Separate and Together: Life in...
Transcript of Separate and Together: Life in...
Chapter 5:
LECTURE SLIDES
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Separate and Together: Life in Groups
Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
_____ have a sense of common identity
while _____ do not.
a. Crowds; groups
b. Groups; crowds
c. Aggregates; crowds
d. Secondary groups; primary groups
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Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
Identify ALL of the following that are groups:
a. __ classroom of children
b. __ YMCA Parent Club
c. __ Weight Watcher’s online
d. __ people gathered around a car crash
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Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
Social influence, or peer pressure, results in
different types of conformity. Mark ALL that
may result:
a. __ discontinuation
b. __ compliance
c. __ identification
d. __ internalization
e. __ externalization
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Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
When Carson started on his school project, two other
students worked on it with him. As the semester continued,
three more students were assigned to work on the project
with the group. Although a total of six students were
ultimately responsible for completing the project, Carson
felt that two of them did the majority of the work and
“carried the weight” of the group. This is an example of
a. group mismanagement.
b. group crisis.
c. social loafing.
d. charismatic authority.
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Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
McDonaldization is a term used to describe
the spread of bureaucratic rationalization
and its effects.
a. true
b. false
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Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
What is Durkheim’s term for a state of
normlessness?
a. dynamics
b. anomie
c. atrophy
d. proscription
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Getting Warmed Up!
Lecture Launcher Questions
When Veronica started high school, she made the
junior varsity basketball team. Immediately, she felt
a strong connection to other junior varsity players
in her new school. They shared a practice
schedule and after-school responsibilities. In this
scenario, groups are being viewed using
a. conflict theory.
b. symbolic interactionism.
c. structural functionalism.
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What Is a Group?
• A group is a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other.
• Social groups provide the values, norms, and rules that guide people’s lives.
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What Is a Group? (cont’d.)
• Unlike a group, a crowd is a temporary
gathering of people in a public place,
whose members do not identify with each
other and will not remain in contact.
• A crowd is one example of an aggregate, a
collection of people who share a physical
location but do not have lasting social
relations.
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• Primary groups usually involve the most
face-to-face interaction and cooperation
and the deepest feelings of belonging.
• Secondary groups are larger and less
personal. They are usually organized
around a specific activity or task.
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What Is a Group? (cont’d.)
Social Networks
• A social network is the web of direct and
indirect ties connecting an individual to
other people.
• You and your family, friends, peers, colleagues,
teachers, and coworkers constitute your social
network.
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Separate from Groups: Anomie
• Since groups provide values, norms, and
rules that guide people’s lives, is it possible
that the modern world makes people
disconnected from their groups and creates
feelings of anomie, or normlessness?
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Group Dynamics
• Group dynamics are the patterns of
interaction between groups and
individuals.
• This includes the ways groups:
• Form and fall apart
• Influence members
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Group Dynamics (cont’d.)
• A dyad is the smallest possible social
group (two members). It is unstable
because of the small size—if one person
leaves the group, it ceases to exist.
• A triad (a three-person group) is more
stable than a dyad. Conflicts between two
members can be mediated by the third.
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Group Dynamics (cont’d.)
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Group Dynamics (cont’d.)
• An in-group is a group that a person
identifies with and feels loyalty toward.
• An out-group is a group that a person
feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward.
• A reference group is a group that
provides a standard of comparison against
which people evaluate themselves.
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• Group cohesion is the sense of solidarity
or loyalty that individuals feel toward a
group to which they belong.
• Groupthink is the tendency of very
cohesive groups to enforce a high degree
of conformity among members, creating a
demand for unanimous agreement.
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Group Dynamics (cont’d.)
Social Influence (Peer Pressure)
• Social influence (peer pressure) is the
influence of one’s fellow group members
on individual attitudes and behaviors.
• Generally we conform to group norms
because we want to gain acceptance and
approval (positive sanctions) and avoid
rejection and disapproval (negative
sanctions).
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Types of Conformity
• Compliance: the mildest form of conformity; actions to gain reward or avoid punishment
• Identification: conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group
• Internalization: the strongest type of conformity; an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his or her own
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Teamwork
• A group almost always outperforms an
individual but rarely performs as well as it
could in theory.
• A group’s efficiency usually declines as its
size increases because organizing takes
time and social loafing increases with
group size.
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Teamwork (cont’d.)
• Group leaders can
increase efficiency by
recognizing individual
effort or by increasing
members’ social
identity (the degree to
which they identify with
the group).
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Qualities of Leadership: Power,
Authority, and Style
• Power is the ability to control the actions
of others. It includes:
• Coercive power—backed by the threat
of force
• Influential power—supported by
persuasion
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Qualities of Leadership: Power, Authority,
and Style (cont’d.)
• Max Weber identified three types of
authority found in social organizations.
• Traditional authority is authority based in
custom, birthright, or divine right and is
usually associated with monarchies and
dynasties.
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Qualities of Leadership: Power, Authority,
and Style (cont’d.)
• Legal-rational authority is authority
based in laws, rules, and procedures.
• Charismatic authority is authority based
in the perception of remarkable personal
qualities in a leader.
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Qualities of Leadership: Power, Authority,
and Style (cont’d.)
• Instrumental leadership is task- or goal-oriented. An instrumental leader is less concerned with people’s feelings than with getting the job done.
• An expressive leader is concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group because this will lead to a positive work environment and improved productivity.
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Bureaucracy
• Bureaucracy: a type of secondary group
designed to perform tasks efficiently
• Bureaucracies are impersonal but efficient,
and they provide many basic necessities.
• George Ritzer coined the term
McDonaldization to describe the spread
of bureaucratic rationalization and the
resulting increase in both efficiency and
dehumanization. © 2016 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
The Real World An Introduction to Sociology
Third Edition
Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein
THE STRENGTH OF WEAK TIES
HIGH STATUS In the upper class there is a stress on the importance of strong ties and forming elite clubs.
ADMINISTRATIVE Administrators are most likely to be cosmopolitans and involved in an organization to branch out and form new ties.
PROFESSIONAL Professionals, technical, and managerial workers will most likely hear about new jobs through weak ties.
OFFICE WORKER The office worker may have mixed connections in both higher and lower classes.
SEMI-PROFESSIONAL Semi-professional frequently use weak ties to land or hear about a new job.
EXAMPLE: PART TIME TEACHER 4 Strong Ties 6 Weak Ties Through both types of ties he knows people in the class above and below his own.
BLUE COLLAR The majority of people of a lower status will find a job though a relative or close friends.
LOCAL BRIDGE A person who can connect two people who don’t know each other. Bridges can connect people outside their circle and help them reach different jobs.
LOW STATUS For those of a lower status, weak ties of a similar status are not especially useful or far reaching.
TIGHT CIRCLES When everyone in a circle primarily have strong ties with each other, it becomes difficult to reach beyond that circle.
The Strength of W eak Ties
Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
A collection of people who share a physical
location but do not have lasting social
relations is called a/an
a. social network.
b. category.
c. social group.
d. aggregate.
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
A bunch of people standing at a terminal in
an airport is a/an
a. group.
b. aggregate.
c. social network.
d. club.
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
Your parents would probably be considered
a part of your
a. primary group.
b. secondary group.
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
A group that provides standards by which
we evaluate our own personal attributes is
known as a/an
a. in-group.
b. out-group.
c. loyal group.
d. secondary group.
e. reference group.
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
Which of the following is the strongest type
of conformity?
a. identification
b. peer pressure
c. compliance
d. Internalization
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
Teams become more efficient as members
are added.
a. True
b. False
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
________ can be defined as the ability to
control the actions of others.
a. Leadership
b. Power
c. Authority
d. Internalization
e. Groupthink
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
For Max Weber, authority based in laws,
rules, and procedures is called
a. Traditional authority
b. Legal-rational authority
c. Charismatic authority
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Life in Groups—
Concept Quiz
Which of the following is not a key
characteristic of bureaucracies?
a. efficiency
b. rationalization
c. cohesion
d. specialization
e. hierarchy
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Chapter 5: Participation Questions
Do you use Facebook to keep up with your
friends and family?
a. yes
b. no
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Chapter 5: Participation Questions
Do you have any Facebook friends that you
have never meet in person?
a. yes
b. no
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Chapter 5: Participation Questions
Do you regularly participate in any massively
multiplayer online role-playing games
(MMORPGs) like World of Warcraft or
Second Life?
a. yes
b. no
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Chapter 5: Participation Questions
Do you participate in any extracurricular
groups on campus whose members meet
regularly in person?
a. yes
b. no
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Chapter 5: Data Workshop Activity
• Refer to the Data Workshop on pages 130-133 to prepare for this activity.
• Complete the statements as noted in the activity and then analyze your statements as per the instructions.
• After you have completed this, we will tally the class results. As you are listening to your classmates’ responses, do you notice any themes or trends?
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Additional Art for Chapter 5
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This concludes the Lecture
PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 5
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