self-efficacy – a form of self-efficacy – a form of confidenceconfidence

Lesson aims:Lesson aims:

Be able to explain the term self-efficacy Be able to explain the term self-efficacy and how factors develop thisand how factors develop this

Be able to suggest strategies to develop Be able to suggest strategies to develop self-efficacy and avoid learned self-efficacy and avoid learned helplessnesshelplessness

Self-confidenceSelf-confidence

‘‘the most consistent difference between elite the most consistent difference between elite and less successful athletes is that elite and less successful athletes is that elite athletes possess greater self-confidence’athletes possess greater self-confidence’

Gould et alGould et al

Self -efficacySelf -efficacy

““The degree of self confidence The degree of self confidence experienced by a performer when placed experienced by a performer when placed in a specific situation”in a specific situation”

Bandura (1977)Bandura (1977)

TaskTask

1.List 6 sports you have participated1.List 6 sports you have participated2.Rank them in order (1 being highest) 2.Rank them in order (1 being highest)

according to your self efficacyaccording to your self efficacy3.Give reasons why you have a higher level 3.Give reasons why you have a higher level

of self-efficacy in the first two compared to of self-efficacy in the first two compared to the last twothe last two

4.For your top ranked activity list 3 specific 4.For your top ranked activity list 3 specific situations in which you have had high self-situations in which you have had high self-efficacy and why?efficacy and why?

How confidence affects How confidence affects commitmentcommitment

Success > Builds confidence > Increases Success > Builds confidence > Increases future expectations of success > improves future expectations of success > improves likelihood of good future performance.likelihood of good future performance.

Commitment builds as a result.Commitment builds as a result.

Failure > Reduces confidence > Increases Failure > Reduces confidence > Increases anxiety > impedes future performance.anxiety > impedes future performance.

Commitment withdrawn as a result.Commitment withdrawn as a result.

Approach behavioursApproach behaviours

How is confidnce linked to approach How is confidnce linked to approach behaviours? behaviours?

CommitmentCommitment

Linked to achievement motivation.Linked to achievement motivation.

Committed performers in sport persevere Committed performers in sport persevere through thick and thin. They are more through thick and thin. They are more likely to display approach behaviours likely to display approach behaviours (Nach).(Nach).

Without this commitment the performer will Without this commitment the performer will not achieve goals and may display not achieve goals and may display avoidance behaviours (Naf).avoidance behaviours (Naf).

Goal settingGoal setting

Can help to increase both confidence and Can help to increase both confidence and commitment.commitment.Goal – the standard of excellence that the Goal – the standard of excellence that the individual is trying to accomplish.individual is trying to accomplish.Long term goal – ultimate aim, e.g. Long term goal – ultimate aim, e.g. participating in the olympics.participating in the olympics.Medium term goal – monthly or annual Medium term goal – monthly or annual basis.basis.Short term goal – daily or weekly basis.Short term goal – daily or weekly basis.

Types of goalTypes of goal

Outcome (ego/ability) Outcome (ego/ability) goalsgoals

Winning/losingWinning/losingDetermined by the Determined by the strength of the strength of the oppositionoppositionYou might perform at You might perform at your maximum and still your maximum and still fail to meet an outcome fail to meet an outcome goal.goal.

Task orientated goalsTask orientated goals

ImprovementImprovement

Achieving personal best Achieving personal best type targets.type targets.

More flexibleMore flexible

Relate to effort and Relate to effort and ability of the performerability of the performer

SMARTERSMARTER

SpecificSpecific

MeasurableMeasurable

AcceptedAccepted

RealisticRealistic

Time phasedTime phased

ExcitingExciting

RecordableRecordable

Self-efficacySelf-efficacy

Situation specific self-confidence.Situation specific self-confidence.

Kelly Sotherton – very confident in 6 of the 7 heptathlon events, but has no confidence at all in the Javelin.

Another exampleAnother example

Peter Schmeichel has played in front of huge crowds and global TV audiences, displaying supreme confidence in football.

That’s counts for nothing when dancing on a reality TV show though!

Self-efficacy theorySelf-efficacy theory

Bandura 1977Bandura 1977

People with high self-efficacy display Nach People with high self-efficacy display Nach behaviour.behaviour.

They attribute success to their own merits, They attribute success to their own merits, e.g. effort and ability.e.g. effort and ability.

This builds confidence and increases This builds confidence and increases future expectations.future expectations.

On the other hand…On the other hand…

Those low in self-efficacy avoid challenges Those low in self-efficacy avoid challenges (Naf)(Naf)

They attribute failure to themselves.They attribute failure to themselves.

This lowers confidence.This lowers confidence.

Bandura’s self-efficacy theoryBandura’s self-efficacy theory

Performance Accomplishments

Vicarious Experiences

Verbal Persuasion Emotional Control

Efficacy Expectations

Behaviour patternsChoiceEffort

Persistence

Thought patternsGoalsWorry

Attributions

Athletic performance

Components of self-efficacyComponents of self-efficacy

Previous accomplishmentsPrevious accomplishments – remind yourself – remind yourself about past achievements. Powerful as it is about past achievements. Powerful as it is based on personal mastery.based on personal mastery.Vicarious experiencesVicarious experiences – Watch others perform – Watch others perform the skill in question. This reduces worry the skill in question. This reduces worry (anxiety).(anxiety).Verbal persuasionVerbal persuasion – can be done by coach or – can be done by coach or self (‘self-talk’)self (‘self-talk’)Emotional controlEmotional control – Evaluation performer makes. – Evaluation performer makes. Some may consider a few nerves to be positive Some may consider a few nerves to be positive whereas others may believe them to be whereas others may believe them to be detrimental to performance.detrimental to performance.

These lead to These lead to efficacy expectationsefficacy expectations

Behaviour patternsBehaviour patterns– ChoiceChoice– EffortEffort– PersistencePersistence

Thought patternsThought patterns– GoalsGoals– WorryWorry– AttributionsAttributions

Which in turn influences athletic Which in turn influences athletic performance.performance.

TaskTask

How do we develop high levels of self-efficacy?How do we develop high levels of self-efficacy?

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

5.5.

6.6.

7.7.

TaskTask

How do we develop high levels of self-efficacy?How do we develop high levels of self-efficacy?

1. Experience early success1. Experience early success

2. Observe competent demos by others2. Observe competent demos by others

3. Realistic but challenging goals3. Realistic but challenging goals

4. Performance rather than outcome goals4. Performance rather than outcome goals

5. Verbal encouragement and +-ve feedback5. Verbal encouragement and +-ve feedback

6. Attributional re-training6. Attributional re-training

7. Limit affects of social facilitation7. Limit affects of social facilitation

Task 3Task 3

Using practical examples, how would you Using practical examples, how would you raise self-efficacy of the following raise self-efficacy of the following performers:performers:

1. gymnast entering a competiton for the first 1. gymnast entering a competiton for the first timetime

2. a basketball player taking free-throws2. a basketball player taking free-throws

3. a team playing in a cup final3. a team playing in a cup final

4. a group of novice swimmers4. a group of novice swimmers

04/19/23Akeley Wood PE Dept

22

If performers are to maintain interest and improve performance in sports, it is essential that the performers develop self-efficacy.

(a)Explain the difference between self-efficacy and self-confidence.

(2 marks)

(b)An ice hockey coach wants to develop self-efficacy in his performers. What strategies could he use to develop this? (6 marks)