowy plovers on their rst survey inJune and some adults and theirchicks on the second survey inJuly. During the surveys, Kathytrained volunteers on bird sur-vey protocols. Our hats are offto these volunteers who arrivedat the survey sites at 6 am andwalked several strenuous milesin less than ideal weather condi-tions to complete the surveys.

Ann Muche , this years projectcoordinator and volunteer AlanRichards, both Willapa HillsAudubon members, also did aJuly walking survey and foundtracks of small shorebirds go-ing far into one of the test plots.Along the north part of the beachat Leadbetter they observed astreaked horned lark on the fore-dune for 15 minutes.

Upcoming plover projectevent

There will be a planting workparty at Leadbetter on Monday,September 22nd. Dave Hays willdirect the volunteers in coveringnative plants in the treatment

plots before they are sprayed inthe ongoing work to eliminatethe European grasses.

The work party will be from10 am to approximately 3 pm.Lunch will be provided. If youhave any food allergies pleaselet Ann Musche know. Therewill be the option to hike on theBlue Trail from the StackpoleRoad parking lot, or to ride upthe beach in Daves truck. Theday will be somewhat strenu-

ous. Dress in layers , wear stur-dy shoes and bring water.If you would like to participate

in the work day, call Ann Mucheat 360-484-7119.

Photo Kerry Ross, USFW

Trumpeting a good bookby Becky Durr

At a garage sale several years

ago I found a book by E. B.White which I had never read.I paid a quarter and took homeThe Trumpet of the Swan. WhenI started reading, I quickly real-ized the return on my investment.Although it is copyright 1970and it has a photo of E. B. Whitesitting at his typewriter, I thinkthis book is timeless. It also hascharming drawings by EdwardFrascino. You can get this bookthrough the Timberland Re-

gional Library or Amazon.com.It would be a good book to readwith a beloved favorite child orto give an older one to read in-dependently. I recommend thisdelightful book for people fromabout 8 years on up.Earlier this year I was fortunate

to encounter Trumpeter Swanson the Johns River, which re-minded me of E. B. Whites

splendid descriptions of swansin ight. Like the boy in his sto-ry, E. B. White must have spenta good deal of time in quiet ob-servation, for he includes a lotof factual details in his fancifultale.

The Trumpet of the Swan isabout a Trumpeter Swan and aboy whose lives are intertwined.There are so many threads wo-ven into this story which make itinteresting, such as being alonein the woods, using a compass,quietly observing nature, swansand other birds (almost every-thing delights a chickadee), fam-ilies, disabilities, acceptance,asking questions, keeping a dia-ry, worldly possessions, money,

how careful you have to be whendealing with gures, repayingdebts, honor, keeping promises,keeping secrets, justice, guncontrol, war, sightseeing, travel-ing light, choosing a profession,music, love, freedom (Safety isall well and good: I prefer free-dom), protecting animals, andmore. Since you are reading thisnewsletter, you might be a member of the Audubon Society. I

was surprised to read about theAudubon Society in this book,and while you wont be surprised (now that Ive given itaway), if you are a member, Ithink you might be pleased. Youmay also share a lot of the val-ues E. B. White writes about,and that is why you would prob-ably enjoy reading The Trumpetof the Swan.


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GHAS Board of Directors

Steve Hallstrom 273-9280 [email protected]

Theressa Julius 537-4386 [email protected]

Arnie Martin 612-0437 [email protected]

Dianna Moore 289-5048 [email protected]

Mary ONeill 533-9833 [email protected] Orgel 648-2476 [email protected]

Renee Prine 268-0485

Diane Schwickerath 495-3101 [email protected]

Janet Strong 495-3950 [email protected]

Chapter Ofcers

President Arnie Martin 612-0437

[email protected]

Vice President Mary ONeill 533-9833

[email protected]

Treasurer Diane Schwickerath 495-3101

[email protected] Theressa Julius, 537-4386

[email protected]

Committee Chairs

Newsletter R.D. Grunbaum, 648-2476

[email protected]

Membership Dianna Moore 289-5048

[email protected]

Conservation Janet Strong, 495-3950

[email protected]

Education Renee Prine, 268-0485

Field Trips Dianna Moore 289-5048

[email protected]

Program Chair Dianna Moore 289-5048

[email protected]

Hospitality Vacant

Publicity Vacant

Habitat Vacant

Other Audubon Contacts

GHAS voice mail (800) 303-8498

State Audubon (360) 786-8020

National Audubon (212) 979-3000

GHAS Website http://www.ghas.org

Dear Friend of GHAS:I have been the Membership

Chair-person for nearly twoyears and have done very littleexcept update the membershiplist, and print and afx labelson The Sandpiper.

I was recently asked to giveour esteemed president (no, notTHAT presidentthe GHASpresident!) an accurate count ofour current members so that ourAudubon Washington donationwould reect an amount basedon that number. I was shockedto nd our current membershipstands at well under 100! Thatsappalling! We have been mail-ing out the newsletter to over200 addresses, including our

representatives in Olympia andWashington, DC and our fellowAudubon chapters, so I wasntpaying enough attention to thatlittle expiration date in the up-per right corner of each addresslabel.or I wasnt facing theissue is a more accurate de-scription.

So this is to all who are on themailing list but are not current,or to those of you who belong to

National Audubon but no lon-ger belong to the local Audubonchapter, in hopes I can convinceyou to renew your membership.This is not easy for me; I onlyscored 2% in salesmanship onthat test I took in high school todetermine a future career direc-tion. I am doing this because Ibelieve so strongly in support-ing our local Audubon chapter.

Grays Harbor Audubon playsan important role in our com-

munities, trying to insure therewill always be a place to enjoybirds and birding opportunitiesfor everyone and ensuring therewill always be places birds areundisturbed. Please support usin our efforts to continue thatgoal, for just $25 a year.Thank you for your time.Dianna Moore/MembershipChair


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Please Fill Out and Mail Back

ANNUAL GRAYS HARBOR AUDUBON

CHAPTER MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES

If you would like to join Grays Harbor Audubon Society (GHAS), please ll out the form below, makecheck payable to Grays Harbor Audubon Society and return it with your check to:

Grays Harbor Audubon SocietyP.O. Box 470

Montesano, WA 98563

Chapter Memberships include a subscription to The Sandpipernewsletter. All Chapter Membershipsabove the Sandpiper category provide nancial support to our Chapter. The Grays Harbor AudubonSociety is totally self-supporting.

Name _________________________________________________ Date ____________

Address _________________________________________________________________

City _____________________________________ State/Zip_______________

Phone Number _____________________ E-Mail ______________________________

Heron $25.00

Pelican $50.00 Falcon $75.00

Eagle $100.00

The Sandpipersubscription only $15(Fixed or limited income membership orSandpipernewsletter only)

I am renewing my membership I am a new member

To join National Audubon or renew your National Audubon Membership, call 1-800-274-4201.

If your newsletter is stamped withLast Issue-Please Renew, be sure to ll out the Membership Formabove and send it in to keep your membership active and keep receiving the newsletter! Thanks!


9/9

MembershipMeetingSlideShowofBirdsof

theMalheurNWR,OregonPearsallBuilding

2105Sumner,Aberdeen1:30-3:00pm October5,2008 News&Editorial sendmaterialsto

P.O.Box1044Westport,98595-1044

[email protected]

CopydeadlineOctober15th

InsidethisIssueWarblerFossilRecord1

PresidentsPerch2FarmFreshMaps2WatershedFestival3FallACOW4MissingRose4PontoonUpdate5DogDaysHaiku5SnowyPloverUpdate6Trumpetingbook6Membershipnote7Board&Ofcers7

MemberApplication8

The SandpiperP.O. Box 470Montesano,WA 98563

Non Proft Org.U.S. Postage

PAIDAberdeen, WAPermit # 5

HowDoIKnowWhenMyMembershipIsDue?

Justlookintheupperright

handcornerofyourlabelanditwillgiveyouyour

renewaldate!

Sept-Oct 2008 Sandpiper Newsletter Grays Harbor Audubon Society

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