SEMINAR PRESENTATIONS

SEMINAR PRESENTATIONSSEMINAR PRESENTATIONSSEMINAR PRESENTATIONSSEMINAR PRESENTATIONS

Cambodia DHS and Measure DHS+ Survey Objectives and MethodologyHousing and Characteristics of the PopulationFertility and its DeterminantsFertility PreferencesFamily PlanningAbortionWomen’s Status Domestic ViolenceHIV/AIDS and Other STIsHealth Status and Utilization of Health ServicesInfant, Child and Maternal MortalityMaternal and Child Health Infant Feeding & Childhood and Maternal Nutrition

Breastfeeding and SupplementationBreastfeeding and Supplementation

Nutritional Status of ChildrenNutritional Status of Children

Nutritional Status of WomenNutritional Status of Women

Micronutrient StatusMicronutrient Status





Breastfeeding and its benefitsBreastfeeding and its benefitsBreastfeeding and its benefitsBreastfeeding and its benefits

Breastmilk contains all the nutrients that most babies need in the first 6 months.

It is hygienic, safe and economical.

Colostrum (premilk substance containing antibodies and white cells from the mother’s blood) is a key supplement for the infant’s immune system.

Colostrum is produced in the first 2 to 3 days of lactation.

What proportion of children are breastfed?

What proportion of children are breastfed?

96

1124

Ever breastfed Within 1st hour ofbirth

Within 1 day of birth

57% of infants are given other liquids 57% of infants are given other liquids before breast milk, a practice that before breast milk, a practice that exposes them to pathogens and exposes them to pathogens and

increases their risk of infection, increases their risk of infection, especially diarrheal disease. especially diarrheal disease.

For how long are children breastfed?

For how long are children breastfed?

Any breastfeeding: 24 months

Exclusive breastfeeding: less than 1 month

99% of children under 6 months of age were breastfed at least 6 times in the 24 hours before the interview

What do children less than 4 months receive? What do children less than 4 months receive?

Not breastfed

1%

Breastfed and liquids (including

other milk)8%

Exclusively breastfed

14%

Breastfed and

complemen- tary foods

8%

Breastfed and plain

water only69%

Supplementary feeding Supplementary feeding Supplementary feeding Supplementary feeding

Whereas early supplementation feeding is not recommended because:

It may expose children to pathogens

It decreases an infant’s intake of breast milk

And it also reduces breast milk production…

However, starting at the age of 6 months, children should be receiving supplementary feeding since breastmilk alone is no longer sufficient.

What do children 6 to 9 months receive? What do children 6 to 9 months receive?

Not breastfed

7%

Breastfed and plain water only

19%

Breastfed and

complemen-tary foods

71%

Exclusively breastfed

2%

Breastfed and liquids (including other milk)

1%

Use of the bottle…Use of the bottle…

1113

18

Less than 4 months 4 to 5 months 6 to 9 months

This practice puts these children at a higher risk of illness and malnutrition.

Level of malnutrition(Percent of children under age 5)Level of malnutrition(Percent of children under age 5)

45

15

45

21

4

13

Height-for-age(Stunting)

Weight-forheight

(Wasting)

Weight-for-age(Underweight)

Severe

Moderate orsevere

Stunting variations by mother’s education and by residence

Stunting variations by mother’s education and by residence

Residence:

Urban 38%Rural 46%

Education:

No education 51%Primary 43%Secondary+ 35%

What percentage of women are malnourished?

What percentage of women are malnourished?

21% of women have a BMI (Body Mass Index) below 18.5; they are considered underweight.

6% of women are shorter than 145 cm, a sign of poor nutritional status during childhood and adolescence.

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD)Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD)

• IDD is a major global nutrition concern.

• IDD can be avoided by using salt that has been fortified with iodine.

• Interviewers asked household respondents for a teaspoon of salt and tested it for iodine content using portable test kits provided by UNICEF.

• Only 12% of children live in households using adequately iodized salt.

Regional variations in the proportion of Regional variations in the proportion of children living in households with iodized saltchildren living in households with iodized salt

Regional variations in the proportion of Regional variations in the proportion of children living in households with iodized saltchildren living in households with iodized salt

2 2 3 3

2942 46

75Nationwide 12%:

23% urban 11% rural

Iron-deficiency anemiaIron-deficiency anemia• Most common micronutrient deficiency in

the world.

• Prevalence is defined by low hemoglobin.

• In the CDHS, direct measurement of hemoglobin for children 6-59 months and women 15-49 years was done in 1 household in 4.

• Level of hemoglobin was measured by taking a drop of capillary blood from a person’s fingertips or heel.

Prevalence of anemia by agePrevalence of anemia by age

48-59 months

16-23 months

6-9 months

6-59 months

Severe Moderate Mild

63%

85%

78%

55%

Prevalence of anemia among women

Prevalence of anemia among women

No education

Primary

Secondary+

Rural

Urban

Cambodia

Severe Moderate Mild

58

51

50

58

59

62

Percent

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)

• Vitamin A is essential for the growth and development, sight, immune function and reproduction.

• VAD is strongly linked to the nature of foods available and to the feeding practices.

• In the survey, VAD was estimated by looking at the consumption of foods rich in vitamin A in the week before the survey and in the consumption of vitamin A supplements.

Vitamin A intake among childrenVitamin A intake among children

*In the week preceding the survey ** In the 6 months preceding the survey

76

29

Consumed foods rich invitamin A*

Consumed vitamin Asupplements**

Main FindingsMain Findings• 96% of children born in the last five years have been

breastfed.

• However, only 11% were breastfed in the first hour and 24% during the first day.

• 14% of children under 4 months are exclusively breastfed

• Half of children under age 3 were breastfed until 24 months.

• Supplementary feeding is introduced much too early in life.

• 16% of children less than 36 months are bottle-fed, which can be detrimental to their health.

• Almost half (45%) of children are stunted (too short for their age) including 21% severely.

• One in five women (21%) have a BMI of less than 18.5.

• Around 3 in 5 children and women are anemic.

• Consumption of iodized salt is very low.

• Consumption of foods rich in vitamin-A is 76%.

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