SENIOR THESIS PRESENTATION An Evaluation of Water-Side Economics & Emissions Sinai Hospital South...

SENIOR THESIS PRESENTATIONAn Evaluation of Water-Side Economics & Emissions

Sinai HospitalSouth Tower Vertical

Expansion

2401 W. Belvedere Ave. | Baltimore, MD 21215

Presented By:

Anly Lor | Mechanical Option

The Pennsylvania State UniversityDepartment of Architectural

Engineering

April 15, 2009

Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts

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Presentation Outline

1. Existing Conditions Site, Architecture, Mechanical

Systems2. Chilled Water Plant Redesign

Thermal Energy Storage3. Structural Impact

*Architectural Breadth Not Presented

4. Domestic Hot Water System Redesign Solar Water Heating

5. Final ThoughtsIntroduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts

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Existing ConditionsSite & Architecture

Three additional stories, penthouse, helipad, six-story link & lobby ~ 120,000 SF Six-story link connects South Tower to North Tower (General Hospital) Construction cost ~ $28,000,000/$230 per SF

Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Existing ConditionsFunction

New Vertical

Expansion

Existing South Tower G

1

2

3

4

5

6 Intermediate Care Unit ~ 27,000 SF

Traumatic Brain Injury ~ 27,000 SF

Intensive Care Unit ~ 27,000 SF

P Penthouse/New Mechanical

Emergency Center (ER-7)

Cardiology

Neurology

Basement/Existing Mechanical

120+ additional beds (patient, isolation, & operating rooms)


Existing ConditionsMechanical Systems

AIR SIDE

Medium-pressure VAV supply & return Two new AHUs provide 136,000 CFM additional capacity Two existing AHUs provide redundancy New dedicated exhaust system for isolation rooms Individual patient room SATUs Ductwork extended down from penthouse through two mechanical shafts

WATER SIDE

New 2,000-ton variable speed centrifugal chiller, associated pumps, & cooling tower Space allocated in penthouse for future 2,000-ton chiller, pumps, & tower Existing heating hot water, steam, & domestic water mains extended from third floor Three 4,545 MBH steam-to-hot water converters on ground floor


Mechanical System RedesignBackground

Hospitals in the U.S spend an average of

$1.93per SF per year in electricity costs

Health care facilities consume

the 3rd most energy per SF

of all building types in the U.S.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy


76%

8%

16%

Mechanical System RedesignObjectives

Reduce operating costs Thermal energy

storage Alter plant load profile Utilize time-of-use electric utility

rates

Solar water heating Use solar collectors to heat

domestic water

Achieve a viable payback period Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Renewable energyIntroduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Chilled Water Plant RedesignLoad Profiling

Only expansion modeled: floors 4, 5, 6

Cooling Plant Design Day Load (tons)

Modeled by TRACE 700

Total Plant Load:

12,345 ton-hr

Average Hourly Plant Load:

515 tons

Peak Hourly Plant Load:

619 tons

Load Factor: 83.2%


Chilled Water Plant RedesignLoad Shifting

Time-of-use electric utility rates highest from 7AM – 9PM

VERTICAL EXPANSION CAPACITY

Additional firm capacity for

previous construction (non-shaded

region)



7,613 ton-hr of cooling capacity moved from peak hours to off-peak hours

THERMAL

ENERGY STORAG

E

NORMAL CHILLER

OPERATION



Future chiller can still provide cooling capacity for future loads

THERMAL

ENERGY STORAG

E

NORMAL CHILLER

OPERATION

Future capacity

for future loads


Chilled Water Plant RedesignSizing

Ice storage utilized 7,613 ton-hr required CALMAC ICEBANK® storage tanks used

Provide 162 ton-hr capacity per tank

47 storage tanks needed 18,000 ft³ of space

Chilled water tank would have required 83,000 ft³ of space


Chilled Water Plant RedesignSequence Of Operation

CHARGE CYCLE(9PM – 7AM)

CH-1 meets South Tower Vertical Expansion cooling load CH-2 charges storage tanks through internal freeze (ice mode)

McQuay WDC126 chiller has normal mode and ice mode Ethylene glycol-based industrial coolant can be used in standard equipment



DISCHARGE CYCLE

(7AM – 9PM) CH-1 discharges storage tanks through internal melt to meet South Tower Vertical Expansion cooling load CH-2 is off



FUTURE DISCHARGE

CYCLE(7AM – 9PM)

CH-1 discharges storage tanks through internal melt to meet South Tower Vertical Expansion cooling load CH-2 operates in parallel with CH-1 to meet future cooling load (normal mode)


Chilled Water Plant RedesignCost Analysis: Rates

Take advantage of time-of-use electric utility rates

NON-TIME-OF-USE RATES

Summer (Jun-Sep)

Winter (Oct-May)

TIME-OF-USE RATES

Summer (Jun-Sep)

Winter (Oct-May)


Chilled Water Plant RedesignCost Analysis: Operation

CURRENT DESIGN

519,023 kWh/year @ 10.0¢/kWh 718,426 kWh/year @ 11.6¢/kWh

REDESIGN (w/TES)

478,950 kWh/year @ 7.6¢/kWh 432,518 kWh/year @ 8.3¢/kWh 119,738 kWh/year @ 9.5¢/kWh

$134,423 $82,976Annual Savings:

$51,447 $0.43 per SF 2.817¢/kWh

Chiller Full Load Kilowatts = 1,255


Chilled Water Plant RedesignCost Analysis: Payback

Installed cost of thermal energy storage: $100/ton-hr

$761,300 first cost

$51,447 annual operating cost savings

Simple payback period:

14.8 years


Structural ImpactTank Configuration


BEAM LOADS

W12x26 68 kips W18x35 127.5 kips

Structural ImpactBeam Resizing


The required section modulus and moment of inertia were determined based on subjected load for each beam

`Allowable Section

ModulusAllowable Moment Of

InertiaW12x2

633.4 204

W18x35

57.6 510

Required Section Modulus

Required Moment Of Inertia

W12x26

134 2,207

W18x35

291 5,508Allowable Section

ModulusAllowable Moment Of

InertiaW24x84 196 2,370W27x14

6411 5,630

Possibly relocate storage tanks to reduce structural impact!

The existing beams were severely undersized Two new beams were proposed to meet the required section modulus and moment of inertia

Domestic Hot Water System RedesignOverview

South Tower Vertical Expansion hot water demand:

145,000 BTU/hr 60°F cold water supply, 140°F hot water distribution

Solar energy will account for all domestic water heating (initial goal)

145°F fluid temperature required (hot water distribution temperature plus 5°F) Heliodyne solar flat-plate collectors used (blue sputtered) High temperature fluid used

Dyn-O-Flo HD propylene glycol with inhibitors in a 50/50 solution with water


Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSolar Study: Baltimore, MD

Solar collectors are south-facing (maximum absorption) Solar collectors are tilted at an angle of 34° (recommended: latitude minus 5°)

Must account for collector efficiency

(higher fluid temperature lower efficiency)

Source: National Solar Radiation Database


Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSizing

Domestic water heating demand was evaluated for month with smallest solar radiation

December: 6,753 BTU/ft²/month 15,460 ft² of solar collection area required

Equivalent to 413 solar flat-plate collectors

Problem: Not practical!

Solution: Partial solar water heating Lower fluid temperature

higher efficiency


Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSizing

Cold Water Supply

Temperature

Fluid Temperat

ure

Solar Water Heating ∆T

Collector Efficiency

# Of Collectors Required

60 145 80 38.83% 413

60 135 70 42.05% 333

60 125 60 45.27% 265

60 115 50 48.49% 206

60 105 40 51.71% 155

60 95 30 54.93% 109

60 85 20 58.15% 69

60 75 10 61.37% 33


For the month of December

Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSchematic

COLLECTOR LOOP Fluid enters solar collector array and absorbs solar energy Fluid enters heat exchanger and transfers heat to water in storage loop STORAGE LOOP Cold water supply enters heat exchanger and absorbs heat from fluid in collector loop Hot water is stored and heated to 140°F by steam-to-hot water converter before distribution


Domestic Hot Water System RedesignCost Analysis

Installed cost of solar collectors: $75/ft²

For 33 installed solar collectors: $91,697 first cost

$6,092 annual operating cost savings

Simple payback period:

15.1 years


Domestic Hot Water System RedesignCost Analysis


Domestic Hot Water System RedesignEmissions Analysis

For 33 installedsolar collectors:

189,000 lbs of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide equivalents are removed from the environment

Which is equivalent to:

20 passenger vehicles driving

1,000 miles every month @ 25 mpgIntroduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts

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Conclusions

Health care facilities have a median lifetime of 65 years

66% survive at least 48 years

Thermal energy storage is a viable option $51,447 annual operating cost savings 14.8-year payback period is achievable

Low maintenance equipment longer life cycle Solar water heating can be considered at small scales

in mixed climates $6,092 annual operating cost savings for 33 installed solar collectors 15.1-year payback period is achievable

Solar collectors have an average lifespan greater than twenty years

Using renewable energy removes the equivalent greenhouse gas emissions of 20 passenger vehicles


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QUESTIONS?

Sinai HospitalSouth Tower Vertical

Expansion

2401 W. Belvedere Ave. | Baltimore, MD 21215

Presented By:

Anly Lor | Mechanical Option

The Pennsylvania State UniversityDepartment of Architectural

Engineering

April 15, 2009


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