Semantics Workshop (Ling 100 TFB)
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Transcript of Semantics Workshop (Ling 100 TFB)
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Semantics Workshop
Benito, Joberson
Geronimo, Carolyn
Herrera, Rachelle
Mallari, Benjamin
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To mean or not to mean, That is
the question.
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Workshop flow
Lecture 40 minutes
Activities
Semantic Mapping 10 minutesWhat do you mean? 35 minutes
Synthesis
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Lecture Outline
I. Meaning
A. Reference & Sense Mr. BenitoB. Sense & Connotations Ms. GeronimoC. Literal & Figurative meaning Ms. HerreraD. Sentence and utterance meaning Mr. Mallari
II. Semantics
A. Issues Mr. BenitoB. Semantics vs. Pragmatics Ms. Geronimo
C. Semantic roles & features Ms. HerreraIII. Homophony, Polysemy and vagueness Mr. Mallari
Back to workshop flow
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Workshop flow
Lecture 40 minutes
Activities
Semantic Mapping 10 minutesWhat do you mean? 35 minutes
Synthesis
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Now, Lets get started!
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Lectur
epar
ts for Workshop
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Part One:
Meaning
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The Notion ofMeaning
MEANING
encodedby words
andsentences
that speakers
intend to their
utterancesin a particular
instances of
speech
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Re
fe
re
nce
and Se
nse
Reference- the actual objectthatthe sign
represents
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dog
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Sense contextual meaning of a word or
sentence
Morning Star
Evening Star
VENUS
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Signs always have sense
but not all signs have reference
at, to, and, the
Value-
aspect
of se
nse
de
rive
d fromth
econ
tras
tswith other members ofthe language system
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Intension- defining properties that must be
satisfied in any application of a linguistic item
dog
Animal
Fluffyears
Barks
BitesHairy
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Sense and Connotation
Connotation - an idea that is implied or
su
gge
ste
d in orde
rto d
etermin
eth
ereference of an expression.
Unlikethe sense of word, connotations are not
always present.
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Connotations can differ according to a
persons attitude.
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Connotations also differ according to
the linguistic or speech context.
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Literal and FigurativeMeaning
Literal Meaning
Also known as Denotative
meaning
The sense actually encodedby its component lexical and
grammatical signs.
.
Figurative Meaning
Also known as Connotative
meaning.
Considered to be anextension ofthe literal
meaning.
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Hetied the knot last November.
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Another Example
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He kicked the bucket.
Literal Meaning Figurative meaning
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Processes ofMeaning extension
Metaphor- the sense of an expression is
extended to another concept on the basis of
resemblance.
Metonymy- the sense is extended to another
conceptvia a typical or habitual association.
Synedoche- the sense is extended via part-
whole relation.
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We know that life isnt really a roller coaster. It is
just compared to a roller coaster because of its
twists and turns.
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Sentence and UtteranceMeaning
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Semantics vs. Pragmatics
Semantics s
tudy of s
en
ten
cem
eaning.
- deals with themeaning of expressionstaken in isolation, with the meaning theyhave within the system of language.
Pragmatics study of sentenceutterancemeaning.
- deals with the specific meaning ofactual
instances of language usecon
vey
ed by alinguisticexpression in a particular context
of speech.
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Sentence vs. Utterance meaning
Sentence meaning is directly connected togrammar.
Utterance meaning is related to both
grammar andcon
text.
Ex.
The car broke down yesterday
- describes a situation, the failure of a car.
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1) Carol: Whats been happening while Ive beenaway?
Paolo:The car broke down yesterday.
- Plain statement of fact, and giving a directquestion to the answer.
2) Carol: Do you feel like going outtonight?
Paolo:The car broke down yesterday.
- refusal, or request
The meaning ofthe sentence still remains
constant but
de
pe
nding oncon
text, diff
er
en
tmeanings areconveyed by uttering the
sentence.
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PartTwo:
Semantics
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Three Issues in Semantics
1. Homophony, Polysemy and Vagueness
Homophony- two different words that share the
same phonological form
e.g.
meat and meet
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Polysemy- one form having multiple meanings
which are all related by extension
e.g.1. head as the object on top of your body
2. top of a company
3. on top of a glass of beer
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Homophony Vs. Polysemy
Bank Voice
1. Separateentries in the dictionary2. vagueness or the lack of specificity of
meaning
Wrong Good
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Lexical Relations
Synonymy- relation of sameness or closesimilarity of meaning
e.g.
mad, crazy small, tiny
Antonymy- relation ofthe opposite in meaning
e.g.
absent, present high, low
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Hyponymy- meaning of one word includes themeaning ofthe other
Specific included in a general meaning
tools- hammer, saw, screwdriver
animal- dog, cat, bat
Meronymy- the part-whole relation
Car- windshield, wheel, sidemirror
Room- window, door, ceiling
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Transitivity- distinction between hyponymy and
meronymy
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Semantics VS Pragmatics
Semantics
Semantics invites a focus on meaning and truthconditions without regard to communication and
context.
Semantics is compositional:The meaning of a
complexexpression relates in a predictable wayto the meanings ofthe parts from which it isconstructed. The meaning ofthe whole is afunction ofthe meaning ofthe parts.
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Semantics VS Pragmatics
Pragmatics involves how speakers use language incontextualized social interactions -- how they dothings with words.
Aspects ofthe interpretation ofutterances thatdo not involvetruth conditions arecommonlyconsidered outsidethe domain of semantics.Whether an utterance is a promise, a prediction,
or a question and how metaphorical expressionsareunderstood are matters of pragmatics, notsemantics.
Pragmatics
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SemanticRoles
Agent- entity that performs the action.
Experiencer- entity as the person who has a
fee
ling, pe
rce
pt
ion or a st
ate
. Theme- entity that is involved in or affected
by the actions or justtheentity being
described.
Instrument- another entity the agentuses in
performing an action.
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Location- entity is in the description of an
event.
S
ource- whe
re
ane
nt
it
y move
s from. Goal- where an entity is heading to/ moves to.
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CONSIDERTHEFOLLOWING
SENTENCES:
The Hamburger atethe mango.
My cat studied linguistics.
The green idea slept in my pocket.
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THEYARESYNTACTICALLYGOOD BUT
SEMANTICALLYODD.
The
prev
iou
s se
nte
nce
s are
odd, are
nt t
he
y?What do you think makes them odd?
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My cat studied linguistics.NP V NP
The cat is an animal who is not
capable of studying thats why it is oddto say thatthecat studies linguistics.
Theverb studied requires
a subject who is capable of
doing the action-studying.
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What arethe possible noun phrases thatcould
substitute cat in the sentence?
My_________ studied linguistics.
This approach then gives us the ability to predict
what nouns would make the above sentence
semantically correct.
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The boy kicked the ball.
Agent
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How about
Whatcomponents or features would youuseto
distinguish them?
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The boy kicked the ball.Instead ofthinking the words as containers of
meaning, wecan look atthem atthe roles they
fulfill within the situation described by the
sentence.
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Homophony, Polysemy and
Vagueness
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Homophony when two different lexemesaccidentally sharethe same phonological formbut havedifferent meanings.
Homophones different form but samepronunciation
Ex.
1) Therain poured heavily from the sky.rain /ren/- a heavy or continuous descentor inflicting of anything.
2) His reign ofterror has finally cometo an
end.reign /ren/ - the period during which asovereign occupies thethrone.
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Homonyms one form has two or more
unrelated meanings
Ex.
1) Thebear hibernates during winter
season.
Bear/br/ - a forest animal
2) Shecould notbear to watch the horrible
scene.
Bear/br/- to hold up under; be
capable of
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Homophony is sometimes exploited for
humorous effect.
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Polysemy when identical forms haverelated
meanings.
- close relationships between meanings
Ex.
1) The sun glared down from the hot desert sky.
- to shine with o r reflect a very harsh,
bright, dazzling light.
2) The policeman glared atthetroublesome man.
- to stare with a f iercely or angrily piercing look.
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Ex.
1) I put
co
ttonwool in my ear.
- the organ of hearing and equilibrium
2) Classical music is pleasing to theear.
- sense of hearing
3) I tried to get her ear.
- attention; heed
Ear organ hearing attention
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Vagueness and generality lack of specificity ofmeaning.
- Meanings are so closely related thatthey fall undera single general specification. (generality)
Ex.
1) It is wrong to speak with your mouth full.
- improper
2) It was wrong to take additional taxes from thepoor.
-immoral
3) It is wrong to dribblethe ball with your palm.
- incorrect
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The meanings of a word acquired from its
c
ontext
s ofu
se
are
c
alle
d contextualmeanings.
It was wrong to take additional taxes from the
poor.
- immoral
- mistaken