Senior Capstone Final
-
Upload
alston-loper -
Category
Engineering
-
view
327 -
download
1
Transcript of Senior Capstone Final
SeniorDesign2015Designing a Sustainable Pump and Irrigation System
Alston Loper, Britta Huibers, Ingrid Petterson & Katie Love
http://www.ggardeningforgood.com/
Table of Contents1. Addressing the problem2. Project assessment
a. Defining goals, constraints, and consideration3. Literature review
a. Analyzing possible solutions4. Design and methodology
a. Rain captureb. Irrigationc. Pump
5. Conclusions6. Sustainability measures
Addressing the Problem
The Problem: Agriculture and Society
Agriculture accounts for 80% of America’s consumptive water use
Cost of transport:Economic: transportation
accounted for 6.3 percent of retail tomato price
Energy: Fruits travel averaged 2,146 miles and 1,596 miles for vegetables (Maryland)
Refocus on sustainable agriculture
http://www.vegetablegardeninglife.com/
Greenville Community InitiativeLocal community gardens
~7500 ft2 gardenVegetable garden used for produce
and education Looking to expand but have following
problems:Current pump system faultyIrrigation network not yet in place
Photo by Ingrid Petterson
GCI Community Garden
Google Earth
Survey of Plot
Photo by Ingrid Petterson
Soil and Water Quality
Table 1: Soil quality test results
Table 2: Water quality test results
Clemson Agricultural Service Laboratory
Project Assessment
Project Goals Mechanical:
Design a non-electric pump and irrigation network for the ~7500 ft2 garden
Structural:Reservoir/storage tankRoof for rain capture
Biological:Focus on sustainability in
irrigation system
www.liveorganicsolutions.com
ConstraintsLimited skills and
experience with farming and fabrication
Limited budget
Time and meeting logistics
http://yourmoneymattersinc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/triple-constraint-copy-50x50.jpg
ConsiderationsSafety - water quality, water
leaksEthical - no use of fossil fuelsEcologically - farm runoff to
nearby water sources, pump washing away
Ultimate - sustainable method available for teaching
http://www.theenergycollective.com/sites/theenergycollective.com/files/pic2_839.jpg
http://kainos-partners.com/files/2013/08/hardhat.jpg
Client Questions
● How much will the pump cost?
● How often should parts be replaced?
● How long will the pump and irrigation system take to assemble?
User Questions
● When does the system need to be flushed out?
● How much water can be stored?
● How do I operate the system?
Designer Questions
● How much space is available for the system?
● What water supply is available?
● What is the daily water usage of the farm?
Literature Review
Sprinkler Irrigation ● 75-85% fficiency● Sandy soils● Overlap of 65% X
Drip Irrigation● Good for small plots● 95% efficiency
small reservoir needed
minimal evaporation● 1-2 emitters per plant (8-24
in apart)● Higher cost and
maintenance
http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/drip-irrigation-design-guidelines-basics-of-measurements-parts-and-more/
✓
Original Predicted Water NeedDrip Tubing
minimum 10 psi
Mid-season Tomatoes 1 set/day8.57 hours/set4 sets/week555.3 gallons/day
X http://media.safebee.com/assets/images/2015/7/tomatoes%20in%20garden.jpg.838x0_q67_crop-smart.jpg
Greenville has an average of 42.1 in/yrRain naturally provides water
Funnel system Slanted roof designStore in a small elevated tank
An “in addition to” idea✓Rain Water Collection
http://www.kahrl.com/on-site-projects/rainwater-harvesting-on-a-farm-in-the-venice-lagoon/
Current System - Hand PumpDiaphragm pump
Head in 16-32 ft rangeAdvantages
high mechanical efficiencyfunction well with muddy or gritty
waterDisadvantages
expensiverequires specialized parts for
maintenance Fraenkel, et al. Water lifting Devices (24)
X
Wind PumpKinetic energy from the wind is captured
and turned into mechanical energyFree & eco friendly form of energyTrusted method of pumping water for
over a centuryTangible design for hands-on
educationRejected: area has little wind
http://fineartamerica.com/featured/12-water-pump-windmill-werner-lehmann.html
X
Hydraulic Ram PumpMechanical system that is
powered by the potential energy of the power supply
Allows water to be pumped from both a running and free-standing water supply, i.e. creek or rain barrel
http://www.rampumps.net/img/201203311800450181.jpg
Young, B. W. (7)
X
Spiral Coil Pump
David J Hilton (15)
● Invented in 1746 by H.A. Wirtz● Further developments by David J
Hilton in 1989○ Operates by intaking air and
water alternately ○ Compressed air is used as the
driving force to lift the water○ Floating drum allows the pump
to rise and fall with the water level of the creek
✓
Design Methodology
Rain Capture Design Pump supplement to store water
from rain events for later usage Slanted roof directs water into a
guarded gutter Major design considerations:
1. Structural stability2. Rainwater capture3. System economics
3D rendering by Katie Love
Structure: Roof design and CalculationsEquations:W= 0.6D+0.6LR
FB=(My/I)∑M=F d⊥
Use batten scheme (with 24 inch spacing)15 degree slope Greenville live wind load: 20 psfPine maximum bending force(FB): 1509.4 psi
Sketching by Britta Huibers
Structure: Roof design and CalculationsResults:
Rafter size: 2 in. x 6 in. (6 in. height)Batten size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)Collar Size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)
3D rendering by Katie Love
Rainwater CaptureV = AS*RAVG*0.8
AS = surface area of roof: 63.2 ft2
RAVG= average annual rainfall: 42.1 in/yrV = total volume captured: 1325 gallons0.8 accounts for 80% efficiency
Rainfall captured during high growth periodAverage rainfall from March - November: 31.5 in/yrTotal volume captured: 988.8 gallons
Includes a first flush system to allow clearing of first 2 gallons of water
rainharvest.com
System Economics
Prices from lowes.com and rainharvest.com
Irrigation Design Drip irrigation
Considered drip tubing in original schematic
Using drip tape in current design
Major design considerations:1. Pressure head2. Coordination with water storage
capacity3. Consideration of rainfall Photo by: Ingrid Petterson
Irrigation Network
Table 3: Field Data
Irrigation Network - Equations Blaney Criddle
Irrigation Design15 laterals
1 plant type per lateral2 laterals of varying squash
From field dimensions, main line, suction line, and lateral lengths set
Sketch by: Ingrid Petterson
Irrigation - Summary90 emitters per lateral
spaced 1’
From drip tape specificationsflow rate of .3 gal/h
27 gph per lateral
http://www.dripworks.com/product/Q_TA15
PressureExisting Pressure Head (ft)∆H = Source elevation - highest
elevation∆H = 11.702ft
FL = Fc*L/100Fc = Friction factor for PE
FL = .073ftP = 11.702ft - .073ft = 11.629ftP = 11.629ft/2.31 = 5.03psi
Photo by: Ingrid Petterson
Equations
● L = lateral length (ft)● Pa = average emitter
operating pressure (psi)● K = constant (-)● LS = slope (%)
● K = constant (-)● D = diameter (in)● q = lateral discharge (gpm/ft)● C = Hazen-Williams for PE pipe● Cf= head-loss adjustment factor
L2.85=0.235PaK+0.00455LSK+0.63K D4.87C1.85
K = 4.58q1.85Cf
Watering Calculations
● ΔS = R + I - EtC - N - RO○ ΔS = change in soil water storage (in)○ R = rainfall (in)○ I = irrigation applied (in)○ EtC = crop specific evapotranspiration (in)○ N = interception (in)○ RO = runoff (rainfall in excess of soil storage) (in)
● Irrigation applied when:○ ΔS < ½ total available storage
Crop Specific Watering
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e0b.htm
Cucumber Seasonal Watering
Summary Plant Water Need
Daily Water Need Maximum daily water need
Irrigate 5 plants in the same day
848 gal Average daily water need
267 galMinimum daily water need
102 gal (sweet corn early season)
Maximum daily watering time 9 hrs
(watermelon/peppers mid season)
Minimum daily watering time 2.16 hrs (potato early
season)
Irrigation EconomicsCity water:
base fee $6.20 per monthrate $2.03 / 1000 gal of water
January February March April May June July August September October November December TotalMonthly Water (gal)
0 0 0 0 3476 4476 5170 2302 0 257 319 0 16000
Water Cost ($) 6 6 6 6 14 16 18 12 6 8 8 6 115
Irrigation Economics
Prices from lowes.com and Dripworks.com
Coil Pump DesignNon electric Coil pump
Works by alternately introducing water and air Creek details
Delivery head ~ 20 ft Water depth ~ 10 in. (varies)Stream width ~ 29 ft
Major design considerations:1. Delivery head2. Pump discharge3. System economics
Photo by: Ingrd Petterson
Coil Pump: Number of Coils● Modeled as a series of manometers
○ P=γh1+γh2+...γhn
○ PTOT=γnh● Bernoulli’s analysis of pipe flow
● Frictional head loss by Darcy-Weisbach
● Number of coils○ n=26
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moody-diagram-d_618.html
http://lurkertech.com/water/pump/belcher/fish/
Coil Pump: Pump DischargeFollowing Mortimer & Annabelle:
Qp=ωπrp2Lw.1
Lw.1=R*cos-1((R-d1)/R)Qp=16.6 gpm
BuoyancyFB=ρgVsubmerged
Percent submergence: 49.9%http://lurkertech.com/water/pump/mortimer/mortimer.pdf
Coil Pump: GearsPair of semi-spherical bevel gears
Allows gears to operate at variable angles
Where
ω = angular velocityN = number of gear teeth
http://www.google.com/patents/US5129275
Hands on: Human Rotational Speed
Photo by: Britta Huibers
● Average rotational speed was 2.0 rev/s
Lab Scale ExperimentSmaller fabrication of the coil pump to verify
equations¼ inch tubing, 7 coils, 3 inch coil
diameter, and a tubing length of 10.67 feet
Photo by: BE student
Pump Economics
Prices from lowes.com, bostongear.com, and Maxx-Flex.com
Pump Design Summary Pipe diameter: 2 inchesCoil diameter: 10 inchesNumber of Coils: 26
Length of pump: 4.3 feetDischarge: 16.6 gpm
6 minutes to fill 100 gallon tank36 minutes to fill 600 gallon
tankTotal Cost: $245.33
3D rendering by Katie Love (will be added)
Storage TankCurrently farm has 100 gallons of water
storagePurchase of a raised 600 gallon water
storage tank could accommodate the average 267 gallons needed by the garden daily
Clean out at end of each seasonExtra expenditure: $644.90
http://www.cancer.net.nz/build_your_own_tank_stand.html
Conclusions
Project Goals Reiterated Mechanical:
Design a non-electric pump and irrigation network for the ~7500 ft2 garden
Structural:Reservoir/Storage TankRoof for rain capture
Biological:Focus on sustainability in irrigation system
Mechanical: Coil Pump● 4.3 feet long● Discharge of 16.6 gpm
○ fills 600 gallon tank in 38 minutes● Hands on pumping is a teachable
element for school children● Cost: $245.33● Storage tank cost: $644.90
3D rendering by Katie Love (will be added)
Structural: Rainwater CaptureCollects 1325 gallons annually or
around 990 gallons per growing season
Supplements water needsCost: $211.95
3D rendering by Katie Love
Biological: IrrigationMaximum daily water
848 galAverage daily Water
267 galWater 6 months Costs
$617.12
Sketch by: Ingrid Petterson
Economic Summary
Questions Answered: ClientHow much will the pump cost?
○ $245.33● How often should parts be replaced?
○ Tape: 2-3 years○ Pump: upon need
● How long will the pump and irrigation system take to assemble?○ One day once parts are purchased for pump and irrigation
Questions Answered: User● When does the system need to be flushed out?
○ Storage tank and pump hose seasonally○ Drip tape seasonally
● How much water can be stored? ○ 100 or 700 gallons
● How do I operate the system? ○ Rotate crank lever for pump ○ Open valves for irrigation
Questions Answered: Designer● How much space is available for the system?
○ 7,650 ft2 garden● What water supply is available?
○ Brushy creek, shallow little slope● What is the daily water usage of the farm?
○ Average - 267 gallon ○ Maximum - 848 gal○ Minimum - 0 gal
SustainabilityEconomical
Requires no energy or water from cityEnvironmental
Maximizes water usage by dripMinimizes wasteDoes not require nonrenewable
resources such as fossil fuels for pump
SocialTeaching element for local school
children on renewable farming techniques
http://sites.psu.edu/zero/wp-content/uploads/sites/10619/2014/03/sustainability-smaller.png
Team Timeline
A special thank you to: Dr. Drapcho, Dr. Walker, Tom Jones, Dr. Owino, and Dr.
Bryant for their support and advice throughout the project
References(1) "USDA ERS - Irrigation & Water Use." USDA ERS - Irrigation & Water Use. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(2) "Irrigation Tutorials." Irrigation Tutorials. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(3) Best Management Guidelines for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture . Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, 2000. Web.(4) Bachelor Degree Project In Mechanical Engineering, Level Ects, Spring Term 2010, and Sara
Salomonsson.WINDMILL DRIVEN WATER PUMP FOR SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION AND DOMESTIC USE (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
(5) "CHAPTER 5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION." CHAPTER 5. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Sept.
2015. (6) Pirog, Rich. "Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa Perspective on How Far Food Travels, FuelUsage, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." (2001): n. pag. Iowa State University. (7) Young, B. W. "Design of Hydraulic Ram Pump Systems." ARCHIVE: Proceedings of the Institution of
MechanicalEngineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 1990-1996 (vols 204-210) 209.41 (1995): 313-22. Web. 11 Sept. 2015.(8) Smith, Bryan. "Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pump." Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pump. N.p., 22 July 2014. Web.
11 Sept. 2015. <http://www.clemson.edu/irrig/Equip/ram.htm>.(9) Rogers, Alison. "Wind Power: Are Vertical Axis Wiling Turbines Better?" Mother Earth News. N.p.,
Mar. 2008.Web. 13 Sept. 2015.(10) "UNL Extension Resources for Irrigation Systems: Subsurface Drip." Agricultural Irrigation
Systems: SubsurfaceDrip. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2015. <https://water.unl.edu/cropswater/subsurface-drip>.
References(11) Muller, Edward J. "Rafter Span Tables." Rafter Span Tables. Architectural Drawing and Light Construction, n.d.
Web. 27 Sept. 2015.(12) Mehta, Kishor C., and James Delahay. Guide to the Use of the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-02.
Reston, VA:American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. Print.(13) NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction. Washington, D.C.: American Forest & PaperAssociation, 2001. Print.(14) https://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/rainwater_manual.pdf(15) Hilton, David J. "Further Development of the Inclined Coil Pump." Waterlines 8 (1989)(16) rain water efficiency http://www.nrdc.org/water/files/rooftoprainwatercapture.pdf(17) "SoilWeb." SoilWeb. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.<http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soil_web/ssurgo.php?action=explain_component&mukey=1895726&cokey=11165400>.(18) Chapter 3. Place of Publication Not Identified: Stationery Office, 2006. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
References(19) "CHAPTER 3: CROP WATER NEEDS." CHAPTER 3: CROP WATER NEEDS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. <http://www.fao.org/docrep/s2022e/s2022e07.htm>.(20) "When to Water Vegetables." The Old Farmer's Almanac. N.p., 27 Apr. 2009. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.almanac.com/content/when-water-vegetables>.(21) Jarret, Al. “Drip Irrigation” (22) LINEDSGN.xml(23) Sumner, M. E. Handbook of Soil Science. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 2000. Print.(24) Fraenkel, Peter, and Jeremy Thake. Water Lifting Devices: A Handbook for Users and Choosers. Rugby: Practical
Action Pub., 2006. Print.(25) Tailer, Peter. "The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump." The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning
Pump. N.p.,1986. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.(26) http://www.lowes.com/(27) Park, Dong Kyu. Pair of Semi-spherical Bevel Gears. Dong Kyu Park, assignee. Patent US5129275 A. 14 July
1992. Print.
(28) Schafer, Cynthia, and James Mihelcic. "Effect of Storage Tank Material and Maintenance on Household Water Quality."
American Water Works Association, n.d. Web.
References.
(29) Tailer, Peter. "The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump." The Spiral Pump: A High Lift, Slow Turning Pump.
N.p., 1986. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.(30) Mortimer, and Annable. "The Coil Pump- Theory and Practice." Journal of Hydraulic Research 22.1 (1984): 9-22. (31) "Chapter 5 - Introduction to Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc)." Chapter 5. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. <
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e0a.htm>.(32) "Chapter 6 - ETc - Single Crop Coefficient (Kc)." Chapter 6. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e0b.htm - crop coefficients>.(33) "Generation of Curve Number Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System." Generation of
Curve Number Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. <http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=1317>.
(34) "Eartheasy." Raised Beds. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. <http://eartheasy.com/raised-beds-soil-depth-requirements.html>.
(35)