Semester 1 Review
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Transcript of Semester 1 Review
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Semester 1 Review
• Anatomical directional terms• Cells and tissues• Skin and the integumentary system• Nervous system
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Special Senses
Eye and Ear
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Eye and Vision
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Quick Facts about the Eye
• 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye• Approx. 1 inch in diameter• Uses light to gather information about
environment
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External Eye
• Eyelid• Eyelashes• Medial canthus• Lateral canthus
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Accessory Structures of the Eye• Tarsal glands (within
eyelids)• Conjuctiva• Lacrimal apparatus
– Lacrimal glands Lacrimal canals and lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct nasal cavity
– Lacrimal secretions are made up of a dilute salt solution and lysozyme (antibiotic)
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Internal Eye Anatomy
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Eye Overview
• Made of tunics and humors• Tunics: layers surrounding the eye and it’s
parts• Humors: fluid areas within the tunics to give
eye pressure and keep it’s shape
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Tunics
• Sclera: outermost tunic– Thick, white covering– Anterior portion modified into cornea• No blood vessels
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Tunics
• Vascular tunic: middle tunic– Supplies blood to eye– 2 parts: • Choroid (posterior)• Ciliary body (anterior) attaches lens using ciliary
zonule (suspensory ligaments)
• Iris• Pupil
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Tunics
• Sensory tunic: innermost tunic• Retina: contains photoreceptors– Rods: black, white and shades of gray in dim light,
peripheral vision– Cones: color receptors (what colors?)
• Signals sent from retina to optic nerve to brain
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Retina
• Macula lutea: yellowish area near back of the eye– Fovea Centralis: depression in the center of
Macula lutea• High concentration of cones• Produces sharpest vision
• Optic disc: nerve fibers and blood vessels enter and leave the eye– Contains a blind spot
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Humors
• Humors: fluid filled areas in eye• Aqueous humor– Anterior to lens– Constantly replaced to bring nutrients to areas without
blood supply• Secreted by choroid• Scleral vernous sinus (canal of Schlemm) – at junction of sclera
and cornea
• Vitreous humor– Posterior to lens– Constant pressure to give eye shape (intraocular pressure)
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Lens
• Biconvex structure• Behind cornea, iris, pupil• Bends to focus on objects
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Muscles of the Eye (right eye)
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Muscles of the Eye (front)
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How does the eye work?
• Light is refracted by each layer it moves through– Humors, lens, cornea
• Image is shown on retina (upside-down) and sent to brain
• Brain flips the image and uses other cues to make sense of image
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How does the eye work?
• Nerve impulses from the retina leave the eye through the optic nerve.
• Optic nerves from each eye meet at the optic chiasm.
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How does the eye work?
• At the optic chiasm, the impulses from the medial portion of each retina cross over to the opposite side
• Leaving the optic chiasm are the optic tracts, which fuse in the thalamus
• Leaving the thalamus are the optic radiations, which then join to the occipital lobe (visual cortex) of the brain where interpretation occurs
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How does the eye work?
• Result is that each side of the brain receives input from both eyes.
• Binocular vision – each eye sends an image to the brain, resulting in 3-dimensional vision.
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Problems within the Eye
• Cateracts• Conjunctivitis• Nearsightedness – distant objects are blurry• Farsightedness – close objects are blurry• Astigmatism• Glaucoma
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Sheep Eye Dissection
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Sheep Eye Dissection
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Sheep Eye Dissection
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Additional Sheep Eye Questions
1. How did the fat and muscle tissue differ in the sheep eye?
2. What is the function of the choroid coat?
3. How is the tapetum lucidum used in the sheep eye?
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The Ear, Hearing, and Balance
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Overview of the Ear
• 3 parts: outer, middle, inner• Mechanoreceptor: respond to physical forces
(sound vibrations, movement of the head)
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Middle Ear
• Tympanic membrane• Ossicles: smallest bones
in the human body– hammer/malleus – anvil/incus– stirrup/stapes
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Middle Ear
• Oval window• Round window• Pharyngotympanic tube
(auditory/Eustachian tube)– connects ear and throat and will open and close to keep pressure within ear the same as external pressure
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Outer Ear
• Pinna or auricle – external ear– Surrounds auditory canal into ear canal
• External acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) – skin lined canal between outside of the head and the eardrum– Glands in skin (ceruminous glands) secrete
cerumen to protect ear
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Inner Ear
• Made up of bony chambers called the osseous (bony) labyrinth
• 3 divisions:– Cochlea– Vestibule– Semicircular canals
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Inner Ear
• Filled with fluid called perilymph
• Within labyrinth are membranes (membranous labyrinth)– Filled with endolymph
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Inner Ear
• Semicircular canals and vestibule are responsible for balance and detecting motion.
• Cochlea is responsible for hearing.
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Hearing
• Organ of Corti– Within the cochlea– Basilar membrane• Anchors hair cells
– Tectoral membrane• Above hair cells
• Different sounds will vibrate membranes at different frequency
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Organ of Corti
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How sound travels to the brain
• Send sound signals along cochlear nerve to the temporal lobe (auditory cortex)
• Two ears help us determine where sounds are coming from
• Over-stimulation of cochlear nerve allows us to “tune out” certain sounds
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Hearing Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahCbGjasm_E
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Equilibrium and Balance
• Vestibular Apparatus: equilibrium detectors in the vestibule and semicircular canals
• Send signals to brain through vestibular nerve to cerebellum
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Static equilibrium • Vestibule of the inner ear• Respond to gravity, balance– Utricle (hairs are upright)– Saccule (hairs are horizontal)
• Maculae: patch of hairs and supporting cells on the utricle and saccule
• Otolithic membrane (gel-like material) contains otoliths (calcium carbonate stones) to detect movement of head
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Static Equilibrium
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Static Equilibrium
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Dynamic equilibrium
• Semicircular Canals– Anterior canal– Posterior canal – Lateral canal
• Movement in all directions
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Semicircular Canals
• Membranous canals within the bony canal ends in an ampulla– Communicate with the utricle
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Semicircular Canals (within the ampulla)
• Crista ampullaris: contains hairs to detect movement
• Cupula (gel cap) on the hairs of the christa ampullaris– Movement bends hairs,
cupula, endolymph
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Dynamic Equilibrium
• Cupula on surface of the crista ampullaris bends hairs in response to motion.
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