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were known. The artist would keep his regular name, at anyrate, but all his work would be signed with his art name. Artist’snames often end with such suffices as ~dô (hall), ~ka (retreat),~tei (pavilion), ~kaku (tall building), etc.

Many famous artists show their attachment to Amida Buddhaby appending ~a or ~ami to a single kanji read in the Chinesestyle (e.g.; the famed playwright Zeami, and the artist family ofHon’ami).

Surnames:Kuge

1. Anenokôji2. Asai3. Asukai4. Asukai5. Atago6. Aya7. Ayanokôji8. Bôjô9. Daigo10. Fujii11. Fujinami12. Fujiôji13. Fujitani14. Fujiwara15. Funabashi16. Fushimi17. Futara18. Hachijô19. Hagiwara20. Higashikuze21. Higashizono22. Higuchi23. Hino24. Hinonishi25. Hirohashi26. Hirohata27. Honomi28. Horikawa29. Hozumi30. Ichijô31. Ishino32. Ishiyama33. Itsuji34. Iwakura35. Jikôji36. Kanze37. Kawabe38. Kibe39. Kitashirakawa40. Kiyowara41. Komatsu42. Konoe43. Kuga44. Kujô45. Kuni46. Kurahashi47. Kuwahara48. Matsuki49. Matsuzono50. Mibu51. Nagatani

52. Nakamikado53. Nakayama54. Nanba55. Nijô56. Nishigori57. Nishisanjô58. Nyakuôji59. Ogura60. Ôimikado61. Ômiya62. Rokkaku63. Rokujô64. Saga65. Saionji66. Sakurai67. Sanjô68. Senge69. Shijô70. Shimokôbe71. Sono72. Takatsukasa73. Tokudaiji74. Umezono75. Yabu

Surnames:Buke

1. Abe2. Akechi3. Akimoto4. Akita5. Amako6. Anayama7. Andô8. Aoyama9. Asai10. Asakura11. Asano12. Ashikaga13. Ashina14. Aso15. Baba16. Chiba17. Chikusa18. Chôsokabe19. Daidôji20. Date21. Doi22. Endô23. Enomoto24. Fujita25. Fukushima26. Furuta

27. Gamô28. Gotô29. Hatakeyama30. Hôjô31. Honda32. Hosokawa33. Ikeda34. Imagawa35. Inoue36. Ise37. Ishibashi38. Ishidô39. Ishikawa40. Isshiki41. Itagaki42. Itakura43. Itami44. Itô45. Iwaki46. Kabayama47. Kagami48. Kajiwara49. Kamei50. Kanamori51. Kanô52. Katakura53. Katô54. Katsu55. Katsura56. Kawada57. Kido58. Kikkawa59. Kikuchi60. Kimura61. Kinoshita62. Kira63. Kitabatake64. Kobayakawa65. Kobori66. Kodama67. Koide68. Kondô69. Konishi70. Kôno71. Kôriki72. Kudô73. Kuki74. Kuroda75. Kurokawa76. Kuroki77. Kurushima78. Kusunoki79. Kuze80. Kyôgoku81. Maeda

82. Maki83. Makino84. Manabe85. Matsuda86. Matsudaira87. Matsui88. Matsukata89. Matsukura90. Matsumae91. Matsumura92. Matsunaga93. Matsushita94. Matsuura95. Minagawa96. Minamoto97. Miura98. Miyabe99. Miyoshi100. Mizuno101. Momonoi102. Mori103. Môri104. Motoori105. Munekata106. Murakami107. Nabeshima108. Nagai109. Nagasaki110. Nagoshi111. Naitô112. Nakagawa113. Nakajima114. Nakamura115. Nanbu116. Narita117. Naruse118. Nasu119. Nawa120. Nikaidô121. Nikki122. Nire123. Nishi124. Nishio125. Nitta126. Niwa127. Nozu128. Ôba129. Oda130. Ogasawara131. Ogata132. Ogawa133. Oimi134. Ôishi135. Okabe136. Okazawa

137. Ôkôchi138. Oku139. Ôkubo140. Okuda141. Okudaira142. Ôkuma143. Ômura144. Ôoka145. Ôsawa146. Ôseki147. Ôseko148. Ôshima149. Ôshio150. Ôta151. Ôtani152. Ôtate153. Ôtawara154. Ôtera155. Ôtomo156. Ôuchi157. Oyama158. Ôyama159. Ozaki160. Rokkaku161. Rokugô162. Ryûzôji163. Saigô164. Saitô165. Sakai166. Sakakibara167. Sakamoto168. Sakuma169. Sakurai170. Sanada171. Sano172. Sasaki173. Satake174. Satô175. Satomi176. Seki177. Sengoku178. Shiba179. Shibata180. Shibukawa181. Shiga182. Shimazu183. Shinjô184. Shôni185. Sô186. Soejima187. Soga188. Sôma189. Sonoda190. Sue191. Suwa

192. Suzuki193. Tachibana194. Takagi195. Takahashi196. Takasaki197. Takashima198. Takayama199. Takeda200. Takenaka201. Tamura202. Tanaka203. Tani204. Tanuma205. Terazawa206. Toda207. Tôdô208. Togashi209. Togawa210. Toki211. Tokugawa212. Tomita213. Torii214. Tôyama215. Tozawa216. Tsuchiya217. Tsugaru218. Tsukushi219. Tsutsui220. Uchida221. Uesugi222. Ujie223. Ukita224. Urakami225. Usami226. Utsunomiya227. Wada228. Wakizaka229. Watanabe230. Yagyû231. Yamada232. Yamagata233. Yamaguchi234. Yamamoto235. Yamana236. Yamanouchi237. Yamazaki238. Yanagizawa239. Yashiro240. Yokose241. Yoneda242. Yoshida243. Yoshii244. Yûki245. Yura

No matter whether one is of high or low rank, a family line is something that will decline when its time has come. If one thinks thatthe time has come, it is best to let it go down with good grace. Doing so, he may even cause it to be maintained.

— Lord Naoshige to his grandson, Lord Motoshige

Name ListsBuke and kuge will need a surname

and a given name; bonge and hinin needonly a given name. You may, of course,randomly pick anything that suits yourfancy.

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NanoriProthemes

1. Aka~2. Aki~3. Ari~4. Atsu~5. Chika~6. Fusa~7. Haru~8. Hide~9. Hira~10. Hiro~11. Hisa~12. Ie~13. Kado~14. Kage~15. Kane~16. Katsu~17. Kore~18. Kimi~19. Kiyo~20. Kuni~21. Masa~22. Masa~23. Michi~24. Mitsu~25. Mochi~26. Mori~27. Moto~28. Mune~29. Naga~30. Naka~31. Nao~32. Nari~33. Nobu~34. Nori~35. Sada~36. Sane~37. Shige~

38. Sue~39. Tada~40. Taka~41. Tame~42. Tane~43. Teru~44. Toki~45. Tomo~46. Toshi~47. Tsune~48. Tsura~49. Uji~50. Yasu~51. Yori~52. Yoshi~53. Yuki~

NanoriDeutero-themes

1. ~aki2. ~akira3. ~chika4. ~fusa5. ~haru6. ~hide7. ~hiko8. ~hira9. ~hiro10. ~hisa11. ~hito12. ~ie13. ~kado14. ~kage15. ~kane16. ~kata17. ~katsu18. ~kaze19. ~kazu

20. ~kiyo21. ~kuni22. ~maro23. ~masa24. ~michi25. ~mitsu26. ~mochi27. ~mori28. ~moto29. ~mune30. ~mura31. ~naga32. ~naka33. ~nao34. ~nari35. ~nobu36. ~nori37. ~sada38. ~sane39. ~shige40. ~suke41. ~tada42. ~taka43. ~tane44. ~teru45. ~toki46. ~tomi47. ~tomo48. ~toshi49. ~tsugu50. ~tsura51. ~tsune52. ~uji53. ~yasu54. ~yori55. ~yoshi56. ~yuki57. ~zane

Zokumy ô:OrderNames

1. Ben’ichi2. Benzô3. Buichi4. Chôzaburô5. Daigorô6. Daihachi7. Daizô8. Eiichi9. Eizô10. Gen’ichi11. Gen’ichirô12. Genjirô13. Genpachi14. Genta15. Genzô16. Giichi17. Gisaburô18. Gorô19. Hachijûrô20. Hachirô21. Heizô22. Ichirô23. Jintarô24. Jirô25. Jôtarô26. Jûrô27. Jûzô28. Keita29. Kenta30. Kenzô31. Kingorô32. Kintarô33. Kôichi34. Kôjirô35. Koshirô36. Kozaburô

Male Given NamesYou will need to decide if the PC or

NPC has a zokumyô, nanori, azana, orwhatever. It will depend on the person’sposition, occupation, and similar factors.For nanori, you will have to roll twice:

first to select the first name element, andagain to select the final name element. If the

elements are identical (e.g., Nobunobu), reroll.

Azana &Hômyô

1. Baisetsu2. Chôgen3. Chôkô4. Dôgen5. Dohô6. Dôsetsu7. Eisai8. Ganjin9. Genbô10. Genkû11. Gonji12. Hakuseki13. Hakutei14. Issa15. Jakuei16. Jôzan17. Keirô18. Kenshin19. Kôan20. Kôen21. Kôzei22. Rikyô23. Rogetsu24. Seika25. Shingen26. Shinji27. Shûson28. Sôjô29. Sôjun30. Sôrin31. Sosei32. Sôun33. Sôzen34. Teika35. Tôko36. Zuiken

37. Kurô38. Rintarô39. Rokurô40. Saburô41. Sanjûrô42. Shichirô43. Shin’ichi44. Shintarô45. Shirô46. Tarô47. Tôshiro48. Yôjirô

Zokumy ô:Title Names

1. Chôsuke2. Den’emon3. Gensuke4. Ginnosuke5. Gisuke6. Goroemon7. Gunpei8. Harunosuke9. Heibee10. Jiemon11. Jinnosuke12. Jôe13. Jûemon14. Junsuke15. Jûzaemon16. Kaemon17. Kansuke18. Kennosuke19. Kensuke20. Matahei21. Rikinosuke22. Ryûnosuke23. Shinbei24. Ukon25. Yôhei

26. Zaemon27. Zensuke

Yômyô1. Akeo2. Akio3. Akira4. Asao5. Ataru6. Atsumu7. Atsushi8. Ayao9. Bin10. Den11. Hideo12. Hiroshi13. Hisashi14. Kazuo15. Ken16. Kimio17. Mairu18. Makoto19. Manabu20. Masao21. Masaru22. Masashi23. Michio24. Minoru25. Nobuo26. Norio27. Osamu28. Sadao29. Satoru30. Shigeo31. Shigeru32. Tadao33. Takeo34. Takeshi35. Teruo36. Tetsuo37. Yoshio

When a samurai by chance has no natural heir, if the master will encourage him to take on a fitting adopted child while he and hiswife are yet healthy, and advise him in a way that his family line will not run out, even a childless man will feel reassured and gratefuland will not hold back his life for his master.

— Asakura Soteki

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Female Given NamesThis is not a complete list of names, of course. Just about any

protheme above can be paired with ~e, ~ko, ~mi, or ~yo tomake a woman’s name.

These titles aregiven for refer-ence, but they canadd a lot of flavorto your game.

For example,addressing thelocal magistrate as“Bôryô-sama” ismuch moreinteresting thansimply saying“sir” or callinghim “the magis-trate.”

Ultimatelywhether or notyou use thesetitles in your gameis up to you. Butthey’re fun to readthrough nonethe-less.

1. Akane2. Akara3. Akebono4. Akeha5. Akemi6. Akie7. Akiyo8. Aoi9. Arakabi10. Asahi11. Asami12. Atsu13. Atsuyo14. Aya15. Ayaka16. Ayame17. Ayune18. Chiyo19. Edako20. Emiko21. Fude22. Fuji23. Fuji24. Fumi25. Fumii26. Fumiko27. Fumiko28. Fumiyo29. Fusa30. Fusae31. Fusako32. Fushiyo33. Hagi34. Hamaji35. Hamako36. Hanae37. Hanawa38. Harako39. Haru40. Harue41. Hide42. Hifumi43. Hinako44. Hirako45. Hiroe46. Hiroko47. Hisako48. Isachi49. Iyo50. Izue51. Kadoko52. Kaede

53. Kanako54. Kao55. Kaori56. Kaoru57. Karu58. Kasumi59. Katsura60. Kazue61. Kazuko62. Keiko63. Kesa64. Kiku65. Kimi66. Kimiko67. Kinu68. Kinue69. Kiri70. Kishiko71. Kiyo72. Konomi73. Kosugi74. Koto75. Kumako76. Kunie77. Kyoko78. Machiko79. Makiko80. Mari81. Mariko82. Maru83. Maruko84. Masae85. Masako86. Matsuyo87. Mayumi88. Meiko89. Miiko90. Miki91. Mikiko92. Minato93. Misako94. Miyako95. Miyo96. Moto97. Mugiko98. Mura99. Murasaki100. Namie101. Nanae102. Nao103. Naoko104. Naomi

105. Narumi106. Nene107. Norie108. Noriko109. Noyuri110. O-Aki111. O-Aki112. O-Ari113. O-Asa114. O-Atsu115. O-Aya116. O-Chie117. O-Chii118. O-Chika119. O-Chisa120. O-Chiya121. O-Chizu122. O-Chô123. O-Emi124. O-Fuda125. O-Fue126. O-Furu127. O-Fusa128. O-Fuyu129. O-Gin130. O-Hana131. O-Haru132. O-Hata133. O-Hina134. O-Hira135. O-Hiro136. O-Hisa137. O-Ike138. O-Iro139. O-Itsu140. O-Kado141. O-Kagi142. O-Kai143. O-Kaki144. O-Kata145. O-Kichi146. O-Kin147. O-Kishi148. O-Kuki149. O-Kyô150. O-Maru151. O-Matsu152. O-Mugi153. O-Mutsu154. O-Natsu155. O-Ne156. O-Nuno

157. O-Sae158. O-Saki159. O-Sato160. O-Sawa161. O-Shiro162. O-Shizu163. O-Shô164. O-Sode165. O-Sue166. O-Sugi167. O-Suzu168. O-Taka169. O-Teru170. O-Toki171. O-Tomi172. O-Toshi173. O-Toyo174. O-Tsune175. O-Ume176. O-Uta177. O-Yasu178. O-Yomi179. O-Yoshi180. O-Yuki181. O-Yume182. O-Yumi183. Ryôko184. Sachiko185. Saeko186. Sakie187. Sakura188. Saori189. Shiori190. Shizuka191. Sumako192. Sumi193. Sumire194. Takara195. Terumi196. Toji197. Tokie198. Tomie199. Tomiko200. Tomoe201. Yaeko202. Yaoko203. Yodo204. Yomogi205. Yorie206. Yume207. Yumi

Offices

and

OccupationThis list of offices is by no means complete.

Like the accompanying list of titles and forms of address, weprovide it to help with the “look and feel” and historical veri-similitude of your game. Just the very names of some of theseoffices might give GMs an idea for an adventure or even a cam-paign.

Virtually all of these officescould also be used as titles, withthe addition of a -sama or -donoafter them.

Ama — Buddhist nun. Synony-mous with bikuni.

Ando Bugyo — Justice of thePeace.

Baishin — Indirect vassal; e.g.,the vassals of the Honda arethe baishin of the Tokugawa.Compare with jikisan.

Ban — Guards.Bettô — The national officer in

command of any departmentor bureau (e.g.; Kebiishi-bettô); also the superinten-dent of the household of re-tired Emperors and certainpowerful (esp. Fujiwara)families. Under the bettô aresuke and taii (q.v.).

Biku — Buddhist monk. Synony-mous with bozu.

Bikuni — Buddhist nun. Syn-onymous with ama.

Bôryô — Chief of a district orward in a town; an aldermanor mayor.

Bôzu — Buddhist monk. Syn-onymous with biku.

Bugu-bugyô — The official incharge of everything concern-ing arms and armor. It com-bines the gusoku-bugyô and yumi-ya-bugyô (q.q.v.).

Bugyô — An officer in charge of a specific detail (e.g., yari-bugyô, officer in charge of lances). Also a generic termfor any government official.

Buke-boko — Valet to a samurai household.Bunmin-shikkushi — Office existing to help the needy and

keep track of those needing help and succor.Chûnagon — Councillors in the dajo-kan at the imperial court

who ranked after the dainagon (q.v.) and before theshônagon. There were as many as 10.

Dai-Sôjô — Highest rank in the Buddhist hierarchy, rankingalongside dainagon.

Though it is said that men are made of neither wood nor stone, are not those who spend their lives for naught no different than therotting trees in the shadow of the valley?

— Shiba Yoshimasa

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Daijin — Minister of State. (See udaijin,sadaijin, naidaijin, dajôdaijin, etc.)Daikan — Officials who governed fiefs.The titles of the nobles proper of thoseestates were different.Daimyô — A noble, possessor of a great

domain.Dainagon — Greater councillors at court.

Dainiki — Head of the Nakatsukasa no Shô,or Department of Archives.

Dajô-kan — Emperor’s supreme council, comprising the daijin(q.v.) and the dai-, chû-, and shônagon (q.q.v.).

Dajôdaijin — Prime minister. For a long time it was reservedfor Imperial Princes.

Dôshin — Police officers.Gokenin — During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, a

direct vassal to the shôgun (in the Edo Period, it wouldcome to mean a low-ranking samurai). (See hatamoto.)

Gusoku-bugyô — Official in charge of armor for the govern-ment or a clan.

Haitei — A deposed emperor.Hanshu — Lord of a fief (han); alternate for daimyô. Owari

no Hanshu refers to the Lord of Owari.Hatamoto — In Sengoku Period usage, samurai who guarded

the camp (the word literally means “at the base of the stan-dard”). In the Edo Period, it came to refer to direct vassalsof the shôgun (q.v. gokenin).

Hon-bugyô — A council of clan chiefs to determine chargesagainst accused colleagues.

Hyôbu-sho — Minister of War. Suitable for whoever leads aclan’s armies during war, or functions as their chief mili-tary advisor and tactician.

Jikisan — Direct vassals (q.v. baishin).Jitô — Governors of the shôen (lands inherited from imperial

gifts). They were lesser than shugo (q.v.). This is aKamakura Period title; the jitô eventually became shômyôby the Sengoku Period.

Jôdai garô — Councillor of a feudal lord placed in charge ofa fief, castle, or estate during the absence of the lord (aseneschal).

Jôshu — Lord of a castle. Jôshu were not necessarily a daimyô;usually they were younger brothers, generals, or some othermilitary commanders appointed by the daimyô.

Kanjô-bugyô — Superintendent of the Treasury.Kanpaku — All-powerful officer in court, essentially a prime

minister with extraordinary powers.Karô — A key vassal of a feudal lord, a clan counsellor. Clans

had a very limited number of karô.Kebiishi — Superintendent of the Kebiishi-chô, the Japanese

national police. Edicts of the Kebiishi-bettô (the full titleof this office) carried imperial authority.

Kebiishi-suke — Deputies to the kebiishi-bettô (q.v.)Kebiishi-taii — Assistants to the Kebiishi-suke (q.v.).Kenjô — Servant who followed a lord carrying his master’s

sword.Kin-bugyô — Officials of the finance ministry under the

Kanjô-bugyô (q.v.).Kingo — Individual members of the Imperial guard. The guard

as a body is called Shitsu-kingo.

Kiroku-sho — An Imperial council that dealt with adminis-trative and judicial questions.

Kokushu — “Governor” of one or several provinces; a typeof daimyô. (There were 18 before the Battle of Sekigahara.)

Kosamurai-dokoro — Office presided over by a bettô whichdealt with matters concerning the bakufu army. Had anappended academy teaching military and civil arts.

Koshi no mono bugyô — Official in charge of keeping andevaluating swords belonging to the shôgun.

Kôtaitei — Title of the heir apparent if he is the youngerbrother of the one he is to succeed.

Kumon-jo-bettô — Head of the Department of the Archives,the Kumon-jo.

Kuni-bugyô — Local officers appointed to look after mili-tary matters and see to the punishment of crime.

Kura no Tsukasa — Official entrusted with the Imperial seal,robes, etc. Suitable for Keeper of the Privy Seal, or theRegalia.

Kura-bugyô — Official charged with collecting taxes.Machi-bugyô — Officials with general legislative and ad-

ministrative duties; a cross between mayors and chief mag-istrates (e.g. Kageyama machi-bugyô). (This office becamemore important in the Edo Period.)

Mandokoro — Central administration office under theShôgun; a great council.

Metsuke — Official whose duty it is to watch over obser-vance of rules. Most clans had them to maintain orderamong the retainers.

Mokudai — Official overseeing the provinces while the ac-tual lord/governor resided in the capital.

Monban — Gate guards.Monchûjo — Court of high justice, the supreme arbiter of

civil cases.Naidaijin — Minister of the Interior; under Udaijin and

Sadaijin (q.q.v.).Naiki — Officials entrusted with making decrees promulgated

in the name of the emperor. (The head was the dai-naiki.)Naiyakushi-bettô — Chief officer of the Naiyakushi, the of-

fice having charge over medicines and physicians at thepalace. (Naiyakushi-suke and naiyakushi-taii being thelower offices; see -suke and -taii.)

Nakamochi bugyô — Official in charge of the shôgun’s lug-gage when he travelled.

Nando gashira — Head of the nandoyaku, the office chargedwith keeping the shôgun’s regalia, furnishings, gifts to theshôgun, etc., as well as things to be given as rewards bythe shôgun.

No-jô — Assistant to a -no-suke.No-kami — Technically “governor of ——”. His deputy

would be -no-suke.No-suke — Technically the “vice governor of ——”, where

he would follow a -no-kami. Also the deputy of the Bettô(q.v.) of major government bureaux.

Nyokan — Ladies-in-waiting to the Empress.Ôban — Guard detachments.Ôkura-kyô — Minister of finance, head of the Ôkura-shô.Oinori-bugyô — Official charged with making supplications

to the gods during times of crisis or calamity (it literallymeans “honorable praying officer”).

One should not be close by when someone is talking to the master. It is best to withdraw to the side. Still more, if one gossips orlaughs folishly in such a place, it goes without saying that he will be avoided by men of high status, and even men of sensitivity withinhis own rank are likely to turn their backs on him.

— Hojo Nagauji

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Rekijutsu-kata — Officials who drew up calendars for theshôgun.

Ryôshu — “Governor” of a small territory; a type of daimyô.(There were 32 before the Battle of Sekigahara.)

Sadaijin — Minister of the Left.Samurai-dokoro — A bureau that oversaw all aspects of the

military as well as palace guards.Samurai-dokoro-bettô — Commander of the military, head

of the samurai-dokoro. Very powerful position.Samurai-dokoro-shoshi — Assistants to the Samurai-dokoro-

bettô.Sei-i-tai-shôgun — General sent out to subdue the barbar-

ians. Originally a normal appointment to a temporary po-sition, it became hereditary and all-powerful. Usually theoffice was just called shôgun.

Sesshô — Regent to an infant Emperor. When there was asesshô, there was no kanpaku.

Shikibu-shô — Ministry of Ceremonies.Shikken — Regent for an infant or infirm shôgun.Shinmotsu-bugyô — Official responsible for receiving gifts

for the shôgun and distributing gifts from the shôgun.Shitsu-kingo — The imperial guard. See Kingo.Shô-geki — Assistant of the dai-geki (q.v.).Shôji — Possessor of a shôen, land gifted from the Emperor.Shômyô — Lord of a small domain, as opposed to a daimyô.Shônagon — Court councellors who served as clerks, rank-

ing after dainagon and chûnagon (q.q.v.).Shônaiki — Assistant to a dainiki (q.v.).Soshi — Alternate title during the Muromachi Bakufu for the

samurai-dokoro-bettô (q.v.).Taii — Assistants to -suke (q.v.).Taikô — A retired kanpaku (q.v.).Tairô — First minister to the shôgun;

his chief advisor.Tandai — Military governor of a prov-

ince or town (e.g., Ise-no-tandai).Tatewaki-senjô — Commander of the

tatewaki, an imperial prince’s guard.Tenmon-kata — Officials who drew up horoscopes for the

shôgun.Teppô-gata — Officials responsible for overseeing the cre-

ation of firearms and cannon for the bakufu. (Likely tohave been a clan office during the Sengoku Period.)

Teppô-tansu-bugyô — Officials responsible for maintainingthe bakufu’s firearms. (Likely to have been a clan officeduring the Sengoku Period.)

Toji — Female servants in the imperial palace, especially in-volved in food preparation.

Tsukai-ban — Essentially heralds; they were officials whotransmitted messages.

Udaiben — First secretary in the various ministries.Yari-bugyô — Officer responsible for the supply of lances

for the shôgun’s army. (This is an Edo Period title thatprobably was mirrored by clans during the Sengoku Pe-riod.)

Yumi-ya-bugyô — Official in charge of weapons, especiallybows and arrows.

When a man thinks through to the conclusion of things and is still unable to make his own discernment, if he is of high rank he mayconsult one of the capable elders, if of lower rank he may discuss the matter with the capable acquaintances he has among relativesand comrades. Coming to a conclusion in this way, mistakes will be few.

— Takeda Shingen

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TitlesThe use of Japanese titles and forms

of address will add flavor to your cam-paign. If you choose to use them, thelist below may help you. This is by no

means a complete list of possible titles;rather, it is only a sampling to help get you

started.Titles are appended to the names (either given or surnames

unless otherwise specified) and address forms are used by them-selves. To clarify the difference between titles and address, notethat you can’t say Akiyoshi-danna (okay, you can, but only inodd circumstances. Sheesh…); you should say Akiyoshi-dono,or simply call him danna. Prince Morinaga can be addressedsimply as denka, or as Morinaga Shinnô.

If there is no specification of title or address, the term can beused for both.

It must be noted that Japan has never been a very politicallycorrect nation; many titles simply do not have feminine equiva-lents. Unless there is a specific feminine form of the title, thereis no reason that the ostensibly “male” title can’t be used forwomen.

Danna — Address for men equivalent to “Milord” or “Sir.”Denka — Address for the kôtaishi (crown prince).Dono — Title appended to the first or last names of men or

women worthy of respect regardless of titles or offices held,and to office titles (e.g.; Abe-dono, Tarô-dono, dainagon-dono). Generally higher respect is accorded for -dono thanfor -sama (q.v.).

Fujin — A word appended to some titles to indicate a female.Gimi — Title suitable for noble males from great houses;

appended to given names.Gozen — Title appended to the given name of women of rank

(e.g.; Tomoe-gozen).Heika — Address which is essentially “your majesty”; used

for the emperor.Hidenka — Address for a princess.Hime — Title suitable for well-born females; appended to

the given name. By itself, it is also the term of address forthe same, the equivalent of “My Lady.”

Hime-gimi — Title suitable for female nobles; appended togiven names.

In — A retired emperor.Kakka — Address which means essentially “your excellency”;

use for goverrnment officers or officials. Officers or offi-cials of provincial level should be called obugyô-sama.

Kimi — Address form of the title -gimi (q.v.).Kubô — Anciently used for the Emperor and later the shôgun.Kô — Title appended to names and used similarly to -sama

for people of very high rank (e.g., Ieyasu-kô, Shingen-kô);would be suitable address for the like of daimyô and any-one from the kuge.

Kôgô — Empress.Kôtei — Title of the emperor of a country other than Japan.Meijin — Address for a master of some art.Miya — Title born by Imperial princes and princesses origi-

nally using the name of their residences (e.g. Akishino noMiya); also with their Shintô names (e.g.; Hiro no Miya,

the current crown prince, who is also called FumihitoShinnô).

Nai-shinnô — Title appended to a given name for princesses(e.g. Fumiko Nai-shinnô)

No-Kami — Title used for provincial governers; the prov-ince name would precede the particle “no” (e.g., Bizen-no-Kami).

Nyotei — The title of a empress reigning in her own right.Nyôgo — The second (in standing) wife of an Emperor.Nyûdô — Title following the given name of one who has

taken Buddhist orders (e.g. Baisetsu Nyûdô). Doesn’t haveto be used all the time; usually, it’s more only on formaloccasions.

Ô — Title born by grandsons and great-grandsons of the Em-peror.

Obugyô-sama — Generic form of address for any govern-mental officer or official. (The word “bugyô” means offi-cial.)

Ojô-sama — Address which is the functional equivalent of“miss/mademoiselle” and is useful for women one doesn’tknow; similar to “Milady.” The one restriction is that itcan not be used for anyone older than 25 or so, or anyonemarried.

Oku-sama — Address for women over 25 (i.e., who are likelymarried) who have no other title. The Equivalent of“Ma’am/Missus/Milady.” (Pronounced “Oak-sama”.)

Okugata-sama — Address for the lady of a household; thewife of (or the female equivalent of) an oyakata-sama (q.v.).

Onzôshi — Address for a young prince or lord when addressedby someone older than him who is in his service. It refersto the younger lord’s relationship as a scion of a noblehouse.

Oyakata-sama — Address used by clan members for the headtheir clan. Note that this is a term of considerable respect.

Sama — Title appended to both the surnames or given namesof men or women worthy of respect, regardless of any titleor office; it is also used attached to office titles (e.g.; Honda-sama, Tarô-sama, daijin-sama). The standard attachmentto names in simple polite conversation at least.

Shinnô — Title appended to the given name of princes. (e.g.Dôsetsu Shinnô). For princesses it is Nai-shinnô (q.v.).

Taichô — Address for a leader of a group or squad; good forcaptains commanding a band of bushi in a battle.

Tennô — Term referring to the reigning emperor of Japan.(Other nations’ emperors are called kôtei.) Used as an ad-dress — or a reference in polite conversation — it is TennôHeika.

Tono — Address for one’s lord.Ue-sama —Address for the shôgun. It means, essentially,

“sire.”Waga-kimi — A double form of address meaning (1) “my

lord,” as a lady refers to her lover or husband; and (2) “mylord,” as referring to one to whom one may be consideredto be “in fealty.” (It literally means, of course, “my lord.”)Note that the former meaning is most common in histori-cal literature.

Waka — Address form for a young prince or lord when ad-dressed by someone older and usually in his service. (Lit-erally it means “young” and is an abbreviation ofwakadono, which means “young lord.”) More polite andarchaic is onzôshi (q.v.)

In admonishing the master, if one is not of the proper rank to do so, it shows great loyalty to have someone who is of that rank speakand have the master correct his mistakes. If one does this for his own sake, it is simply flattery. One does this, rather, in his concernto support the clan on his own.

— Yamamoto Tsunetomo