Questionnaires and Interviews Steven R. Cummings, MD Director, S.F. Coordinating Center.
SELF – REPORT TECHNIQUES INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRES.
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Transcript of SELF – REPORT TECHNIQUES INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRES.
![Page 1: SELF – REPORT TECHNIQUES INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRES.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697bfdd1a28abf838cb1937/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SELF – REPORT TECHNIQUESINTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRES
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WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEWS
What are they?
How are they used?
What are their strengths and weaknesses?
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What is a questionnaire?
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QUESTIONNAIRES
A printed series of questions to gather information about specific areas of interest i.e. healthy living
A survey is a form of questionnaire E.g. National Census – carried out every ten years
and involves every adult in the UK Allow researchers to ask participants questions about
their attitudes, behaviours or intentions.
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Open or Closed questions?
What do you think these are?
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Closed questions
The researcher determines the range of possible answers – i.e. scales, or
Participant can reply using a “yes” or “no” response
Doesn’t allow for detail
For example….
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Your Task – closed questions
Using page 26 in your textbooks, develop a number of closed questions related to the topic of school/a hobby so that it is written in the form of a checklist, rank, attitude scale, and likert scale
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Open Questions
The researcher does not restrict the range of available answers
Detailed answers can be produced
Write down an example of an open-ended question, again related to the topic of school
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Leading Questions
Choice of wording suggests the participants should reply in a certain way
“You do find Psychology interesting don’t you?”
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Your Task
Complete the card sort activity to distinguish between strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires
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ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRES?
Simplicity – used with minimal training and analysed easily
Speed and cost – Large amounts of information gathered quickly and easily
Less influence of interpersonal variables – less opportunities for researchers to influence information provided
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DISADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRES
Issues with question wording – ambiguous questions, leading questions, different interpretation of language
Respondents might not be honest
Response rates of people given/sent the questionnaire can be low
Researcher bias if they are present when respondent carries out the questionnaire
Lack of detail in responses – not good if you need more information
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INTERVIEWS
Common way of carrying out research
Asking questions face to face
Can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured
What might this mean?
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Your Task
In your small groups, read about the type of interview you have been given. Provide a summary for the rest of the class, including the advantages of the technique
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Structured interviews
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Unstructured interviews
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Semi-structured
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ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEWS DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEWS
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Advantages of Interviews
Flexible – can investigate issues that may be difficult to do using any other techniques
Issues can be explored in depth
Detailed data produced
More personal – can tackle sensitive topics
Can assess reactions – might be able to tell if someone is being honest
Different types of interviews – can be tailored to different research studies
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Disadvantages of interviews
Difficult to interpret data – bias, subjectivity
Time and effort involved
Interviewees may be unable to articulate their thoughts properly
Difficult to predict how well the interaction will go between interviewer and interviewee
Demand characteristics – interviewees may respond in a way they thing the researcher wants them to
Training needed
High cost
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Focus Groups
Interview a small group of people at the same time
What might be the strengths and weaknesses of this approach?
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Eye on the exam
A psychologist wanted to investigate how aggressive children are when they are at home. He interviewed a sample of their parents to investigate this.
Explain why using interviews might be better than using questionnaires in this situation.
(4 marks)