Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory
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Transcript of Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory
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1960s Many models of memory proposed
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model
Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory
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Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
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Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Serial Position Effect
Recency Effect
Kintsch & Buschke (1969)
Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence
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Recency Effect
Primacy Effect
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How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS?
How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?
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H.M. - Epileptic- Temporal Lobes /
Hippocampus- STM ---> LTM disrupted
K.F. - Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex- LTM Normal- STM capacity severely limited
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The dog bit the man and the man died.
vs.
The man the dog bit died.
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More recent research challenges the
strict coding distinction
Recency Effect challenged
Neuroscience evidence
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Sensory memory or sensory
register
Visual, auditory, touch, taste,
smell
Relatively raw, unprocessed form
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Stimuli change
Maintain for selection and further
processing
Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a
single unitary perception
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Sperling (1960)
Averbach & Sperling (1961)
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*
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J Z G B
S X P L
R M Q F
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*
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Y Q C H
N D R J
V B K S
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1. Location
2. Usefulness
3. Saccades
4. Nature of the code
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1 K 5 L
H J 3 B
7 D 8 T
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Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the
echo
Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972)
Differences from iconic memory
Crowder (1982)
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Nature of Forgetting
Duration
Nature of Code
Capacity
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Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959)
Trigram task
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KHR
Delay / Distractor
Recall Trigram
0 – 18seconds
(947, 946, 945. . . 939)
K X J
P L G
S Y T
H Z R
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Conrad (1964)
Visual display of letters
Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’ but not ‘F’ for ‘E’)
Wickelgren (1965)
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K Z L F
distractor tasks(copy down 4 new letters)
C B G D X M I W
recall original 4 letters
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
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Limited Capacity (7 + 2)
Digit Span Task
Difficulties
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Chunking
Recoding:(1 4 9 2 ----> ‘1492’ Columbus)
Chase & Ericsson (1982)
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Initial Session (8 digits):Digit Series: 1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4SF’s Recall: 105
31874 Later Session (11 digits):
Digit Series: 90756629867SF’s Recall: 907
56629867
SF’s Report: 9:07 a 2-mile time
Still Later Sessions (22 digits):Digit Series: 4131778406034948709462SF’s Recall: 413.1 / 77.84 / 0603
494 / 870 / 946.2SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time
06:03 mile time 9:46.2 2-mile time
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Decay vs. Interference
Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task
Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus material
Keppel & Underwood (1962)
PI = Proactive Interference
Wickens et. al. - Release from PI
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16 digits -----> probe digit
5 1 9 6 3 5 1 4 2 8 6 7 3 9 4
9 8 3 7 5 7 1 4 9 3 8 6 2 7 5 2
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Trial 1 – ‘HJX’
Trial 2 – ‘RLB’
Trial 3 – ‘ZNF’
Control Experimental ‘GST’ ‘493’
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Revision of STM
3 part system
Baddeley
Dual task paradigm
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Figure 4.5 with caption
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AB
‘A’ precedes ‘B’? T or F
‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’ . T or F
‘B’ does not precede ‘A’. T or F
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1. Study 6 pictures 1. Study 6 pictures while saying “la, la, la . . .”
2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part, and name it.
2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part and name it.
3. Number of correct items: 2.7
3. Number of correct items: 3.8
Condition 1 Condition 2
? Fish
Result?
Read the following words. When you have finished look away and try to remember them:
England, Burma, Greece, Spain, Iceland, Malta, Laos
Again read the words, look away and try to remember them:
Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Philippines, Madagascar
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• Difficult to Estimate
• Different meanings (storage capacity vs.processing capacity)
• Digit Span Task
• Miller – “The Magical Number Seven,Plus or Minus Two . . .”
• 7 ± 2