Semi-structured Data and XML in Geographic Data Modeling...
Transcript of Semi-structured Data and XML in Geographic Data Modeling...
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Geographic Data Analysis
Emmanuel Stefanakis
http://www2.unb.ca/~estef/
Stefanakis, E., 2014. Geographic Databases and Information Systems.
CreateSpace Independent Publ. [In English], pp.386.
Get a copy from Amazon
Chapter 11
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Geographic Information Systems
• Information System
User
Interface
Data
Analyzer
Data Manager
Database Data resides
here
Management operations
(insert,delete,update,
retrieve)
Analysis
operations
(application
dependent)
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Representation of Geographic Data
• Tomlin’s Model…
– geographic data forms a hierarchy
map
thematic
layer 1
thematic
layer 2
thematic
layer 3
zone 1 zone 2 zone 3
location 1 location 2 location 3
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Representation of Geographic Data
• Tomlin’s Model…
– represents both discrete entities and continuous
fields ...
map
thematic
layer 1
thematic
layer 2
thematic
layer 3
zone 1 zone 2 zone 3
location 1 location 2 location 3
Continuous fields
(raster)
Discrete entities
(vector)
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Geographic Operations
• An operation …
– based on Tomlin’s model
Operation
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Geographic Operations
• Classification of operations …
– based on Tomlin’s model
Local operations Focal operations Zonal operations
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Geographic Operations
• Local operations …
compute a new value for
each location on a layer
as a function of existing
data explicitly
associated with that
location
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Geographic Operations
• Local operations …
Classification
23 25 33 28
25 32 34 29
34 31 32 29
29 37 28 27
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
0 1 0 0
value > 30
e.g., temperature
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Geographic Operations
• Local operations …
Overlay
3 5 3 8
5 2 4 9
4 1 2 9
9 7 8 7
5 7 6 10
7 5 7 11
7 4 5 11
11 10 10 9
+
2 2 3 2
2 3 3 2
3 3 3 2
2 3 2 2
e.g.,
anglophones+francophones
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Geographic Operations
• Focal operations …
compute new values
for every location as a
function of its
neighborhood
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Geographic Operations
• Focal operations …
Sum of
direct neighbors
(dynamic
neighborhood)
2 1 1 2
2 3 3 3
1 4 4 2
3 1 4 2
5 7 7 6
8 13 14 10
10 13 17 11
5 12 11 8
e.g., slope or aspect
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Geographic Operations
• Focal operations …
Direction to
direct neighbors
(static
neighborhood)
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
8 1 1 2
8 1 1 2
7 0 0 3
6 5 5 4
e.g., direction relation
1 2
3
4 5 6
7
8
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Geographic Operations
• Zonal operations …
compute a new value
for each location as a
function of existing
values associated with a
zone containing that
location
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Geographic Operations
• Zonal operations …
Search
e.g., forests (F) in NB
F L L L
F F F F
L L F F
L L F L
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0
AND
Q Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
Q Q NB NB
Q Q NB NB
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Geographic Operations
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Example…
• The problem…
– find …
• best location(s) for residential housing development…
– Constraints and opportunities
• Free land (no development)
• Dry land
• Level and Smooth land (slope < 10%)
• Close to existing roads
• South slope
• Adequate size (>1.5 km2)
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Example…
• Input layers
– Hypsography
– Development
– Humidity
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Example…
(1) Find vacant areas…
development
Local
classification
development
classes
Local
generalization
vacant &
developed
Zonal
search (dummy) vacant areas
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Example…
(2) Find dry areas…
moisture
Local
classification
moisture
classes
Local
generalization
dry &
wet
Zonal
search (dummy) dry areas
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Example…
(3) Find level areas…
hypsography
Focal
surfacial slope
Local
classification
slope
classes
Local
generalization
level &
steep
Zonal
search (dummy)level areas
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Example…
(4) Find south-facing areas…
hypsography
Focal
surfacial aspect
Local
classification
aspect
classes
Local
generalization
south &
north
Zonal
search (dummy)south areas
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Example…
(5) Find accessible areas (road net)…
development
Zonal
search (dummy) roads
Focal
neighborhood
road
proximity
Local
classification
road proximity
classes
Local
generalization
accessible &
inaccessible
Zonal
search (dummy) accessible areas
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Example…
(6) Highlight the ‘good’ sites…
vacant areas
vac., dry, level,
access., south
Local
overlaydry areas
level areas
south areas
accessible areas
Zonal
search (dummy)
good sites
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Example…
(7) The Solution …
good sites
Zonal
measurement
good sites
size
Local
classification
candidate
sites
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Geographic Data Analysis
Emmanuel Stefanakis
http://www2.unb.ca/~estef/
Stefanakis, E., 2014. Geographic Databases and Information Systems.
CreateSpace Independent Publ. [In English], pp.386.
Get a copy from Amazon
Chapter 11