SEMINAR-II ON Leaf reddening in cotton and its management practices Presented by: SANTHOSH, U. N....

SEMINAR-IION

Leaf reddening in cotton and its management practices

Presented by:

SANTHOSH, U. N.

PG10 AGR 2032

Dept. of Agronomy

University of agricultural

sciences, Raichur (karnataka)

Sequence of presentation

• Introduction• Changes in Leaf reddening • Factors affecting leaf reddening• Management practices• Conclusion

Cotton

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Bt-Cotton Approved

26 March 2002: A Landmark in India

India’s first transgenic crop

Bt Cotton

Bt-cotton area & cotton production in India620 Bt-cotton hybrids & 1 Bt variety have been released so far

New Hybrids

Bt Cotton area lakh ha

What is leaf reddening ?

• Reddening of leaves is a physiological disorder where, in first the leaves

turn red. It starts on the fringes of the leaves or in patches or inter

vascular portion

• The leaf reddening is the result of an unfavorable interaction of varieties,

nutrient supply and environmental condition

• The malady is mostly observed during boll development stage or later but,

occasionally during squaring to flowering stage

Leaf Reddening Index (LRI) Grades Details

0 When all the leaves are green or < 3 leaves showing the signs of reddening

1 when 3 leaves / plant are showing reddening

2 when > 3 leaves / plant showing reddening but young leaves were green

3 when all the leaves are showing reddening in patches / plant

4 when whole plant looks red

Dastane (1952)

Leaf reddening not a new and sudden disease/disorder

Butler reported occurrence of leaf reddening in hirsutum cotton as

back as 1909 when American cotton was introduced in India.

place scientists Reported year

North America Burt & Haidar 1919

New Guinea Evans 1926

Nigeria Jones & Masar 1926

Netherland Sampson 1927

Uganda Arnon 1931

West Punjab & Sindh Dastur & Kanwar Singh 1947

Karnataka Dastur et al. 1952

It is known by several names

Red Leaf Disease (most common)

Lalya in Maharashtra

Lal Pan in Gujarat

Copper top

Red wilt/ Anthocynosis in many countries

Bronzing

Sudden wilt/ Phloem wilt in U.S.

Stages of development or levels ofseverity of leaf reddening.

Stage or severity Above-ground symptoms

Early or slight Lower leaf angle (wilting) and higher leaf

temperature in upper canopy than in normal plants

Mid-stage or moderate

plus reddening of upper canopy (stem or leaf) and

abnormal shedding of fruits

Late stage or severeplus necrosis of stem tissue or whole plants

What changes occur during leaf reddening

Morphological

The leaf reddening initially seen in mature leaves and gradually spreads throughout the canopy

The affected leaves become brittle with buckling and crinkling between vein and cupping under the leaf lobes. This is followed by necrosis and pre-mature shedding

Reddened plant produce smaller and fewer leaves

Bolls turn red and crack pre-maturely

The overall plant growth is stunted

Upper surface of leaf showing reddening

Lower surface of leaf showing reddening

Physiological

Reduced rate of photosynthesis (23.5 – 53.3%) due to decreased photochemical reaction and stomatal limitation (Velikova et al., 2002)

Reduced rate of respiration (3.6 – 16.1 %)

Reduced rate of transpiration (5.4 – 16.8 %)

Low root sugar content

Large starch granules in chloroplast of red leaves

Biochemical

Degradation of chlorophyll / Anthocynin accumulation

Increased carbohydrates contents

Increased free amino acids and protein-nitrogen

Increased leaf tannin / phenolic content (Chakravorthy, 1980 and Taneja et al., 1984)

Increased Peroxidase activity (Edreva et al., 2002)

Increased Proline content (Chakravorthy, 1980)

Reduction in pH of cell sap (Chakravorthy, 1980)

Reversible change in membrane permeability

Nutrients

Reduce uptake of K (Yagmur et al., 2009)

Accumulation of Na (Yagmur et al., 2009)

Reduced Nitrogen content (Dastur, 1968 and Bhatt & Patil, 1976)

Low Mg content (Pagare and Durge, 2010)

Reddening intensity increases with decreasing N & P content (Ishag et al., 1987)

Factors affecting leaf reddening

Leaf reddening

Environmental factors

Nutritional factors

Sucking pests Soil factors

Production aspects

Pathogenic aspects Physiological aspects

Vijay Kumar Ghante et al., 2010

The Reasons For ReddeningClimate

Low night temperature <16°C simulates in anthocynin formation (Dastur, 1968)

Wide differences in day and night temperature (>20°C) with day temperature >38°C may lead to reddening

High wild velocity leading to desiccation injury (Dastur, 1968)

High light intensity (Combrink, 1988)

High crop ET demand, depleting leaf/ soil moisture aggravate reddening intensity (Taneja et al., 1984)

Water stress of -300 kpa caused premature senescence with induction of anthocynin, synthesis in petiole, stem and leaves (Combrink, 1988)

High water table and soil compaction causing low O2 in rhizosphere.

Plant stresses

• Environmental stress factors

such as cool, cloudy weather and low temperatures in the late season can inhibit the crop's ability to take up potassium, even in soils that are not K deficient

• Soil compaction can also restrict K uptake

• Water logging from rain or irrigation is another stress that prevent uptake in K rich soils

• Inadequate N nutrition for a highly loaded crop

Green leaf

Bad soil conditions

Poor aeration

Reduced uptake of mineral

Enzyme inactivation

Red leaf occurrence

A flow chart indicating red leaf occurrence due to bad soil conditions

Dhopte ( 1985)

Nutritional factors

N deficiency in leaf at flowering and boll development causes leaf reddening, if N falls <2.0 - 2.5% depending upon crop growth (Bhatt, 1996 and Dastur, 1968). Low leaf N could be due to Low soil N availability Impaired N uptake due to moisture stress or water logging Diversion of leaf N to developing bolls Synchronized boll development and high N demand

Petiole K <4% and leaf blade K <1% favour senescence, subsequently leaf reddening

Deficiency of micro nutrient, particularly Zn

Low magnesium content in leaf (Perumal & Subramaniam, 1979 and Bhatt et al., 1982)

Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency can be expected in calcareous soils, specially when high amounts of single super phosphate and potassium are applied

Reddening of older and middle leaves is an indication for magnesium deficiency

Lower leaves become purplish red with distinct green veins

REMEDIES:

Soil application of magnesium sulphate @ 25 kg/ha

Foliar spray of magnesium sulphate @ 0.5% or 1.0% at flowering and reproductive stages of crop growth

Potassium Deficiency

• yellowish white mottling• leaves become light yellowish green with

yellow specks• specks become necrotic, causing the

leaves to appear rusted or dotted• After peak bloom, K deficiency

symptoms first appear on the younger mature leaves in the upper third of the canopy.

• Pre-mature shredding of leaves prevents boll development, resulting in small immature bolls

REMEDIES :

• Apply potassium in 3 equal split doses at 30, 60 and 90 DAS through either murate of potash or potassium sulphate

• Use foliar spray with potassium bearing inorganic fertilizers

Nitrogen Deficiency

produces small, pale yellow leaves, reduced stalk height, and lesser number of vegetative branches

Bolls shed in the first 10-12 days after flowering

It results in yellowing, premature reddening

REMEDIES:Grow leguminous crop as intercrop to correct edaphic conditions and to augment biological nitrogen fixation process

Top dressing with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer @10 - 20 Kg N/ha

Foliar spray of nitrogen fertilizers @ 0.5% N

Phosphorus Deficiency

Affects growth rate which ultimately results in stunted plants with dark leaves

delayed fruiting, reduced flowering, boll setting and delayed maturity of set bolls

In certain severe cases, the foliage becomes reddish to purple in colour

Insect and pathological factors

Severely jassid damaged varieties show symptoms similar to leaf reddening

Viral etiology has been proved for red leaf disease in Brazil (Costa)

Anthocyanin production by cotton leaves is response to an unsuccessful challenge by X.compastris pv. malvacerum is a response to bacterial blight (Kangatharalingam et al., 2002)

Cotton plant affected with Jassids

Thrips

White fly, Aphids

Alternaria leaf spot Foliar fertilizer spray injury

Fusarium wilt Verticilium wilt

Genetic Factors

Leaf Reddening is observed only in tetraploid and rarely in diploid indigenous cottons

Certain hybrids are very prone to reddening than others

The expression of reddening depends on the interaction of genotype and environment

The inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation is monogenic in nature (Sandhu et al., 1987)

Reddening Symptoms on affected plants

Chlorosis of foliage with bronze wilt Plants with end of row affected with bronze wilt

Wilt of foliage Rosis associated with bronze wilt

Leaf reddening in Bt Cotton

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESULTS

Stages

TCHH 4 MRC 6301 NSC 145

Healthy leaves

Reddening affected leaves

Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves


Square formation

stage 2.07 1.19 2.03 1.18 2.09 1.20

Boll development

stage 1.53 0.96 1.51 0.94 1.57 0.98

Boll bursting stage

1.36 0.71 1.32 0.67 1.37 0.73

Chlorophyll content of leaves (mg/g)

Pagare & Durge, 2010

Stages TCHH 4 MRC 6301 NSC 145Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves


Square formation stage

3.85 8.91 3.90 8.96 3.76 8.77

Boll development stage

4.92 10.85 5.12 10.98 4.90 10.92

Boll Bursting stage 5.92 12.72 5.97 13.40 5.88 12.52

Anthocynin content of leaves (ppm)


Carbohydrates content of leaves (%)



Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves



3.85 4.84 3.70 4.70 3.97 4.87


3.56 4.43 3.37 4.30 3.70 4.74

Boll bursting stage

2.90 3.14 2.80 3.22 2.98 3.31


Changes in leaf anthocyanin content of cotton genotypes at

different stages

Genotypes 100 DAS 132 DAS 162DAS

MCU-5 3.95 5.52 8.16

DCH-32 1.32 3.26 9.62

RKR-4145 3.11 5.24 6.57

LAXMI 4.10 6.29 7.99

SHARADA 2.89 5.04 6.09

LRA-5166 2.26 3.96 4.52

JK-119 2.08 4.89 5.97

RAMPBS-218 1.81 2.27 2.86

RAMPBS-296 0.88 1.79 2.34CD @ 5 % 1.24 1.05 1.29

Chimmad and Panchal (1999)

Changes in leaf anthocyanin content in top, middle and bottom canopy levels at different stages

Canopy levels 100 DAS 132 DAS 162DAS

Top 2.99 4.48 5.72

Middle 2.79 4.34 5.45

Bottom 2.90 4.82 4.75

Chimmad and Panchal ( 1999)

Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of cotton leaves with and without reddening symptoms

variants Photosynthetic rate

Stomatal conductance

Transpiration rate

Control leaf 32.3 0.553 2.855

Severe symptoms of reddening

6.43 0.036 0.620

Wilting plant 7.13 0.0046 0.078

C.D.(p=0.05) 1.108 0.078 0.313

Cv(p=0.05) 6.2 14 12

Naidu et al. ( 2011)

NUTRITIONAL RESULTS

Nitrogen content of leaves (%)



Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves


Square formation stage 2.85 1.21 2.66 1.17 2.86 1.30


2.39 1.22 2.36 1.12 2.43 1.32

Boll bursting stage 2.80 0.84 1.75 0.76 1.84 0.86


Magnesium content of leaves (%)

Stages TCHH 4 MRC 6301 NSC 145

Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves


Healthy leaves



1.39 0.88 1.32 0.85 1.37 0.89


1.09 0.82 1.08 0.80 1.09 0.83

Boll Burstingstage

0.98 0.70 0.97 0.64 0.99 0.73


Changes in leaf Nitrogen content (%) of cotton genotypes at different stages of reddening

Genotypes 100 DAS 132 DAS 162DAS

MCU-5 2.83 2.79 1.73

DCH-32 3.04 2.58 1.85

RKR-4145 2.99 2.67 2.09

LAXMI 2.81 3.06 2.45

SHARADA 2.74 2.75 2.13

LRA-5166 2.83 3.11 2.43

JK-119 2.68 2.83 2.30

RAMPBS-218 3.07 2.80 2.69

RAMPBS-296 3.29 2.76 2.81

CD @ 5% 0.11 0.23 0.21


Ishag et al.1986

EFFECT OF POTASSIUM

Effect of soil and foliar application of Potassium on growth and yield parameters of cotton

Treatments No. Of monopodials/plant

No. Of sympodials/plant

No. Of bolls/plant

Boll weight ( g)

N P only ( No K) 1.4 19.3 15.3 4.75

NPK (RDF) 2.2 21.9 17.5 5.03

NPK + K – foliar spray at early boll formation

2.1 22.5 18.8 5.30

NPK + K- foliar spray at peak boll formation

2.4 23.0 18.8 5.35

NPK + K- twice foliar sprays each at early and peak boll formation

2.6 23.0 20.6 5.48

S.Em ± 0.24 23.9 0.57 0.10CD @ 5% 0.73 NS 1.75 0.32

Aladakatti et al. (2010)

Dry matter production and nutrient uptake by cotton (kg/ha)

Treatment Dry matter N uptake P uptake K uptake

Control (water spray) 5551 69.6 12.30 67.72

KNO3 (2%) – 4 sprays 6400 80.7 14.37 78.15

KNO3 (3%) – 4 sprays 5510 69.3 12.19 67.22

Soil application of K – 4 splits 7120 89.2 14.76 87.40

K (100%) applied as basal 6161 77.30 13.65 75.32

DAP (2%) at PF and BDS – 2 sprays 6027 75.3 15.36 74.46

KCl (1%) – 4 sprays 5631 70.6 12.64 68.70

SED 530 6.6 1.17 6.47

CD(p=0.05) 1075 13.4 2.37 13.12

Srinivasan and Ramalingam., 2011

Treatments Seed cotton yield

(kg/ha)

No. Of open bolls/plant

Ginning (%)

Boll weight (g)

NP (120:50) 1335 17.83 32.18 3.25

NPK (120:50:40) 1381 20.00 33.82 3.46

T2+ K foliar at initiation of boll formation

(5kg/ha)

1433 23.50 34.89 3.74

T2+ K foliar at peak boll formation

1408 22.67 33.72 3.67

T2+ K foliar at initiation and peak boll formation

1445 28.83 35.89 3.99

CD @ 5% 32.27 1.51 2.09 0.18

Yield, yield attributes and quality of Cotton as influenced by foliar application of Potassium

Sharma and sunder Singh (2007)

MICRO NUTRIENTS SPRAY RESULTS

Treatments Bolls/pl Boll wt.(g)

Yield/pl (g)

Yield (kg/ha)

RDF only 15.6 5.13 69.6 2103

0.1% boron spray 17.8 5.07 74.8 2149

0.5% ZnSO4 spray 17.7 5.35 74.8 2213

1% MgSO4 spray 18.7 5.12 77.2 2174

1% MnSO4 spray 18.8 5.15 76.7 2200

0.5% FeSO4 spray 17.4 4.93 75.6 2235

0.5% ZnSO4 spray + 1% MgSO4 spray 19.6 5.22 84.1 2438

0.5% ZnSO4 + 1% MgSO4 +0.5% FeSO4 spray 19.4 5.25 81.6 2312

0.5% ZnSO4 + 1% MgSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 + 0.1% boron spray

18.0 5.18 78.2 2314

CD @ 5% NS NS NS 189

Yield parameters and yield of Bt-cotton as influenced by foliar application of Micronutrients

Anon., 2007

Foliar applications Plant Height

Sympodia/plant

Bolls/plant

BollWeight (g)

Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)

Magnesium sulphate (0.5%)

165.2 28.02 35.4 4.19 1482

Magnesium sulphate (1.0%)

160.6 27.53 39.2 4.21 1595

Zinc sulphate (0.2%) 156.2 24.93 38.7 4.30 1512

Ferrous sulphate (0.2%) 152.5 23.48 37.8 4.19 1557

Manganese sulphate (0.2%)

158.4 26.50 37.4 4.29 1607

Boric acid (0.2%) 155.4 25.08 25.08 4.19 1575

Control 151.8 24.40 24.40 4.17 1271CD @ 5% 8.75 0.42 3.38 0.22 123.2

Effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth parameters of cotton

Ratna kumari and Hema., 2009

Effect of micronutrient fertilizers on per plant growth

Treatment Height (cm)

squares LAI Dry weight (kg/ha)

MgSO4 @ 50 kg/ha-soil 63.4 11.9 2.7 1709

MgSO4 @ 0.5% -foliar 70.3 15.6 2.9 2114

ZnSO4 @ 50 kg/ha-soil 67.5 15.0 2.8 1906

ZnSO4 @ 0.5% -foliar 62.5 12.8 2.5 1625

FeSO4 @ 50 kg/ha-soil 66.2 14.0 2.4 1654

FeSO4 @ 0.5% -foliar 69.2 12.8 2.7 1657

Borax @ 5 kg/ha-soil 58.8 13.3 2.7 1982

Borax @ 0.5% -foliar 65.2 14.0 2.5 1638

Control 66.2 14.8 2.3 1663

Sankaranarayanan et al., 2010

What loses are caused by Leaf Reddening….

If the reddening occurs in early stages of squaring to flowering the losses may be as high as 60 - 75%, if corrective measures are not taken.

Usually reddening occurs post bolling stage when the losses could be 15 - 25% depending upon severity.

More than actual losses, the phenomenon disturbs the psyche of the cultivator.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Yield and yield parameters as influenced by management of leaf reddening in Bt-cotton

Treatments Bolls/plant Boll wt (g)

Yield/plant (g)

Kapas yield (kg/ha)

RDF only 21.6 5.20 106.1 3081

RDF (on soil test) 21.8 5.50 100.7 2976

T2+ 3sp 1% MgSO4 at 80, 100 and 120 DAS 25.6 5.40 125.7 3315

T2+ FYM 10 t/ha+ 1sp 2% urea and 1 sp 1% urea + 1% MgSO4 FL to BD stage

23.9 5.62 126.3 3382

T2+ FYM 10 t/ha + 2 sp % KNO3+ 2% DAP FL to BD stage

26.3 5.78 132.1 3327

CD @ 5% NS NS 14.8 242

Anon., 2009

Economics as influenced by management of leaf reddening in Bt- Cotton

Treatments Gross returns Rs/ha

Net returns Rs/ha

B:C

RDF only 86283 57620 3.01

RDF (on soil test) 83316 54865 2.93

T2 + 3sp 1% MgSO4 at 80, 100 and 120 DAS 92822 62942 3.11

T2 + FYM 10 t/ha +1sp 2% urea and 1 sp 1% urea + 1% MgSO4 FL to BD stage

94702 64638 3.15

T2 + FYM 10 t/ha + 2 sp % KNO3 + 2%DAP FL to BD stage

93167 61813 2.97

CD @ 5% 6781 NS NS

Anon., 2009

EFFECT ON SEED COTTON YIELD

Seed cotton yield (q/ha) and Red Leaf Index (RLI) at different stages of different Genotypes

Genotypes Seed cotton (q/ha) 100 DAS 132 DAS 162DAS

MCU-5 12.03 1.85 3.15 3.37

DCH-32 13.37 1.58 3.33 3.77

RKR-4145 16.93 2.37 3.58 3.83

LAXMI 15.95 3.15 3.82 3.53

SHARADA 23.18 1.85 2.25 3.25

LRA-5166 17.69 1.62 2.07 2.57

JK-119 16.10 1.53 1.48 3.67

RAMPBS-218 22.30 0.77 1.42 2.07

RAMPBS-296 23.15 0.47 0.97 1.27


Remedial Measures

Maintain a good soil organic carbon at least ≥ 0.5% by adding F.Y.M, composting and green manure.

Apply irrigation at closer interval during peak bolling.

Avoid high temperature period synchronizing with high boll load.

Use judicious amount of fertilizers & micronutrient at right time depending on soil test/critical leaf/ petiole limit.

If reddening occurs apply 2% DAP/ 1-2% Urea with 0.5-1% MgSO4, repeat after 10 days. This can be done as a preventive measure as well.

Use suitable and resistant variety for the area. Some varieties are highly prone to reddening e.g. MECH-1, MECH-4, JKCH-1, DCH-32 (Sahay, 1988). RCH-2 Bt, Brahma, NCS-145 are often show reddening.

In many cases use of 2-3% KNO3 , 3 - 4 times during squaring to bolling has been found effective in managing reddening.

Foliar application of CCC helps in managing greenery and prevents reddening.

Cultural practices make RLS less severe

• Plant at recommended time so as not to coincide with high soil

temperatures regime during fruiting.

• Apply balanced fertilizers at appropriate time and dosage.

• Fertilize with phosphorus, potassium and sulphur before planting when soil

tests indicate deficiencies.

• Prevent water stress by irrigating sufficiently in irrigated areas and by

proper water conservation methods in rain fed areas.• RLS is an annual problem that reduces yield, quality and economic returns

to producers.

Multi Disciplinary Approach

Growing of leaf reddening tolerant Bt hybrids

Soil test based site specific fertilizer application

Timely application of fertilizers

Foliar sprays of multi micronutrient mixtures at square and boll formation stage

Management of sucking insect and mite pests

Management of wilt diseases

Vijay Kumar Ghante (2010)

Future Prospects

Development of reddening resistant hybrids which are suitable to that cotton growing regions.

Bring improvement over through current soil and foliar nutrition management practices.

Improvement in agronomic package and cultivation practices like doses of fertilizers, pest control, irrigation methods, sowing time etc.

Detailed studies on physiological and biochemical changes and management practices essential

Leaf reddening cannot be reversed but depending upon the inciting factors, preventive or corrective measures can be resorted to keep

this disorder under check.

CONCLUSION

SEMINAR-II ON Leaf reddening in cotton and its management practices Presented by: SANTHOSH, U. N....

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Transcript of SEMINAR-II ON Leaf reddening in cotton and its management practices Presented by: SANTHOSH, U. N....