Sensation and Perception
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Transcript of Sensation and Perception
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Sensation- awareness or mental process which is aroused due to stimulation of a sense organ.
ACQUIRING SENSORY AWARENESS1ST CONDITION:1.Stimulation – anything which rouses a sense
organ to activity. 2 types of stimulus
1. physical energy2. chemical form energy
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Receptor Organ – highly specialized part of the body and selecting sensitive to a definite stimulus.- doorway of the body responsible for all the sensation we experience.- “sense organ”
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2nd Condition: Presence of Receptor Cell
- the sense organ detect stimuli from the environment and transmit information to the appropriate areas of the brain.
3rd Condition:Sense Receptor is stimulated by certain
“stimulus”.
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Stimulus must be transferred into a code of electrochemical impulses which is travel to the brain.
Transduction – process of converting physical energy into activity in the nervous system which takes place in the receptor.
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QUESTION: When a stimulus is said to be detected?
ANSWER: Stimulus to be detected must be strong enough and to produce sensation.
1. Absolute threshold – stimulus is in the inner limit or does not go or reach beyond the threshold.
2. Subliminal threshold – stimuli are way above the threshold.
3. Terminal threshold – stimuli reach an increased intensity it produces pain and individual uncomfortable.
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Sensory Adaptation : 1. Sense Receptor – ability to make
adaptation to changes/ adjust to a particular stimulus.
2. Sense Organ:a. Distal senses – sensitive to stimuli coming from a distance in the outside environment.b. Proximal senses – bring information when we come direct contact with the objects that stimulates them.
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A. DISTAL SENSES 1. Vision - utilize the physical characteristic of light.
EYE (receptor organ of Vision).Light Waves ( stimuli for seeing)
waves of radiant energy coming from the sun.
Eye utilizes 2 basic properties of light:1. brightness – intensity of light (the amount of radiant energy coming from the sun.2. color – wave length or frequency
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Parts of the Eye: 1. Sclerotic coat (SCLERA) – hard and outer
most covering , it protects the eye. 2. Choroid coat – full of bloody tissues, gives
nourishment to the eye. 3. Retina – inner most covering of the eye.
Photosensitive plate of the eye. Regarded as the true organ of vision.
RODS and CONS (receptors cells) embedded on in the coat.
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cornea
Aqueous humor
pupil
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IRIS
lens
retina
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connects light energy to nerve impulseReceptor
cells
Nerve impulse
Optic nerve
BRAIN
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Receptor cells of the eye: RODS - slender nerve cells ( 100 million) Function: used for twilight vision or low light intensity, enable one
to make colorless discrimination, sensitive to tiny amount of lights ( dim light ), color blind (they see the world in black and white).
Cones – thicker / cone shape ; interprets color. ( 6 million) Function: Daytime vision , enable one to discriminate brightness ,
hue or color. See the color of the spectrum ( 3 types of cones) Sensitive to A. red B. green C. blue
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3 dimension of colors 1. Hue - name of colors
red- longest wave length.violet – shortest wave length.blue , green , yellow – intermediate wave length.
2. Brightness – energy of the source of lightcoloring range from bright to dim.intensity of the stimulus.
3. Saturation – purity or richness of color.highly saturated color – pure hues ( no tint of gray
added)low saturation – close to gray
note: Saturation of any color is reduced by mixing it with white.
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Visual defects 1. myopia 2.Hyperopia 3.Presbyopia 4. Astigmatism 5. Diplopia 6. Scotoma
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Parts of the retina:
Fovea – in the central region, the point of clearest and sharpest vision
Blind spot – are where all the nerve fibers converge to form optic nerve which
carries impulse to the brain.2 kinds of Blind spot1. Dichromatic – 2 or 3 primary colors2. Achromatic – no cones in the retina
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2. AUDITION Sound Waves 1. pitch – highness or lowness of a
sound. 2. loudness – intensity sound pursue
that activates the eardrum. 3. timbre – quality of musical tone.
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Mechanism of the hearing
3 major parts: 1. outer / external serves to collect sound
waves. 2. middle ear – transmit the sound waves. 3. inner ear – has sensitive receptors for
hearing.
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How do we hear? Sound waves travel and collected by
pinna
Funneled by the
auditory canal
Ear drum
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Changes in air pressure
Middle ear Tiny bones
hammer
anvil
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Stirrup ( to vibrate)
3 tiny bones conduct the sound impulse inward to
the inner ear:Hammer – eardrum-
stirrupOval windows
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cochleaAuditory portion of
the inner ear ( pressure Changes ,
fluid displace
Receptor cells
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Hair cells (receptor cells of
organ of corti)Auditory
nerve Brain
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II. Proximal Distance:
1. Olfaction – sense of smell stimulus substance : gaseous
substance( must be dissolved in the air “ vaporous form.
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Mechanism of Smell: RECEPTOR – Olfactory receptor – long
thread like nerve tissue from
Olfactory bulb
Nasal cavity
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Process: 1. Anything that is sniffed must best
dissolved in the air. 2. Receptor cells detect the molecules
dissolved in the air that is sucked up in the nasal cavity.
3. Move up to the olfactory bulbs of the brain.
4. Physical Energy is transduced in the olfactory epithelium to be able to reach the brain.
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2. Gustation “ Tongue” organ for the sense of taste Stimulus – chemicals – must transform into
soluble substance to penetrate into the taste cells.
Receptor – taste receptorPapillae – tongue elevationTaste buds – lie between the papillae ( taste
receptor)Pore – opening of the taste buds.
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Mechanism of taste: The food is transformed into soluble form .
Depolarized liquid substance can penetrate into the taste cells:
depolarized
Will incite the nerve fiber
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Give rise to nerve impulse
Gustatory nerve
Brain
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