Sentence Structure- Higher
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Transcript of Sentence Structure- Higher
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Sentence structureHigher Close Reading
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Key points to look for
Punctuation and lists
Length of sentence
Use of climax or anti-climax
Repetition
Word order
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Remember!
Identifying the features is not
enoughyou need to say what
effect that feature you have
noticed has.
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Punctuation
Full stopswhen one point has been
finished.
Exclamation marktone of the sentence. Semi-colonsprovide a balancing point in
the ideas of the sentence or list.
Brackets, commas or dashesparenthesis. Inverted commasmay cast doubt on the
truthfulness of the words they highlight.
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Punctuation
Some argue that the ultimate result of
global warming will be a paradoxical but
even more catastrophic development:global cooling.
Show how the punctuation clarifies theargument. (2A)
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Answer
Using the colon in this way saves the
really important idea global cooling
until the end, so that the contrast hasmore of a shocking effect on the
reader, as it comes as something of a
surprise after the talk of the worldwarming.
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Punctuation
Governments may stop finger pointing and
instead join hands; industries may slash
short term profit to permit long termsurvival.
Show how the punctuation clarifies theargument.(2A)
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Answer
Semi-colon serves as a balancing point inthe sentence. The first half of the sentencesays that governments might come to theirsenses. The second half says thatindustries might do the same. They areparallel statements, balanced by the semi-
colon. The effect is to put the twodevelopments together, weigh them up andfind that both of them are equally welcome.
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Lists
Identify the list
Say what effect the list has on the
reader.
The effect will often be created by the
cumulative nature, or the monotony,
or the shape of the list.
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Lists
The Scottish race has been variously andplentifully accused of being dour, mean,venal, sly, narrow, slothful, sluttish, nasty,
dirty, immoderately drunken, embarrassinglysentimental, masterfully hypocritical, and ablueprint for disaster when eleven of themare together on a football field.
Comment on the nature and effect of thissentence. (2A)
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Answer
There are a lot of commas (0 marks)
There is a list (0 marks)
This sentence consists of a long list of thefaults of the Scots. It makes their faults
seem endless, as if there were no hope of
redeeming features. (2 marks)
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Sentence length
But then, like the cavalry regrouping, theyset off once more, ground their way backup to speed, beat a path through the finalverse and ended again. Simons finalflourish sounding a little more sheepish thistime. After that, they were gone. And no
encores.Show how the sentence structureemphasises the failings of the band. (2A)
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Answer
The two short sentences at the
end act as an anti-climax,
producing a sudden flat feeling
after the excitement and panic of
the previous sentence. It puts adefinite end to the performance.
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Climax and anti-climax
Reducing greenhouse gases still wont be
enough to prevent severe changes to the
worlds weather. The scientists advice togovernments, businesses and private
citizens about this is grim: get used to it.
How does the structure of the last sentence
highlight the seriousness of the situation?
(2A)
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Answer
Colon introduces the explanation about the
advice which the scientists are giving to
everyone.
The word grim just before the colon leads you
to expect something quite harsh after ita
blunt command get used to it.
Acts as a climax to the sentence as we havebeen led to expect something nasty and what
we get is very nasty indeed.
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Repetition
Look for repetition:
- in sentence structure;- of expressions or words;
- of sounds.
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Repetition
The day that Ali refused the draft, I criedin my room. I cried for him and for myself,for my future and for his, for all our black
possibilities.
Show how the writers use of sentence
structure helps to convey the passion hefelt about Alis decision. (2A)
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Answer
Repetition of I cried increases the emotional
intensity. Also, repetition of for phrases deepens
the intensity of the emotion further as it represents
gradually the wider importance of his thoughtsabout Alis actions. (2 marks)
Builds up to a climax using repetition of for
phrases and by combining his and Alis problems
into the much more impressive idea of all our
black possibilities.
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Word order
Sentences are made more vivid and
important when certain words are put at the
beginning or the end.e.g. A sickeningamount of cake Jack ate this
morning.
With great enthusiasmthe Government isadopting this measure.