INTRODUCTION

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of

nanometers(10-9 meters)more specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely hypothetical

nanotechnology engineering descipline of designing and building of nanorobots(nanobots,

nanoids or nanites) would be typically devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and

constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.

Another definition sometimes used is a robot which allows precision interaction with nanoscale

objects or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution.Following this definition even a large

apparatus such as an atomic force microscope can be considered a nanorobotic instrument when

configured to perform nanomanipulation.Also, macroscale robots or microrobots which can

move with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots.

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IMPORTANCE OF NANO ROBOTICS

Nanomachines are largely in the research-and-development phase,but some primitive devices

have been tested.An example is a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5nanometers across,

capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample.The first useful application of

nanomachines might be in medical technology,where they might be used to identify cancer cells

and destroy them.another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the

measurement of their concentrations ,in the environment.Recently ,Rice university has

demonstrated a single-molecule car which is developed by a chemical process and includes

buckyballs for wheels.It is actuated by controlling the environmental temperature and by

positioning a scanning tunneling microscope tip. And nano bioelectronics is an emerging field

today. These enable molecular machine manufacturing. It includes the embedded and integrated

devices. So using this technology there is an alternative to the metal oxide semi conductor. The

line width of the original Pentium chip is 350 nm. Current optical lithography techniques have

obvious resolution limitations because of the wavelength of visible light, which is in the order of

500 nm

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NANOROBOTICS THEORY

Nanotechnology, the manipulation and assembly of tiny devices often not much larger than a

group of molecules, is a perfect application for industrial robotics. Due to the fact the objects

being handled are so small, a few billionths of a meter, it is impossible for a human to see or

successfully fabricate anything from them, robotics are the primary means of working with them.

Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size ,it would probably be necessary for very

large numbers of them to work together to perform macroscopic tasks.These nanorobot

swarms ,both those which are incapable of replication and those which are capable of

unconstrained replication in the natural environment are found in many science fiction stories.the

T-1000 in Terminator-2:Judgement Day may be an example of a nanorobot swarm.The word

“nanobot”( also “nanite” or “nanogene” )is often used to indicate this fictional context and is an

informal term to refer to the engineering concepts of nanorobots.The word nanorobot is the

correct technical term in the non fictional context of serious engineering studies.

Inspired by molecular biology, studies of advanced nanotechnologies have focused on bottom-up

construction, in which molecular machines assemble molecular building blocks to form products,

including new molecular machines. Biology shows us that molecular machine systems and their

products can be made cheaply and in vast quantities.

Stepping beyond the biological analogy, it would be a natural goal to be able to put every atom

in a selected place (where it would serve as part of some active or structural component) with no

extra molecules on the loose to jam the works. Such a system would not be a liquid or gas, as no

molecules would move randomly, nor would it be a solid, in which molecules are fixed in place.

Instead this new machine-phase matter would exhibit the molecular movement seen today only

in liquids and gases as well as the mechanical strength typically associated with solids. Its

volume would be filled with active machinery.

Future medical nanotechnology has been posited to employ nanorobots injected into the patient

to perform treatment on a cellular level.Such nanorobots intended for use in medicine are posited

to be non-replicating,as replication would needlessly increase device complexity ,reduce

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reliability, and interfere with the medical mission.Instead ,madical nanorobots are posited to be

manufactured in hypothetical,carefully controlled nanofactories in which nanoscale machines

would be solidly integrated into a supposed desktop-scale machine that would build macroscopic

products.

A new approach within advanced graphics simulations is presented for the problem of nano-

assembly automation and its application for medicine. The problem under study concentrates its

main focus on nanorobot control design for assembly manipulation and the use of evolutionary

agents as a suitable way to enable the robustness on the proposed model. Thereby the presented

works summarize as well distinct aspects of some techniques required to achieve a successful

nano-planning system design and its 3D simulation visualization in real time

Initial uses of nanorobots to health care are likely to emerge within the next ten years with

potentially broad biomedical applications. The ongoing developments of molecular-scale

electronics, sensors and motors are expected to enable microscopic robots with dimensions

comparable to bacteria. Recent developments on the field of biomolecular computing has

demonstrated positively the feasibility of processing logic tasks by bio-computers, which is a

promising first step to enable future nanoprocessors with increasingly complexity. Studies in the

sense of building biosensors and nano-kinetic devices, which is required to enable nanorobots

operation and locomotion, has been advanced recently too. Moreover, classical objections related

to the real feasibility of nanotechnology, such as quantum mechanics, thermal motions and

friction, has been considered and resolved and discussions about the manufacturing of

nanodevises is growing up. Developing nanoscale robots presents difficult fabrication and

control challenges. The control design and the development of complex nanosystems with high

performance can be well analysed and addressed via simulation to help pave the way for future

use of nanorobots in biomedical engineering problems

As a secondary meaning “nanorobotics “is sometimes used to refer to attempts to miniaturize

robots or machines to any size, including the development of robots the size of insects.

Nanorobotics research has proceeded along two lines. The first is devoted to the design and

computational simulation of robots with nanoscale dimensions for the design of robots that

resemble their macroscopic counterparts.

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DETAILS OF NANOROBOTS

Nanorobots are mainly made up of carbon and may be given a coating of diamond.

Carbon should be in the form fullerene or diamond. This is because of the chemical inertness and

strength. So we can avoid reactions with environment. The diamond coating is because it is the

most inert and tough material ever known. The nanorobots are made smaller than the blood

vessels as it can travel. Femoral artery in the leg is considered to be a largest artery in our body.

So the nanorobot is injected in this artery. Glucose and oxygen-propulsion source is used to

metabolise the nano robots.if it is in a human body, these are plentiful. Other sources in our body

such as kinetic energy of the blood and blood pressure can also be used. If it is in a clinical

environment, energy can supply externally such as lithium polymer batteries. Nanorobots are

connected to computer outside. Recently communication with nano robots using RF ID, mobile

phones and satellites are explored. To take nanorobots from the body we use two methods one

is retrace our path upstream another is making small surgery to remove.

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DESIGN OF NANO ROBOTS

Virtual reality (VR) is a technology, which allows a user to interact with a computer-

simulated environment, be it a real, or imagined one. Most current virtual reality environment are

primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special

stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as

sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced, haptic systems now include tactile

information, generally known as force feedback, in medical and gaming applications. Users can

interact with a virtual environment or a virtual artifact (VA) either through the use of standard

input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired

glove, the Polhemus boom arm, and omni directional treadmill.

The simulated environment can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or

combat training, or it can differ significantly from reality, as in VR games.

In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due

largely to technical limitations on processing power, image resolution and communication

bandwidth. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome as processor,

imaging and data communication technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over

time.

Virtual Reality was used for the nanorobot design where the use of macro- and micro

robotic concepts is considered a practical approach once the theoretical and practical

assumptions here have focused on its domain of application. The design should be robust enough

to operate in a complex environment with movement in six-degrees-of-freedom.

Nanoscale object manipulation systems have been applied with the use of computer graphics for

teleportation. The robot design adopted concepts provided from underwater robotics keeping in

mind however the kinetics assumptions that the nanorobot lives in a world of viscosity, where

friction, adhesion, and viscous forces are paramount and gravitational forces are of little or no

importance.

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NANOROBOT NAVIGATION

Propeller: Like that in nanorobots it is used to drive forward against the blood stream

Fins: Fitted along with the propellers used to propel the device.

Sensors: Fitted externally and internally with the nanorobots to receive the signal for

correct guidance

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REQUIREMENTS FOR NANOROBOTS

The nano robo t s r equ i r e : -

1 . SENSORS

2 . ACTUATORS

3 . TRANSPONDER

1. SENSORS

Nano-scale sensors are not yet developed. But sensors made of nanotubes are used for this.

Both chemical and biochemical sensors are used to make sensors for nanobots. Biochemical

sensors are made by adding biological substances along with chemical substances.

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2. ACTUATOR

It has a mobile member that moves linearly as a result of a biomolecular interaction between

biologically-based components within the actuator

It can be utilized in nanoscale mechanical devices to pump fluids, open and close valves, or to

provide translational movement

3. TRANSPONDER

It is a system for tracking an object in space to control nanorobot position.

The transponder device has one or several transponder antennas through which a transponder

circuit can receive an RF signal.

The transponder device adds a known delay to the RF signal

The nanorobot uses a RFID CMOS transponder

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NANOROBOT MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of nanorobots may advance biomedical intervention with minimally invasive surgeries ,

help patients who need constant body function monitoring, and improve treatment efficiency

through early diagnosis of possibly serious diseases . Implantable devices in medicine have been

used for continuous patient data acquisition. Patient monitoring can help in preparing for

neurosurgery , early stage diagnostic reports to fight cancer , and blood pressure control for

cardiology problems . The same approach is quite useful in monitoring patients with diabetes. To

visualize how stages of the actual technologies can be used to medicine, based on current

discoveries, publications, and patents, we implemented a system simulation of nanorobots

monitoring blood glucose levels . Actual advances in wireless technologies, nanoelectronics

devices, and their use in the implementation of nanorobots applied to diabetes can illustrate what

upcoming technologies can enable in terms of medicine applications. As an example, patients

with diabetes must take small blood samples many times a day to control glucose levels. Such

procedures are uncomfortable and extremely inconvenient. Serious problems may affect the

blood vessels if the correct target levels of glucose in the blood are not controlled appropriately.

Improper glucose control may result in a large range of consequences for the nervous system,

kidney, eyes, exacerbate heart problems, and can even lead to stroke .The level of sugar in the

body can be observed via constant glucose monitoring using medical nanorobotics. This

important data may help doctors and specialists to supervise and improve the patient medication

and diary diet. The glycemic levels and parameters for an adult with diabetes stay inside the

desired ranges, the patients must try to keep their glucose between 90-130 mg/dl (5.0-7.2

mmol/l) before refection, and <180 mg/dl (<10.0 mmol/l) after refection, here including 2 hours

concluded it. Upon waking the expected blood pressures should be <130/80 mmHg.

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NANOROBOT ARCHITECTURE

The main parameters used for the medical nanorobot architecture and its control activation, as

well as the required technology background that may lead to manufacturing hardware for

molecular machines, are described next.

1. MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

The hardware architecture for a medical nanorobot must include the necessary devices for

monitoring the most important aspects of its operational workspace: the human body. Depending

on the case, different gradients on temperature, concentration of chemicals in the bloodstream,

and electromagnetic signature are some of relevant parameters when monitoring patients. Teams

of nanorobots may cooperate to perform predefined complex tasks in medical procedures . Data

processing, energy supply, and data transmission capabilities can be addressed through

embedded integrated circuits, using advances in technologies derived from nanotechnology and

VLSI design . CMOS VLSI design using deep ultraviolet lithography provides high precision

and a commercial way for manufacturing early nanodevices and nanoelectronics systems To

validate designs and to achieve a successful implementation, the use of VHDL has become the

most common methodology utilized in the integrated circuit manufacturing industry .

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2. CHEMICAL SENSOR

Sensors with suspended arrays of nanowires assembled into silicon circuits can drastically

decrease self-heating and thermal coupling for CMOS functionality . Factors like low energy

consumption and high-sensitivity are among some of the advantages of nanosensors. Nanosensor

manufacturing array processes can use electrofluidic alignment to achieve integrated CMOS

circuit assembly as multi-element systems . Passive and buried electrodes can be used to enable

cross-section drive transistors for signal processing circuitry readout. The passive and buried

aligned electrodes must be electrically isolated to avoid loss of processed signals. Some

limitations to improving BiCMOS, CMOS and MOSFET methodologies include quantum

mechanical tunneling for operation of thin oxide gates, and subthreshold slope . Smaller channel

length and lower voltage circuitry for higher performance are being achieved with new materials

aimed to attend the growing demand for high complex VLSIs. New materials such as strained

channel with relaxed SiGe layer can reduce self-heating and improve performance . Recent

developments in 3D circuits and FinFETs double-gates have achieved astonishing results and

according to the semiconductor roadmap should improve even more. To further advance

manufacturing techniques, Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) technology has been used to assemble

high-performance logic sub 90nm circuits . Circuit design approaches to solve problems with

bipolar effect and hysteretic variations based on SOI structures has been demonstrated

successfully . Thus, already-feasible 90nm and 45nm CMOS devices represent breakthrough

technology

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3. DATA TRANSMISSION

Work with RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) has been developed as an integrated

circuit device for medicine. Using integrated sensors for data transfer is the better answer to read

and write data in implanted devices. Teams of nanorobots may be equipped with single-chip

RFID CMOS based sensors . CMOS with submicron SoC design could be used for extremely

low power consumption with nanorobots communicating collectively for longer distances

through acoustic sensors . For the nanorobot active sonar communication frequencies may reach

up to 20μW@8Hz at resonance rates with 3V supply .More widely accepted and usual than an

RF CMOS transponder, mobile phones can be extremely practical and useful as sensors for

acquiring wireless data transmission from medical nanorobots implanted inside the patient’s

body. Such phones can be a good choice for monitoring predefined patterns in various

biomedical applications, such as helping in the treatment of diabetes, and likewise for many

other health problems. To accomplish that, chemical nanosensors may be embedded in the

nanorobot to monitor glucose levels. The nanorobot will emit signals to send an alarm in case the

patient urgently needs medications prescribed by his doctor. In our nanorobotic system

architecture, the mobile phone is applied . It uses electromagnetic radio waves to command and

detect the current status of nanorobots inside the patient. This occurs as a transponder device

emits magnetic signature to the passive CMOS sensors embedded in the nanorobot, which

enables sending and receiving data through electromagnetic fields. Frequencies ranging from 1

to 20MHz can be successfully used for biomedical applications without any damage . To avoid

possibly loss of information in monitoring the patient’s glucose levels it is used a team of

nanorobots. It serves to solve some signal noise interference. A small loop planer antenna

working as an electromagnetic pick-up with a good matching to the Low Noise Amplifier is used

with the nanorobot.

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4. ENERGY SUPPLY

Most recently, remote inductive powering has been used both for RFID and biomedical

implanted devices to supply power on the order of milliwatts . To operate nanorobots, a low

frequency energy source may be enough. This functional approach presents the possibility of

supplying energy in a wireless manner in order to operate sensors and actuators necessary for the

controlled operation of nanorobots inside the human body. The use of CMOS for active

telemetry and power supply is the most effective and secure way to ensure energy as long as

necessary to keep the nanorobot in operation. Thus nanocircuits with resonant electric properties

can operate as a chip providing electromagnetic energy supplying 1.7 mA at 3.3V for power,

allowing the operation of many tasks with few or no significant losses during transmission . RF-

based telemetry procedures have demonstrated good results in patient monitoring and power

transmission with the use of inductive coupling , using well established techniques already

widely used in commercial applications of RFID . The energy received can be also saved in

ranges of ~1μW while the nanorobot stays inactive modes, just becoming active when signal

patterns require it to do so. Some typical nanorobotic tasks may require the device only to spend

low power amounts, once it has been strategically activated. For communication, sending RF

signals ~1mW is required. Allied with the power source devices, the nanorobots need to perform

precisely defined actions in the workspace using available energy resources as efficiently as

possible. A practical way to achieve easy implementation of this architecture will obtain both

energy and data transfer capabilities for nanorobots by employing mobile phone in such process .

The mobile phone should be uploaded with the control software that includes the communication

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NANOROBOTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF

DIABETES

Glucose carried through the blood stream is important to maintain the human metabolism

working healthfully, and its correct level is a key issue in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.

Intrinsically related to the glucose molecules, the protein hSGLT3 has an important influence in

maintaining proper gastrointestinal cholinergic nerve and skeletal muscle function activities,

regulating extracellular glucose concentration . The hSGLT3 molecule can serve to define the

glucose levels for diabetes patients. The most interesting aspect of this protein is the fact that it

serves as a sensor to identify glucose .

The simulated nanorobot prototype model has embedded Complementary Metal Oxide semi-

conductor (CMOS) nanobioelectronics. It features a size of ~2 micronmeter, which permits it to

operate freely inside the body. Whether the nanorobot is invisible or visible for the immune

reactions, it has no interference for detecting glucose levels in blood stream. Even with the

immune system reaction inside the body, the nanorobot is not attacked by the white blood cells

due biocompatibility . For the glucose monitoring the nanorobot uses embedded chemosensor

that involves the modulation of hSGLT3 protein glucosensor activity .

Through its onboard chemical sensor, the nanorobot can thus effectively determine if the patient

needs to inject insulin or take any further action, such as any medication clinically prescribed.

The image of the NCD simulator workspace shows the inside view of a venule blood vessel with

grid texture, red blood cells (RBCs) and nanorobots. They flow with the RBCs through the

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bloodstream detecting the glucose levels. At a typical glucose concentration, the nanorobots try

to keep the glucose levels ranging around 130 mg/dl as a target for the Blood Glucose Levels

(BGLs). A variation of 30mg/dl was adopted as a displacement range, though this can be

changed based on medical prescriptions. In the medical nanorobot architecture, the significant

measured data can be then transferred automatically through the RF signals to the mobile phone

carried by the patient. At any time, if the glucose achieves critical levels, the nanorobot emits an

alarm through the mobile phone .

Accepted levels of glucose. The nanorobot sends a signal to the mobile phone at every observed

critical level.

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CONTROLLING GLUCOSE LEVEL USING NANOROBOTS

In the simulation, the nanorobot is programmed also to emit a signal based on specified lunch

times, and to measure the glucose levels in desired intervals of time. The nanorobot can be

programmed to activate sensors and measure regularly the BGLs early in the morning, before the

expected breakfast time. Levels are measured again each 2 hours after the planned lunchtime.

The same procedures can be programmed for other meals through the day times. A multiplicity

of blood borne nanorobots will allow glucose monitoring not just at a single site but also in many

different locations simultaneously throughout the body, thus permitting the physician to

assemble a whole-body map of serum glucose concentrations.

Examination of time series data from many locations allows precise measurement of the rate of

change of glucose concentration in the blood that is passing through specific organs, tissues,

capillary beds, and specific vessels. This will have diagnostic utility in detecting anomalous

glucose uptake rates which may assist in determining which tissues may have suffered diabetes-

related damage, and to what extent. Other onboard sensors can measure and report diagnostically

relevant observations such as patient blood pressure, early signs of tissue gangrene, or changes in

local metabolism that might be associated with early-stage cancer. Whole-body time series data

collected during various patient activities levels (e.g., resting, exercising, postprandial, etc.)

could have additional diagnostic value in assessing the course and extent of disease.

This important data may help doctors and specialists to supervise and improve the patient

medication and daily diet. This process using nanorobots may be more convenient and safe for

making feasible an automatic system for data collection and patient monitoring. It may also

avoid eventually infections due the daily small cuts to collect blood samples, possibly loss of

data, and even avoid patients in a busy week to forget doing some of their glucose sampling.

These Recent developments on nanobioelectronics show how to integrate system devices and

cellular phones to achieve a better control of glucose levels for patients with diabetes

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In the proposed model, the nanorobots monitor the BGL. A patient with diabetes can benefit

from monitoring the metabolism uninterruptedly. The same architecture can also serve to early

stages of diagnosis of different health problems.

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SYSTEM SIMULATION

Nanorobots may be considered a promising new technology to help with new treatments for

medicine here including improvement to assist patients who suffer from diabetes. Glucose

carried through the blood stream is important to maintain the human metabolism working

healthfully, and its correct level is a key issue in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. the

hSGLT3 molecule can serve to define the glucose levels for diabetes patients. it serves as a

sensor to identify glucose .Through its onboard chemical sensor, the nanorobot can thus

effectively determine if the patient needs to inject insulin or take any further action, such as any

medication clinically prescribed. The simulated nanorobot prototype model has embedded

CMOS nanobioelectronics. It features a size of ~2 micronmeter, which permits it to operate

freely inside the body. The nanorobot computation is performed through embedded nanosensor;

for pervasive computing, performance requires low energy consumption. Whether the nanorobot

is invisible or visible for the immune reactions, it has no interference for detecting glucose levels

in blood-stream. For the glucose monitoring the nanorobot uses embedded chemosensor that

involves the modulation of hSGLT3 protein glucosensor activity .Even with the immune system

reaction inside the body, the nanorobot is not attacked by the white blood cells due

biocompatibility

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Deployment of large numbers of independent nanorobots can offer many other advantages over

the use of a single blood-contacting implant having similar function (Figs. 4-9). The image of the

NCD simulator workspace shows the inside view of a venule blood vessel with grid texture, red

blood cells (RBCs) and nanorobots. They flow with the RBCs through the bloodstream detecting

the glucose levels

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CONTROL

Nanorobots require some type of guidance and control to perform their tasks.

Nanorobots could either be remotely controlled by a computer or autonomous.

Autonomous robots would require a nanocomputer, which may seem like a ridiculous

idea, but with the miniaturization of circuits this may be possible in the future.

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ADVANTAGES OF NANOROBOTICS

Light weight but extremely strong.

High performance.

High accuracy.

Technologically very advanced and reliable.

Less side effects.

Quick and effective healing of diseases.

It is durable.They can remain operational for years, decades, or centuries.

LIMITATION

Since nanorobot would be microscopic in size, it may be necessary for very large

numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic tasks.

The implementation of a global sensor to control the position of handling tools and nano

objects during the whole manipulation process is a problem.

Expensive

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APPLICATION

Better diagnosis

New devices for medicine

Cardiology interventions

Cancer early diagnosis

Brain surgery

Treatment of cancer

Repair of damaged tissue

Unblocking of arteries affected by plaques

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FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

A nanorobot architecture for data transmission, manufacturing approach, and telemetric control

was presented, building from advances represented in several recent patents. This paper also

described how mobile phones can play an important role to bring the application of medical

nanorobot therapies into people’s lives. Meanwhile, manufacturing methodologies may advance

progressively, and the use of computational nanomechatronics and virtual reality may also help

in the process of creating transducers and actuators relevant to nanorobotic equipment design,

along with RFID and advances in nanobiotechnology applied to medical nanorobotics. This

paper has outlined a pathway toward effective ways to advance nanotechnology as a diagnostic

and treatment tool for patients with diabetes, and showed at the same time how actual

developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works and patents

which may help in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical

problems. The implemented 3D simulator is a practical tool for exploring new techniques,

nanomanufacturing strategies, and nanorobot mobility considerations including actuation and

data transmission, helping designers to define the appropriate molecular machine architecture.

The joint use of nanophotonic and nanotube-based technologies may further accelerate the actual

levels of CMOS resolution ranging down to 45nm devices.

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CONCLUSION

Nanotechnology as a diagnostic and treatment tool for patients with cancer and diabetes showed

how actual developments in new manufacturing technologies are enabling innovative works

which may help in constructing and employing nanorobots most effectively for biomedical

problems. Nanorobots applied to medicine hold a wealth of promise from eradicating disease to

reversing the aging process (wrinkles, loss of bone mass and age-related conditions are all

treatable at the cellular level); nanorobots are also candidates for industrial applications. The

advent of molecular nanotechnology will again expand enormously the effectiveness, comfort

and speed of future medical treatments while at the same time significantly reducing their risk,

cost, and invasiveness

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REFERENCES

www.nanolab.mc.cmu.edu

www.nanorobotdesign.com

www.transhumanism.org

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