Sentences and Fragments

Another aesthetically pleasing presentation from Mr. Salyer.

Independent/Dependent clauses clause• Independent Clause• Can stand alone as a complete sentence• Has a subject, verb, and expresses a complete thought

• Dependent (Subordinate) Clause• Also contains a subject and a verb • BUT DOES NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT

Dependent Markers (Subordinating conjunctions)• Common words that will begin a dependent clause

• When, whenever, before, after, although, though, despite, unless, until, whatever, because, since, if, whether, whereas, while

• Fragment- Even though Mr. Salyer wears short shorts

• Sentence- Even though Mr. Salyer wears short shorts, he is still very fashionable.

• Reversed- Mr. Salyer is very fashionable even though he wears short shorts.

Appositives and appositive phrases

• An appositive is a noun or a phrase that describes, explains, or renames another noun positioned close to it.• Not essential to the meaning of the sentence

Appositives continued

• A former Tippecanoe and BGSU runner, Mr. Salyer will be participating in the Boston Marathon on April 20th.

• Mr. Salyer, a former Tippecanoe and BGSU runner, will be participating in the Boston Marathon on April 20th.

• Mr. Salyer will be competing in the Boston Marathon on April 20th, National Pot-Smoking Day.

Practice

• Using an appositive phrase, write a sentence about someone in this class. Be nice.

• Student’s name, APPOSITIVE PHRASE, finish sentence.

Prepositional Phrases

• Preposition (Time and location)• Can be placed at different spots within a sentence• The tomato grows around the world.• The tomato grows in many shapes and varieties in greenhouses

around the world.• The tomatoes in the greenhouse grow in many varieties and colors.• In the greenhouse, the tomatoes grow in many varieties and colors.

Prepositional Phrases = fragments

• Cannot stand alone as a sentence.

• In the greenhouse

• In many shapes and varieties in greenhouses around the world.

• Lack subjects

Gerunds and gerund phrases

• A verb form that ends in –ing and functions as a NOUN• Gerunds AREN’T VERBS

• Running is my favorite hobby. (Functions as noun and subject)

• Fragment: Tomatoes growing in many shapes and sizes around the world. (No verb…should be grow)

Participles

• Verb forms that FUNCTION AS ADJECTIVES• Often formed by adding –ed or –ing to verbs (present and past)• Talk becomes talked or talking• Throw becomes thrown and throwing• Participial phrase begins with a participle

Location of Participial phrases

• Beginning• Originating in South America, the tomato grows in many shapes and

varieties. • Grown originally in South America, the tomato…

• Middle• The tomato, cultivated initially in South America during the first

millennium, is now grown in many shapes and varieties.

CLOSE TO WORD THEY MODIFY!

• If the participial phrase is not located close to the word it modifies, or it does not seem to modify anything, it creates CONFUSION.

• Examples• Oozing slowly across the floor, Marvin watched the salad dressing. • With his tail held high, my father led the prized poodle around the

arena.

Pronouns as Subjects

• Yes, a pronoun can serve as the subject of the sentence.

• Tomatoes grow around the world and comes in many shapes and varieties.

• It grows around the world.• They grow.• They grow in many shapes and varieties.

Subject Pronouns (people and things)• People• I, you, she, he, it, one, we, they

• Groups of people or things• Each, few, both, some, several, many, most, other(s), a number of, the

majority

“Many” and “most” as a subject pronoun• “Many” and “most” can be used as a subject. • Many (tomatoes) are grown in greenhouses around the world.

• Often followed by “of them”

• Many (of them) are grown in greenhouses around the world. • Most (of them) believe that the tomato is a vegetable.

• “Of which” “of whom” = fragments• Many of which are grown in greenhouses around the world• Most of whom believe that the tomato is a vegetable.

“Many” and “most” continued

• Incorrect: The tomato is used by cooks around the world, most of them believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit.• Two independent clauses• Start a new sentence, use a semicolon, or use comma conjunction

• Correct: The tomato is used by cooks around the world. Most of them believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit.

• Correct: The tomato is used by cooks around the world, most of whom believe that it is a vegetable rather than a fruit.• Independent clause followed by a COMMA and NON-ESSENTIAL PHRASE