Senior integumentary
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SENIOR INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEMJ.J.NELSON RN,CMAEdited by B. Speck, RN
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You are likely to shed some 40 pounds of skin in a lifetime.
Average head holds around 120,000 hair. Freckles are called “ephelides” One square inch of skin has 65 hair, 100 oil
glands, 650 sweat glands and more nerves and blood vessels than you can count.
The skin leaks about one pint of fluid/day. This is called “insensible perspiration”
Did you know?
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INTEGUMENT SKIN WITH ASSOCIATED SEBACEOUS
AND SWEAT GLANDS
HAIR
NAILS
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FUNCTIONS Protection-How? Temperature Regulator-How? Excretion of water and salts. Sense Organ-Which senses? Storage- What? Production and Secretion? – What Absorption-How?
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Protection Intact skin is the body’s first line of defense
Covering for underlying deeper tissues
Protects against dehydration
Protects against injury
Doesn’t allow the invasion of microorganisms
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Temperature Regulation Body Temperature is regulated by controlling the
amount of heat loss Increased body temp—BV dilate and sweating increases Skin evaporates water from skin as perspiration to get rid
of heat Low body temp=chilling to produce heat & BV constrict One pint of water is lost in 24 hrs-called insensible
perspiration—occurs by way of diffusion Strenuous workout=millions of pours open to cool you You can sweat 3 gals or 11.4 L in 24 hrs Heavy sweating can be harmful—depletes vital body salts Sweating makes you thirsty-you drink=diluting salt reserves
and possible leading to heat exhaustion
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Excretion of Water & Salt The skin is meant to excrete water and salts This is a normal function Also excretes a small amount of waste
through skin; ammonia and urea.
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Sense Organ Skin well supplied with nerves: allows us to be
sensitive to hot/cold, pain, pressure, & touch Touch is vital for emotional growth Sense of touch protects us…..heat, cold, pain,
pressure & touch Hair acts as antenna’s Areas without hair have “special alarm
systems”….lips, nipples, external sex organs supplied with extremely sensitive receptors
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Sense Organ Cont. Deep in skin are receptors that record
continuing pressure on skin….palpation Receptors that sense vibration, hot and cold
Pulse vibration, Hot and cold temperature of skin on others
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Storage Skin has tissues for temporary storage of fat,
glucose, water and salts Some of these can be later reabsorbed by
blood as needed in body Skin turgor=normal tension of skin and fluid
storage in skin
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Skin Turgor
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Production and Secretion Skin produces Melanin Also produces Keratin=a flexible protein that
forms a formidable barrier to skin Horny=hard=rough=keratinized=epidermis It protects underlying tissue from
microorganisms, bars entry of chemicals & minimized mechanical injury
Our skin tissue is abundant with bacteria due to the oil and sweat in them
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Absorption Skin absorbs certain drugs and chemicals The administration of drugs through the skin
is called?........ What if our skin absorbs harmful chemicals?
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Structure of Skin
Epidermis (stratified squamous)
Dermis (dense fibrous CT)
Subcutaneous(loose ordinary CT)
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What is a blister?
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View Animation http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/e
m_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000029&ptid=17
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THICK SKINThe thickness of skin outer layer of the epidermis (Stratum Corneum) isDetermined by the amount of stimulation on the surface. Such as weight bearing and abrasion. Hence the soles of the feet and palms of the hands are the thickest.
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Thick and Thin Skin
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EPIDERMIS Stratum
Corneum Stratum Lucidem Stratum
Granulosum Stratum
Spinosium Stratum Basale
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Stratum Corneum Outermost layer: 20-30 cells layers thick Accounts for ¾ thickness of epidermis Cytoplasm in SC is replaced with Keratin. Keratin are hard non-living protein (dead skin
cells) SC is referred to as horny layer, horny cells
or cornified These dead cells are surrounded by lipids
which help to prevent fluid loss
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Video of keratinization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKosGS
m7Ps4
The SC rubs & flakes off slowly & is replaced by the cells from the Stratum Germinativum in Basale layer
We have a “new” Epidermis every 35-45 days!
SC is first line of defense from bacteria due to being slightly acidic, thus killing bacteria
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What is a callus? What is a corn?
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Stratum Lucidum “clear layer”—this layer is absent in thin skin,
but is apparent on sections of thick skin like soles of feet and palms of hands.
SL is layer of 1-2 cells thick Made of squamous flattened cells Helps with water repellant of skin
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Stratum Granulosum A very thin layer consisting of 2-3 cell layers
of flattened squamous cells This is were keratinization begins. Cells appear granular-thus giving name to
this layer.
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Stratum Spinosum “Prickly layer”—consists of several rows of
cells with slender projections or spiny processes that connect them with other layers.
Helps to maintain one of the daugther cells from mitosis that occurs in Basal layer
Forms Stratum Germinativum with Basal layer
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Stratum Basal Deepest & most important layer of skin Contains cells capable of mitotic division,
thus this layer makes the new skin cells This process of making and moving new cells
up to SC takes about 26 days. This layer gives rise to outer layers of
epidermis This layer is also the basement membrane
which offers further protection from environment.
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Color of Skin Skin pigmentation is found in germinativum
cells called melanocytes Melanocytes contain a skin pigment called
Melanin. The amount of melanin in the melanocytes
determines the various shades of skin color. Exposure to sunlight stimulates the
melanocytes to produce melanin, thus=?
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Skin Color
• What happens when you tan?
•What is a freckle?•What is a nevus?
• What is the conditionof not producingmelanin?
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What is an albino?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWTgu1paGDs
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What are fingerprints?
epidermal ridges - The series of unique genetically determined patterns of narrow, raised strips of epidermis which are located on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet which increase friction and, therefore, traction of the foot and gripping ability of the hand; the pattern of these ridges is regulated by heredity.
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Fingerprints Lower edge of S. Spinosum & Basale (=S
Germinativum) are thrown into ridges. Ridges are known as papillae of skin Also called ‘friction ridges” to help reduce
slipping when gripping or grasping things Fingerprints remain the same all life, unless
the S. Germinativum is destroyed or major injuries
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Dermis (Corium) Thicker, inner 2nd layer of skin. Our “hide” Thickness & Thinness of skin varies over
body It is the strong, stretchy envelope that holds
body together. Has 2 layers: Papillary Layer & Reticular
layer
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Functions of Dermis Gives mechanical strength to skin
Protects against mechanical injury
Storage for water and electrolytes
Sensory for nerve receptors
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Papillary Layer of Dermis Is upper part of dermis Has fingerlike projections called papillae,
which project into lower part of Epidermis. Composed of loose connective tissue, thin
collagenous & elastic fibers Makes ridges of fingerprints & holds nerve
endings for pain receptors and touch receptors
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Reticular Layer of Dermis Thicker layer, which lies beneath papillary
layer. Contains network of interlacing cells & fibers
for BV, sweat & oil glands and deep nerve receptors
Composed of collagenous fibers & elastic fibers for toughness & stretch
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Nerve Receptors Raffini Corpuscles=Heat
Krause Corpuscles=Cold
Meissners Corpuscles=Touch
Pacinian Corpuscles=Pressure
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“E” End Organ of Ruffini= Heat
“D” End Organs of Krause=Cold
“B” Meissners Corpuscles=Touch
“C” Pacinian Corpuscles=Deep Pressure
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Structure
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STRIAE
Fresh tears of the elastic fibers look pink (or slightly bluish) with ragged edges. Healed the marks look silver-white.
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HAIR
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S.Pocklington
HAIR
Hair is mainly composed of a protein called keratin (about 88%). Keratin starts out as a soft substance arising from the follicle and keratinizes (hardens) as it rises up and out into the hair shaft. Keratin is insoluble, very tough, and highly elastic.
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Functions of Hair Cushions Insulation Antenna Filter Sweat Bands
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The Three Layers
The cuticle
The Cortex The medulla
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S.Poklington
The cuticle
The cuticle is the outer layer of the shaft.
Keratinized simple squamous tissue
The closed cuticle feels smooth
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Split Ends
Split ends are a result of cuticle wearing away at the tip of the shaft
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The cortex Cortex comprised of
elongated keratinized nonliving cells.
Comprising 75- 80% of the hair’s protein structure.
Gives hair its strength and elasticity
The hair pigment is located in the cortex
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S.Pocklington
Medulla
MedullaThe central axis of hair, containing a column of soft keratinized cells interspersed with air pockets, helping to give hair its elasticity.
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HAIR
Hair is a complicated structure that comprises of the root and the shaft (the visible part of hair). The root is enclosed in the hair follicle, submerges into the skin in inclination and ends down to the bulb
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Hair is produced in the hair bulb which rest on a nipple like papilla (tuft of tissue).
These biological structures are very important to the follicle, as they bear capillary vessels which send nutritive elements from blood to cell.
Hair grows in stages. Some hair bulbs are active while others are at rest.
Hair is formed by epithelial cells in the bulb are keratinized as they push upwards. Thus the hair root and shaft consist of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells
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HAIR COLOR
The melanocytes present in the hair bulb are responsible for hair color.
Age causes fading of melanin.
Arrector Pili muscle contraction results in “goose bumps”
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NAIL The visible part of the nail
(nail body or nail plate) consists of layers of stratum corneum cells that are keratinized.
Nails function: Protection of fingers/toes Antennae Assist with delicate task
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Nail Root is beneath the skin. The stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis are present
here forming nail matrix cells which synthesize the nail plate.
These cells contain no melanocytes…so are seen as white. The crescent shaped structure is called the lunula.
Nail bed: As the nail is being produced by the root, it streams down
along the nail bed which adds material to the undersurface of the nail to make it thicker.
Smooth nails depend on a smooth nail bed.
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Eponychium (cuticle) is the junction between skin stratum corneum and base of nail plate.
The term hyponychium refers to area between the nail plate and the fingertip. It provides a waterproof barrier
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REALLY?
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SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS Sweat glands are simple
tubular glands found in most parts of the body.
MEROCRINE (also called Eccrine) secrete sweat, a mixture of 99 percent water and 1 percent salts and fats. “Sensible perspiration”
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APOCRINE glands, become active at puberty, are larger, deeper, and produce thicker secretions than eccrine glands.
Located in axilla, and genital-anal areas. Unlike eccrine glands that respond to heat,
apocrine glands respond to stress and sexual activity by secreting sweat with a characteristic odor. This odor differs from body odor that results from bacteria decomposing skin secretions on the skin.
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Sweat gland animation http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/e
m_DisplayAnimation.aspx?gcid=000127&ptid=17
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CERUMINOUS GLANDS
Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands in the external ear canal lining. They secrete cerumen (earwax), a sticky substance that is thought to repel foreign material.
Mammary glands in female breasts are modified apocrine glands. These glands are adapted to secrete milk instead of sweat.
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SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Sebaceous glands are all over the body except on the palms of hands and soles of feet.
The glands empty via ducts into the bases of hair follicles and secrete sebum (a lipid substance).
Sebaceous glands are numerous on the face and scalp.
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Sebaceous Gland
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Terms: Alopecia
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DERMATOLOGY TERMS
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THE END.
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