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Anu. Rev Pchol. 1992 43:7IJ-2Cpyrigt 99 by Aual Reviews I All rigs eerved

K

Department of Psychology, Prceton Univerty Prnceton New Jersey 084400KEY WORDS; i c ig iz ffc ig i

CTETS

HAT S TNTN? . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." 7

PCSSING TADffS AND ST-SZ fCTS .. . . . 7VSUL SAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 DCTNG COT SUAL TTNTON . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 7

Fuin Aenin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Diinin ain and iin Makin 76Swicin enin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

XCTANCY AND MNG AS ATTNTNAL CSSS . . . . . . . . . . 7

NL SS F NN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 7

DSCUSSN......... 76ia Sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Diin in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

i elecve evie of enionl ee piil involving edcin dnfcn fviu rgt uc or i cn o h udf nn n cun mon m cv n c eicing e evie o i noe foc i i poile o decrie eie in oe eil ie oe cicl qeon o e inepeion

n poin o ei eion o ee ec. Wile e ie eie epiil eviol ief ecipion of oe ipon neologicl ok lo peend

7

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2 KINCHLA

WHAT S ATTENTON?

Altoug te term ttenton s oen sed s ts menng ee seevdent t

s emned emkbl elsve onept. Tee e ovet foms of ttending o oentng tt be stded dtl s s te e s o geto brng one obet or noter no vew ee re lso ove oms ottendn, wereb we oose to lstn to one voe or noter mon tebbble o smultneous voes t , or ttend to dferent rts of vsulmge tout movng ou ees. Te studes eveed ee re pmaloneed it ove oms o ttendng ge tt te ndmentl eml bses o te onet of ove ttenton e te oessng tdeofs oneoen sees to me en sultneousl resented t mltle soures

o nfoton B trdeo I men tt better roessn o one sore seemsto rere oorer roesn of noer Te over dustments one mes todopt pl tdeo I ll tem n allocaton of attenton Fo exmle,te multle soues of nfomton mgt b te smltneos voes t pat, o te ndvdul ettes n tstosoll vewed lee mtx.ttemptng to poess ttend to" rtular voe letter, or row o lettersenes lr lloton o ttenton

It sol be emszed tt te oessn o smultneousl esentedsoues of nfomton does not lws reflet need fo poessng tdeoffs

It sometmes seems possble to poess soues smultneosl s well s ten be poessed sng n s ses te smultneous poessng s sd toeie less tn one's tentonl t" o te oessng of t lest onesoure s sd to or n llel, utomtll, rettentvel, orwtout needn ttenton

In n se, te mnne n eole roess smultneosl esentedsoes o nomton sed oon o ttnton," te degee o n oe one oe nd gnoe note, fol lloton o tten-ton," nd te mnne n w te s om one lloton o ttenton tonote ttenton swtng e ll enl to te stud o ttention

PRCIG RDFF D -Z FFCT

In dsssng expements nvolvng multle sores o norton t wll beusel to denote n s soes b SI S2, . , Sn In te smplest pdgmtee m be onl to soues, S nd S2; n fo exmple, to smlt-neos voes o to otons n vsul dspl In s ses t s ossble to

rterze sbjets oessng otons b t s been vrosl eerre to s n aentn opeatng chaactestc, AOC Knl 969 eng Me1ne 9 a pefomance opeatn chaacttc Nomn obow 9) or, n slgtl dfferent form, ot-benet analy

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ANON 7 1

(Poner oie 7 The A fom of repreenaion i ilraed ingre a which how hree way (I lll in whch a ubjec abiiy oproce each of wo ource migh be relaed. I ome ude proceing"

aeed in erm o accuracy; i oher in em of peed (he faer a ubjeccan repond o formaion from a ource he beer he proceig) Theopen poin in igre la indicae he qaiy of proceing when a bjec idreced o aend o S only (ordnae) or o S ony (abcia) o caledfoca aenon" incion The oid poin indicae how wel each orce proceed whe he ubjec i inuced o aend o boh S and S"divded" or hared aeio" ruco Noe ha Curve I ndcae ha and can no be proceed imulaneoly a wel a eiher can beproceed alone while Curve II dicae a milar u e evere co of

haring aeion" Uual a ubjec can ao be nduced o perform aermediae pon f nuced o pay aenion o boh orce bu more ooe ha he oher" Curve I and I he are eample of he poceingradeoff AC fuco whch uderlie he cocep o aeo A ubjeca operae a ay poi alo he fucion by adopig a paricular allocaoof aenion b improved proceing of ne orce ineviaby mean poorerproceig of he oher

n conra noe rve II in igre la Here hee i no evidene of aproceing adeo The ubjec can poce S and S a he ame ime (odpoin) a we a eiher ource aoe (ope po) A w be how uch aabence of a proceing radeoff plu e oen invounay naure of uchproceng underlie he conep of aomaic" or preaenional" proceng.

cny popula mh of yg ainal sss ss valeach ak in which ubjec are aked o decide rapidly wheher or o aneleme viual array cona a paricuar arge" elemen I ome caerepoe me icreae wh a ocalled set-ize eect, whch i oeinepreed a implying a eria (oneaeranoher) poceing of he ele-meni.e. a cceve aeding" o each elemen In oher cae repoeime e independen of which oen aken o imply parallel (imla-neou) proceing. The reaonhip of uc argumen o hoe baed on Afuco i luraed i igure b whch replo he ame hree e ofhypoheca daa (I and I) hown in igure a I gre b he woource S ad S correpod o he eeme a woeleme array ham be eched for he preence of a ge perha a le eemen and arigh one Here he daa abeed I ad II are aid o indicae a eize effec":

be ke longer o evalae boh eemen fo he preence of a arge hanwen old o evaae ony one of he elemen (eg he ef one only") ncora he daa labeled i igure b indcae no eize efec A woeemen aray can be earched" for a arge a rapdy a a ingleelemenarray. Thu proceing radeoff and eize eec are eeiay milar.



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74 CLA

hi

Processingo 51

10

long

Ava tm

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agt

shrt

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m I

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2

Fgure Tee iustrative perfoances (I, II III) epeented n he fom of ( an aentionoperaing characeristic and reactin ime a a funcin e-iz. Only peformanc and dcte ttentoal o st-sze eect Peomance s oen caactered as ndcatg

"eattenve "pra, o nonatentina poeng.

er peene uet an attentonal poe and ter abene a re-atentonal" nonatentonal" or automat" one A major adantae of terepreentaton on n Fure b tat t can be ued en reater tan Hoeer note tat n Fure b repone tme are aeraed acro oueo te tme to etet taet n pe ource e.poton uppree

Annu.

Rev.Psychol.1992.43:711-742.

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1

fo gog o to os s o vs s, t sms sfl tosow ow ostbnt nyss Pos Bos 191 uol t 1991) ssmpy ot wy of psntg t possg os v by O

ftos S yss s lstt n Fg 2, w psts ypott t fom v ttto ts, fst t fom of ftoFg 2) n t s ostbnt nyss Fgu 2b). Ts t typ of tos obt n v ttton tss w sbt motostwo sous of nfomton S n S) fo t ou of tt o sn.g bgtnss mnt t on of two lotons o vsl sply), nw ton tm s t pmy pnnt vb t pfomns t pots) g t AO fto Fg 2 t sottt b obt by vn t lv fqny of sgs fom

so Spflly sppos ss ou t S wt pobblty P o tS wt pobblity P wt P 1 P t t ponts Fu 2ar rpreetatve o tho that ht otaed we eqalled 8 or 2 It is s if sbt posss S mo pily if sins mo ily t

t sou 8 posss S S bot ly w ty y ly to ontn s P . posss S fst f it smo ly to ot sgl P = .2). Nty o ts wo v tob vut to ins ts s in mn ton tim t mo tn sp-y tof (R o ts wo v to b postvlyolt)

Fg 2b sows ow t sm t mt b pst s ost-bftyss ow y t sbt n spon folowng t oun of s) H t vu P o .2) s nomy int b u pio to tst T s s to b vl f sgl ous t S wn P o t S wn P .2, o vl" f t snl ous t t ss llysou s os to b w 5 2 sowst v to tm to ss v vl v t

) s Usg t m to tm to sgs wt ut s s fn pot, o f, t g R w t s v t ost" s R) wn t u s v If s tgw so mo ly o yl s po n cst ga t s d ay aa st s wt t t b I g 1 1b).

t s g tt t O/PO fo of yss s pfb toost-bnft nlyss o t foowg gos s no son to ssmt ntl u P tuly pous n ql lloto of tnton,

ws t AO psntton lows on to ssss ts T t tvus Fu 2b t st of aagg sponss to tgts S nS fo v, l, n vl s ws s mss of tpt vbl pst by t oots of t t t potsn Fg 2 A fly t sbt ostbt yss s v gv



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716 KHLA

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2

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ort-I vtCS1 bi

Fiur (a) A AOe fct d frc wh tg ccrd S wthry .5, ndcd h gh. Th d hw " wh w vd (V), d I N S h x fr fhr dc

t pptt t tt svy t t s s ty f t untion in igre 1 open point). In te oteneit nli it i ss tt sts wys tt" t t s tt s t poilit fontining te sg. t s stts gssing gme ee Neimr Ete 96) uget tt ujet oul tullmt: tten pimil t te moe liel oue 80% o te time n t t

Annu.

Rev.Psychol.1992.43:711-742.



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ATTETIO

y 2% T of ou t quton of wt ubt ntuy ttnton" o mut swt" n n -o-non fon n ts dty ompng pfomn n fo nd dvdd ttnton t

m ny n od to s t tu ost" of dvdng ttntonFny o" nd bnf" on ompd dty s f ty wny td to som undyng ogntv vb t t m thtund tm pd pu t my b mu d fo subt to duton tm tn to n t; g m of gn" shoud not butd wt 1 m of o"

VSUAL SEARCH

Fgu sows som s dt pod by Stnmn (198 Subt dto h -mnt y fo tgt mnt Eh mnt" w fomdby t p ns nd oud v on t two dmnsons usttd nFgu pton uy ptd o not nd ointtion in vio sgty ttd S tms fo vous tgt sown n Fgu b Ift tgt w dfnd by vu on on dmnson g ttd t mdntm to dtt tgt ppd to b ndpndnt of t stsz Howv ft tgt ws dfnd by onunton of vu on bot dmnon gttd nd quy ptd" nd om of t nontgt nudd of

t vus on t w stong t- ffT gn ptt of ut uttd n Fgu bn potd by

mny nvtgto ung wd vty of tmu t fft fotgts dfnd by t onunton of vus on two dmnson nd non fotgt dfnd by vu on on dmnson A gy nfunt pntonof t bn dvnd by Tmn nd sot Tmn9 1982, 988 nd Tmn Sto 199 feueegoheo dp th ononng of ftu po tht qu ttnton"Tu sng n -mnt y fo onunton tgt us susv sftng of ttnton fom on mnt to t nt T ountmong ot tng fo t n stz t oftn found wt sutgt Eu nmnt n t podu qu nmnt n pontm Fumo t op of t funton fo dtt" spon on f tht fo nondtt spons f t h pos w s ndstmntng so tt on vg ony f t y mnts nd bd to dtt tgt In ontt ng fo tgt dfnd by vu on ony on dmnson sm to nvov p p-ttntv"

po n t no t- fft t funton ft d tt on pv omp obts by ononng" ptypossd nsoy dmnson tm py fom t dovy of spzd nu nn" modus o subystms tt pp to po pf



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718 CLA

ININVrtical Tlted

I ()

Q

\

c t

c:

6 8

v tme 4to dec

taet

g

ientation sepertin/ e I 5 5 5 5

nuber y eees

3 () The o yes o s dened b mbnn o e n o mnnEah aay conaned sc s Search es or arges dened by a vale on oness denson (oenaon o seaao o by a conjcon o aes on bo (eg edan eqay seaaed Daa o Senan (7)

ic aspects of a visual stmulus, such as color, form and motion (see Graham85; Livigso Hubel 8 Search or a taget value o a singledimension mih invole the output of only one such channel whie secfor a conjuction aret would involve the conjoining o outputs from twoindepedent chanels. This notion is also consitent with a ndin b Grabroweck reisman see reisman 88:- that the probability ofdeecting councio ca be predcted om the prodt of detectig theindividual values

Another sc of reisman's eo is her explanatio of cjc the illusionary perception of improperly onjoined stimulus val-

Annu.

Rev.Psychol.1992.43:711-742.



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ANON

e.. seei a re cae a ree her as a ree cae a re hler.uch errrs f visua percepi have bee emsre wih a wie varieyfsm d re s e rse wh bjecs se he re are

d ae r whe u are ask spread yr ae ver heeire visua fied is as if accurae cucis require fca aei(lesz 186 Tresm mca 188 d Tresa aers 18

Tresmas is he erprea f se-size effecs vsa search. s rue ha a iear se-sie eec ca be ierpree as a seria prcess iwhich he evauai f each aiia eeme akes he same amu fime bu hi es rue u a parae-prcessi ierpreai e whch each adia iem is prcessed a he same ime b a a wer raeas if a imied resrce were be dve m mre eemes Cassic

papers he iffc pbem f isiuishi paae a sera prcessesare hse b Twse (1 16 10

Aher bem wh ere sesize efecs s mi a seriashf f aei ca be usraed as fws ppse a sbjec viewe brey expse eers presee i sw successi a he rae f e eerpe secd a he reped wheher es e f he eers had bee ae eer e ha sjecs ca acae a f her ae veweach eer sice he eers ccur sequeia raher he simae Yei has bee shw ha s as each eer is presee brief euh he

accuracy f he subjecs ecisis imishes as icreasesha is here isa sesie eec accuracy (Erikse pecer 16 A simir eec isbaied if a subjec ises successive preseed burss f whie isead he reprs wheher a eas e f hem was ccmpaed by a weake sia Kch 969

A expaai f hese eecs i erms f he ise" r cfusabii"crbue by each arra eeme ca be mae erms f he flwiierai me (his is a sihy simpified versi f a mde presee iKicha 6 1

e each eeme a eeme aa evke a sbjecve mressX ( , .

2 e each X be a Gaussi radm variabe wih variace a aexpece vaue f e if is are, r f er if S is a are

3. e he sbjec repr a are if a ierae impressi equa Z Xexcees sme respse crieri C.

ca easily e shw hese assumpis impy h a subjecs bii

scmae bewee aas cai e ae ad hse cai eca be charcerze b he fw -prme" mesure (see Gree wes66

d (



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ANON 721

on chann idntiis an mnt as a nontat it can inunc th ocssin in noth chnn his is ticuy otat th mnts in naay a coatd as thy a in most isua sch tasks. his can b

iustatd by a sch task inoin two-mnt aays. Suos h thaays contand on tt and th oth ha no tts so that io to a

tia ach mnt in a andomy sctd aay had a on outh obabiity obin tat. ot that as soon as on o th ou mnts was ocssd toa oint wh it was cly nontt th mainin mnt woud thnh a on thid obabiity o bin a tt. hus idntiyin on mnt asa nontat contains inomation bout h oth mnt. t is imaiy this

cotion inomtion tht Modko Yntis oos th chnns sha ah than a comt intation o imssions. hy aso assum that

idntiication can actiat common mmoy sntations to oduc intations his sot o mod oids yt anoth way o inttin stsizad rduda-arg ffs.

n additio to th cdin n considtions s oth tys o idnc ais ustions bout ismns oiina tuinttion thoyin which st-si cts inttd s th oduct o sia shits inatntion

h is idnc that ctin mutdimnsion tats may h "mnt o "hh- otis tht so oduc lat sach unctions("aow on to sach o thm in a. Fo xam Enns (199

moyd dawins o many thdimnsiona cubs ointd in on dicion nd askd subcts to sach o tat cub ontd in dint

diction (s Fiu 4. h subcts yidd t sach unctions and od th tat smd to "o out o th disay asiy disciminabom th dinty ointd cubs. Simia suts ha bn obtind withoth atiy comx tats dind by th dicion o ihtin (Enns Rnsick 199 o adints o shadin (Rmachandn 1988 ismn

tson (1984 aso obtaind at sach unctions whn thy hd subctssach o a tian amon custs o comonnt ins and ans that wnot oind. Thy concudd tht th mnt Gstat oty o "cosuowd th tian to b sachd o in a ow ismn Gomican (1988 w unab to oduc lat sach unctions whn thyomd otntiay mnt oms such as intsctions and uncions omd by two stiht ins

Sa instiatos ha ound ituay at sah unctions o a aityo conunction tts so on s th as on ach stimuus dimnsion w

hihy disciminb (Mcod t a 1988; kayama Siman 986ab;Stinman 987 Wo t a 1989. hnomna o this sot d som instiatos to contast atu and conunction sachs in tms o thdisciminbiity o tts nd distactos t was ointd out tht tats a



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7 NHA

t: ",;. . . ;:QI ..

mlFge nns 1990 obne lt ser nctons or omex orms whn tgets weeene y he ren hree-menson orentton hey seeme to "o ot

eer e cre we eee eeroeeou e of trctr th they re hmeeu et uc Humphrey 989Humphrey ch 989 Qu & Humphrey 98 Fr exmpe the

ree row of yo igure5

eree ree ry ec cog re eer A fke y wo cor Te o tw y rw hveoogeeou rcor (oy oe ye) we e oo y eeoeeu ctr mre th e type Nte tht the tet the tp twrry iguie fm e ircor by e "feure e rig cmpet f the A the tp rry the hzt cmpet

e ile rry owee eier eure loe i uicie i e btmrry y whe bth feture" re preet cjuct" c vew bee e yo e ge ee A cee eeogeey og

rcor my reuire more eteve prce t tuh tret cet my vve erch fr cjct f feture Dferece trctr hve bee teme te e whe erece betweetrctr the tret hve bee terme tret ece Thu rierc ecey we e ie g ece ow (Wofe ve 1990

Tee fiigs e uggee eie o Tresm' r fetueitert thery Fr empe Wfe et (1989 Cve Wfe (990 Wfe et (990 rooe gudedearh oe iir o oe ro

pe ere by Hm (98 99 Tee oe ec ue guiig cojucio erc by ( e rily) liiig ec o oeeemet tht h e the ce feture. r empe er echfor re gle og re crce gree crce gree rgle mig

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A I/A/

/A

ANON 723

ure 5 The thee rows corepond to tree aray ontainng the taget lette A flanked bydactor In te t nd middle rry (rw) te dtrcor re omeeu, in te btom rw

eeroene

on eauate red eements or trianuar eements, thereb not wastin time onrn irs Hih disrimnabiit of th vaus on ah dimnsion shoud

nhance the subct's abiit to process secti on vaues common to th tart (s Dunan & Humphrs 99 Humphrs & Riddoh 199).reisman & Sato (1990) hav proposd a simia aboation of ismans orina faturintration thor expt that the emphasi a seetisearch based on an "inhibition of ieeant featues athe than he "faciita

tion of rvant ons sustd b Wof t a (99 1990). rthssthe idas ar ssntia th sam Sarch s imitd to mnts havin at ast on of th onoind aus

nothr compxit in vauatin faturintraton thory is that mostisua-seach studies empoed ae sets of eements n eate than 10Howevr Huh & Homan (196) and ashr 19) studied visua sachusn aas containin fewe than eements he found paae set-siefuntions for positiv and nativ rsponss rathr than th : ratio xptdin a sra xhaust sarch ashr ft his rsuts sustd at ast a partiapaae sarch of four or fi mnts at a time foowed b a sriaidentifiation stae Mods of this sot hae bn dopd b asher(97) and uncan & Humphrs (199 and hae poen successfu inaccountin or svera aspects o search data

na extense pactce ates setsieefects e data shown earie iniur 3 wr obtaind b Sinman (197) afr his subts had pratid foron about 00 trias h sa subcts wr thn vn xtnsv additiona



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724 NA

pracice for abou 10000 rials Gradally he se-size eec for conjuncion ages dsaeared and he search funcion became fla I was as if whsuffcien pracce he search or a conuncion arge became a parallel sech

ocesse as f he conjunion were evenually processed "preaenively wihou aenion or auomaicallyhe crcumsances under whic exensve pacice leads o percepual

auomaicy have been sysemacally invesgaed by a number of psycogiss (eg aerge 97; Shirn & Schneder 977 Schneder e al 19and Logan 1988 For eamle Shffrn & Schneder found ha visual searchfor a arge leer among disracors changes characer wih exensive praciceso long as he leer s always a arge (consan maing, raher hansomemes a age and somemes a dsracor (vared mappng o only

does such exensve racce lead o a eomance whou any evden of rocessng radeoffs bu also he pocessng seems o occur almos nvolunarilyha is, you perceive i wheher you wish o or no For exampleas a highly pracied reader of English you are unable o look a he wordG whou rapidly acvaing or rerievng oh phonec and semanicknowledge consisenly assocaed wh he word (which would no be e fyou had only leaed o read rabc

CTNG CVT VSUL TTNTN

While one has considerable fexibily in allocaing or dreing cover aen ion here are limis Firs of all here are lmis o how precisely one canfocus aenion on specc sources o he oal excluson of ohers Second,

akes me o shi from one alloaon o anoher (swch aenion Thssecon of he aer considers several reresenave lines of research bearng

on hese issues

u Vu

Early n he sudy of aenon became clear ha one could no always focusaenon on one source o he excluson of ohers For examle, whle ngo lsen exclusvely o one o wo voces in dchoc lsenng asks subjecs

oen repoed heaing hghly famliar words such as heir own names spokeny he "ignored voice (Moray 5 I was as f he processin of uchhihl famla and normally releva words was so auomac ha hey were

rocessed nvolunar, whou aenionSuch falures of foca aenon led some nvesgaors o ague ha s:lec

ve (aenional mechansms operae much laer in he percepual rocess

han smle "sensory flers (g. eusch & eusch 963; Treisman 969The idea is ha selecion oeraes on represenaions (eg semanic acivaed

relavely lae in he percepual process The primary evidence for his lae


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ANION 5

seleion iew are Srooplike inerferene effes where one seems unable oignore eran sl eample filues of foal aenion hae beeneonsae in isual lee-eeion asks whee subjes somimes seem

unable o inore leers ajaen o a ae leer (Eiksen Eiksen 9Erksen Shulz 99) hese ajaen "flankin leers an reue heime o respon o he arge if he ae assoiae wih he same response orlenghen response imes if he are assoiae wih a ieren response.Muh Eriksen (987) foun suh inereene oure onl if heflankin leers were wihin abou a isual anle of he are leer, so longas he subje knew exal where he are woul our. f, on he oherhan, he sbje was unerain abou are loaion, inerferene fromankers up o 2_3 om he arge oul our his le riksen o liken

aenion o e fiel of a "zoomlens To monior a wie area he lens wiensis fiel, leain o anke effes bu when a age an ou in onl oneple, he lens n on ha loaion lagel eliinaing anker eesReenl Yanis Johnson (990)eelope proeures ha seem opimallo ue subjes onein are posiion an iruall eliminae fanker efes LaBerge e al (99) eelope anoher proeure for eliminainanke effes. The pesene a igi he age loaion jus befoe heare an flankers were presene ubjes were o respon o he are onlif he preein ii was a seen s reoniion of e ii was mae more

iffiul (b shorenin is uraion from 50 o 50 ms) fanker effesgrauall isappeare (as i he inrease iffiul of poessn he iipreene proessin of he flankers). he preein resuls are onsisenwih he reen proposals of Laie Tsal (unpublishe), who arue ha earln ff fl nn nl f png l suffiienl hih o pelue he inienal preng of ielean simuliurhermore, he relean simuli mus be learl isriminable from irrele simuli The presen a series of experimens in whih perepual loaan isrminabili inuene he suess of foal aenion as heir heorwoul prei.

Thus uner erain oniions i seems aenion a be alloae o a small eion, wih lile proessing of some simulus eens ousie ha region. also seems lear ha one an alloae aenion oer a wier area perhaps hewhole isual fiel (Eriksen 990) f isual aenion is like a spolih (Posner980) ha spolih has a ariable iameer (see Eriksen . ames 986989 riksen eh 985 LaBerge Brown 986 989) her aspes ofhe spoligh meaphor mus also be laifie o example, i has been ague

ha sensiii o simuli seems o fall o slowl a he ee of he areaaene oa raien of aenion (Eriksen & James 986; ownin &Pinker 985) lso, while he preiousl ie suies iniae one an

eliminae flanker efes uner erain irumsanes, oher sors of peripheral



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2 NA

mu uch a moo o a bef ah eem o comma aeo uomacay (Me 989 Ke & uez 990 Me & Rabb 989 Tppee a 990)

he mo wey ue meho fo uc a hf vua aeo ope-cue a ubec coce he key ocao of a ubeque ae. heme bewee cue a ae ufcey ho ubec o' have me omove he eye a ay ehaceme of poce a he ae ocao cabe abue o a cove h aeo uce by he cue (aum haay eea ae o wa efec of he cue aee by occaoaypee a pooa eua veo of he ce a a coo coo ee

Remo & ece 984) Afe ove0 yea of eeach o he effe ofpec Eke (990) cocue ha a ehaceme of poce a hecue ocao (a euco epoe me a ceae accuacy bewh 50 mec of a ce a coue o w u eache ayoeabou 200 mec ae he cuee. hee oe appea o be a abpa-oe wch bu ea a aua buup of aeo a he ueocao whch eache a pea ae abou 0 mec em o he pohmeapho a he poh e o a oe po he ycame o aa a he ae ocao Th ca be coae wh a co

uouy umae poh h umae eve po whe mov aao faho fom oe po he vua fe o aohe aa haeeme o uppo he aao ve ha bee peee much eae byhuma e a (979) a Ta (98) Howeve ahe e cue of heeae epeao of hoe have ecey bee peee by a(1988) a Eke (990) uhemoe a uy by Eke & Webb (989)fae o how a eao bewee me o hf aeo a ace beweeeeme o be aee

The ea ha ake me o wc o hf oe' aocao of aeo

oe back a ea o he be of epemea pychooy a he ocae compcao cock epeme" whch ubjec e o epowhee a mov cock ha wa pooe whe a be oue. ubecee o epo he ha a fuhe ao ha eay wa. Th pheomeowa abue o he me ook o wch aeo fom e fo hebe" o ee he cock." pe & Reeve (1980) empoye a moeophcae bu cocepoay ma appoach o meau aeowch. The ubec fae o a eam o uccevey upempoe whe ae o a aace eam of ee. Whe a ubec ece

a ae ee C he ee eam he wa o wch he aeo mmeaey o he fae eam a epo he f he awubjec ypca epoe a ha occue 000 mec afe he eepeey of he ae a whch he ee presented. oe that thi


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ANN 2

atntion raction tim otnily includ t tim to rcogni t targttr a wl a t tim to witc attntion and t two ar ard to arat

Mor rcnty, Wicgarnr ring (198) moyd a variant o

ti tak Sujct ixatd on a digit tram unti ty aw a uar appararound a digit Ty wr tn to rport t digit witin t uar, a wl at uunt tr digit Bad on ot uct uctiv tatmnt andt imoda natur o t digit rortd t autor intiid two rocan automatic proc coniing o a rapid orl irt glimp o t

digit witin t uar; and a controd roc roducing a owr ortu,cond gimp o digit occurring mr tan 00 or 300 mc atr tuar

ida tat ot automatic and controld roc mdiat i in

anion i uggd y or rar a w nod arir viuay rcuing a uct to dirct attntion to articular art o a viual arrayroduc utantia it o attntion witin a littl a 50 mc o cu ont Erikn 90) Howvr, om u m o indu i o anionmor rapidy tan otr t mot ctiv ing cu at or nar location towic attntion i to dirctd Cu uc a a cntraly ocatd numrindicating tat attntion ould itd to a pii pripral rgioninduc muc owr i ( Yanti & Jonid 10)

i and otr vidnc a d a numr o invtgator to otulat two

ty o attntion it For xaml Mackn akayama (1987 alo akayama & Mackn 99 gud tat t ar ot utaind and tranint componnt o viua attntion utaind comonnt i maintaind troug ortul cono and i itd mor owy tan t tranint comonnt wic i automaticay vokd y t cu Mr & aitt99) told uct to allocat viual attntion on t ai o a cntralyloatd rrow and o igor rly rignd uar at oaiony amonrior to t tt timulu In it o t intruction uct rvad anincad nitivity to targt rntd witin a rigtnd uar

xprmntr concudd tat attntion alocation ad on t ixatd arrowwa a controlld proc wil tat vokd y t rira uar wantiay an automatic captur o attntion Kr Ju (1990) imiary concudd tat viua cu prntd in t am poition a a uunttargt roduc a at, automatic, ottom-up control o attntion tat can ditinguid rom a lowr, voluntary topdown mod o contro.

STGSHG AOCATO A

CSOMAKG

Fatr ronding to targt at prcud ocation don't ncariy implynancd inormation procing. Fatr ronding may rct mor ira dciion-making. aw198) n act concudd at prcuing ct in

Annu.Rev.Psychol.1992.43:711-742

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28 NA

lumnance tecton electe onl changes n ecson ctea (see asoSpelng & Doher 198. However Shw dd nd evdence of n ttentonl" (qulty ofprocessng) eect n ltte entfcaton ne problem wthths

dtncton hould be noted If lumnnce ncrement re more lel to ocuat p-cue locatons th cu cas nomaton conceng the appopaterepone ncrement/no ncremen n contrt the cue n ltterentcaton task ne not car the same sort o nomaton. o eapleuppoe ubect were ed to decde whether brey preented leter wn F o a K pecu coul ncae he most el locaton o the ltte tooccur wthout ndctn nythn bout whch letter more lely hu the

ffenc twen lumnance tcton and lette ntcaton ma onounded wth the dnce n corelaton twen locaton an sponse.

Futhemore even f cue oesn't ndcat whc spons s moe lkel tcn ndcte whch aas of an aa shoul be ven moe weh t wh hedecon proce nvolve wehted nterton of mpreon (Knchl1980.

Inthe last ew eas seal stues hae en esgn to spaatel assessthe effect of pre-cue on deconmn nd qulty of procen(Downn 1988 Muler & Fndly 18 nd Muler & umphrey Each use an appoach ase on gnal etecton ho (en & ets1 whereby hft n decon-mn re ndcted by etmte of the

cson cton an shts n th ualt o pocssng the sensttmeasu.

ownn (1988) ha sucts antan cental aton wh ontong a ccula aa o small sues n whch tagets coul occu Each talegan wth the an aow cu ndcatng a specc sue o a ccle cuncatng all 12 suaes. A stmulus patt was then pesente consstn oftret hown t from othe qure locton. Four locton were thensuccessel ncat a poe stmulus Dun ach po the sujcued four-vlued rtn cle to ndcte how confdent he w tht taret

had ust occured n th poed locaton. a locaton was p-cued w anarrow a tret occurred n t wth poalt .8 nd the poton w lwypoe thrwse all the poed locaons wee selecte uas-anoml on ach tal nd taet occued n eah wth pobblty 5. The nture o thse tagets pen on th task In a lumnc-detecton t th tagetwas a lumnance ncement an nontagets no change n lumnance In thee

dscmnaton tasks tagets we ethe a lumnance ncrement a ertcal ne o two pepencula lnes whle the nontagts wee espectel a lumnan eceent a horontl lne, or two prllel lne Downn found

enhnced procen (lrer etmte t the rrowcued locton n llfour t wth prorevely poorer procen t other probed locton the stance om the cue locaton nceased. ujects wee also moe


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ANN

ibera in repotin taret lower d') at the cue location While t i not clearhow powerful her tet were Downin foun no evience of an orer of report efect, nor any epenence amon the four repone on each tial

hie Downin tuy i impreive, it oe involve a rater compleparaig n which ubject mut retain nformaton about the enory event evoke at many ocation unt the en of the probe equence ne couaue that bject iht ieiately coe the enory event at an aowcue ocaton nto one of the ratn repone ince that ocation wa awayprobe, then coe the infomation in the other location e caefully into ale precie coe imilar propoa wa mae by Duncan Huphrey(18 ecept they uge that t i impy the orer of encong from arapiy ecayn iconic tore that etermine the inforaton ot from each

location n any cae, if enory information were ifferentiall lot urinthee initial encoin rather than urin the probe equence, Downin' tetfo ode of epot would o eveal Such a ecodg ehacemet of ' at

the precue locaton woul not reect a erence n the initia qualty ofinformaton, but imply a fferentia encoing of enory nformaton be

caue of the nee to retain t urng te on probe equence (Downinacnowlee thi poibility but aet it woul impy be anoter apect ofattention) inally ince tere were o many ( location to monitorubject ht mitakeny atribute a tron enory mpreion of a target to

the wron ocation, thereby inatin etimate of fae-aarm raten an attempt to avo oe of thee ue awkin et a (0conucte

a mar tuy uin a imife etection param her uject moniore our locaion or the occuence o a tare a lunance increenah tria began with a pecue inicating one of the four oation or afour (h pre-cue occue ether near fiation or near the cue ocaton)Folowin the precue a taget occurre at one of the four location or at noneof the hi wa followe by a haf-econ mak an finay a inge probe

inicatin that the ubject hou rate h confence that a taret ha beenpreete in the probe location f a inle ocation wa precue it waprobe with probability 6 othewie oe of the other location wa equallyikely (8 to be probe If a four location ha been precue each waequay likey 2 to be the one probe n al cae a taret wa preenten the probe ocation with probabty n the Downing tuy thereut were een a ncatin an enhance quaty of procein ) at the cue ocation (for both cenral an periphera cuin

While thi tuy involve a impler paraim than Downing' it too

requre ubject to retain enory nformation from four ocaion unti aprobe i preente (after the hafecon mak) hu here aan ubjectmiht ore carefully or quickly encoe the enory informaton evoke at theinge precue ocation, nce it wa mot key to be probe here are ao



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730 KINCHLA

siniicant colations aon prcd, pod, and tat locations Forap whn only on location was pr-cd it had a .76 x 05 or 34proaility of containin a tat on that trial, and ach o th othr thr

locations a robabiity of ( l 76 .3 3 5 or 4. ow as soon asa location was pod it had a 5 poability of hain containd a ttThs co corrations aong nts at th four locations ar a fo ofrdndancy that th sjct iht s in dtinin a rspons.

Rcntly Juola t al 1 condctd a sis o pints dsind toalat ariants of th atntional spotliht" ida Thir sucts iwdby psntd (50 sc arrays of 12 ttrs aangd such that fou ltsfl within ach of th concntic insan innr in, a iddl in, and anoutr rng non of th lrs was a a or than 3dgr isual ang fr acnal ation point On ach tst trial 11 of th 1 lttrs wr disactor Xwhil th oth tat ltt was ith an L o an R. Th sujcts' task was toidntify this targt ttr O prncipl intrst was th ct o pr-cuin thsubjct concing which rng was ost iky to contain th tgt with thcu aid on 0% of th tras h rsuts indicatd subjcts wr both astand o accuat in idntifyin tats in th cud in

ola and his collas sd ths data to alat t odls: onconsidin attntion as analoous to a rial-diatr spotliht th zoons od on in which attntion was iknd to a nowy focsdspotlight that sialy sannd th ls and on in which attntion coud balocatd to any on o th thr rings Thy concudd that this latr odpidd th bst account of t dta; g attnion coud b aocatd anO-shad pa to includ only th outr, or th idd, ring.

h pol with this conclusion is that la t al only considr odls inwhich h quality" of infoation ocssing diffd in th cud andnon-cd rions. Thy aild to considr odls in which th c ctswee meded sely by decsn prcesses. Fr exmple, suppse e qaty

of procssin was th sa in cd and noncud rions t the sujectimpy give more eiht or redene to the iormation extracted from the cued regio On a paca trial, h iht faily sur h saw an L in thout ing, and aso f h saw a K in th iddl ring ight sl hsconflictin ipssions y giin or wiht to his iprssion of th utrng if it had bn cud on that ta Sinc th cus w aid on 0% f thtras this i iio ofioio coud account fo t fast andor accuat rsponss to trgts in cud rgions and thr wouldnt b asip spdaccracy tradoff ot that this intprtation could tstd

pntaly by psntin cus a th ltt aay ut bor t spons. A siia patt of rsuts would sppo th iw that th cusinuncd dcisionkin ath than th initia procssing of isua infomation Unforunaty this was not don in th uola t a study so thi

Annu.

Rev.Psychol.1992.43:711-742.



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ANON 3

dt e incncluive. mre extenive nd frml develment f theweghtedintegrtin ide lied t the detectin f trget letter in multiletter dily i reented in Kinchl (19

XPCCY PRMG OL

PROC

Much f the w we hve cnidered t thi int h invlved cuing ubect bu where timulu i mt liely t ccur. Enhnced rceing ttht lctin nd rer rceing t ther lctin hve been iterreted being due t til llctin f ttentin imilr rceing trdeff cnbe rduced by cuing uect but the tye f timulu mt liely t

ccu, rther thn but where it will ccur hi cedure en led tenhnced rceing f the nticited tmulu nd rer rceing f leliel timuli uch cein eff i ften inteete in tem f theubect rertin" r et." hi view ge bc t let t WillimJme, wh wte

Te eo o aend . consss n nong oe nor ess an e eo o o as cear anIDEA as s osse of ha s ere orrayed he dea s o coe o e hel of hesensaon and ae oe dsnc aes 190439).

recuing the ide f the timulu fcilitted it ubeuent recgnitin rce Jme referred t reercein.

Mre ecific therie f hw ne ree t rce ecific timuli hvebeen develed t ccunt fr dt frm chicerectin time tudie. Frexmle lmnge & hei (1969 evele a mel in which ubectrcee et timulu b equentill cmrng it t tc" f timulihel in memry Cuing ubect t nticite a ticulr timulu cued it tbe lced ne the t f the tc hi t f retin rduced fter

rene t liel timuli d lwer ne t unliely timuli ere e lmny ther wy f exlining the effect f riri imulu rbbilitie inchcerectn tme t ncuing hf n deciin criter nd muclerertin fr rticulr rene (ee Luce 986 fr review f uchtherie). Hwever there d eem t be t in which the ubect ctullyrere t ce iulr te timulu r exme iure 6reent fur timulu tte cme f X n O which are ucetblet ltetive figure-grund rgnitin he t tw tte define thelrg letter L nd H if the O re een figure gint grund" f X,

whle eeing the me lrge letter require the ite rgnitin in thelwer tw tte eing ubect t nticite ne tye f rgnitineed recgnitin f lge letter efine in that fhin n lw recgnitin when the le liel rgnitin i reuired. he ct tht th trdeff in



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732 KINCHLA

ztNZ 0g Figureo

G X0:8 gure

LARGE ETER

H

O X X X O X X Oo x x x O X X OO X X X O X X OO X X X 0 0 0 0O X X X O X O0 0 0 0 O X X O

X O O O O O X O O O O O O O O O O x x x x xx o o o X O O

X X X X X O O Xgure F m ptt mpy y Kchl 74) cpt t tt rrd z X d d (p ptt) r c r (tm) j ppd m h hy dtfy h l t h d f h f hy pd t m w .

eacto tme s lea s cosstet wth a mtue o ast esposes whe thesubs na nn s n w snss wn sn(Knchla 17

ean das abou flts tha nhace pocessg of eeva stmu adhbt pocessg of elevat oes ca be tepeted as pepaao fospecfc types o stmul (ah ha a spatal allocato of atteto t s alsopossble to vw such effects as a allocato o atteto to specc chaels

o snsoy modals. o xampl Shulman & Wlson (187 had subsvew age lettes madc up o smalle os h dtecto o hgh-equecygatgs was ehaced whle the sbcs td o dfy he smale lesad he eteco of owfquec gatgs was haced whl thy d odfyhe lage o I was as f hy could alteavely "fl o ehacehgh o low spatal quecy chals much as oe mght ated to hg olowfequency compoets of a soud (see G wets 66

Vewg the matte the boadst wy oe could agu that he cet

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AENIN 733

rmg r ctt y or wlege me t mre ccele therere more letl rcesg ew stml Th owlege e com Jm rrct d hch hc th rocg of r

ltd tmul I rct yrs umr of tud h ho ho rortmls (rm) c ehc the rocesg f t stmlfr exmle, eg ch rces lcl ecmg r comltgrgmet wr ctre (see Rchr-Kleh & Bjr 9 r

reew o ch wr) Ths ether xlctly cg uect t xect rtculr ty f tml r mlctly rmg relt owlege my ld to hcd ocg of th xcte or rm cl of tmul throcg of uxctd or rmd cl lower I fct thr s eece f t of egte rmg Ter rer ( reete

sects wth eres erlg re gree rms wth strcts tdetf for of o clr whl gorg tho th othr clr Thfoud tht f cfc fo th to-gord color o o trl d thetodtf clor the ext trl the etfcto rss w slowe.It s f th for' rc the to-gored color h roducd ort of gt rmg, hto of th orm dtfcto o th xt

trl It woud thu em tht rrto o eectcy or rmg other rm tteg t le ceg treo tht ehce therocsg of om tml whl rducg tht of othr

NEUOLOGICL TUDIE OF TTENTON

Whle exese reew o ergcl stes o eto s ey thec of th r t m uefl t met ome f the more rmsgle of reerch.

Bclly thr r our mor thy or ul ormto T o ofthe the geculstrt tectlr thwy crry l formt rm the eye t l rs the cctl le the cortex. rm thesere rmto crre t ther l res the retl loe

dorl or occtotl thy d to th tmorl lo trl or occtotemorl thy Vl re the tmorl lo em to ermrly egge rcg tl loct memt thse the temrl le wth te recgt clr (These ctolerece c t sme egre e trce ll the wy c t the ret term the tye of retl ggl cell, mgcells rcell eeg to

th hghr systms) Th orl trl crtcl thwy r ctlly como of my drt l r wth my rcrocl trcocto Th orgzto of th r ms to hrrchcl ece y the rgree ltecy f ee erl ree the



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4 KINCHLA

pogvly lag cptv l (o vw o th al ytm Do Va E 88 Dmo Ugrl 8 a Maull Nom 8)

ollog th mal o of Wu lbao (80) may tu havoc o what mght b tm th cogtv apct of tmlvoactvty th val ytm thy hav how that uch ual actvtyp o mo tha th phycal ppt o th vog tml Foxampl lghtvo (vt-lat) pottal vual cortx a lag fth bjct p-cu to xpct a tmlu at th locato h t occuath tha om oth locato (Hllya Ha 86).

Cogtv apct of cptv fl hav alo b t. Mo &Dmo ( 8) ta moy o po to o o th oth o two val

tml wth th cptv l o a cll val aa V4 Th ctlylvat tmlu wa cat by a c I th utly lvat tmluha ot pvouy b ffctv vog a po whl th thtml ha th po occ a bfo Howv f th lvattmul ha ot pvoly vo a po whl th oth tmlu hath cll po wa hghly attuat (v thogh th pvouly ctv but olvat tml wa pt th cll oga cpvl) t wa a f th cll' cptv l ha cotact to cl oly thlvat tmulu Th lvac ct occu oly wh both tmul ll

th th cll ogal cptv fl I o o th tml fll ot thfl lvac ha o ct o th cll' po. Whl th fct wot fo o cll ma lt w obta wth cll thmoy' o tmpoal cot althogh th cpt l o th cllw o ag that both tml w away wth th fl Moa Dmo tpt th ult a ctg a atttoal poc bgg V 4 that cotact a cptv l arou t att torelevant) stimuls whenever two o or stl fll wth th cll ogalfl (wth a f patal tug of th poc V4 cll tha fo

tmpoal cll).ut a th of cptv l hav b ho to cotact about

ctcal tml tg cv o both colo a otatotv cll V4 hav b ho to cotact o hap wh a amal ta q af cmato o tho mo It f th amal attgmo cloly to that mo (p t al 88 pt & Rchmo0)

hl th cotacto o cptv l a th hapg o tgcurv ol m to v a lctv o atttoal fucto wh o

th cotl o ch poc ? mb of vtgato hav coclu that th pulva ucl of th thalamu v uch a fcto (gCc 8 Lag & chbam 0 a o & t It


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AENIN 73

eem lkely cndde becue h recprocl connecon h rehroghou he occpioemporl yem (Ungerleider e 198) nd ptenith plvinr leion exhibit decit in directing il ttention (f

& oner 1987). The plinr ncleu o exhbt ncreed bood lo inPT cn when bect re ked to ignore piclr tim i were engged n flerng ou h mulu (Berge & Buchbum1990).

Demone e l (1991) exmned the role of he plvnr ncleu by frnng monkey to repond on the bi o one vl mul hieignorng econd timl in the oppoite vil field. They then chemiclydbled the monkey lterl pulvinr nucleu nd found he monkey hdgre dclty in gnoring ditrctor in he ected (contrlterl) ield

hen he rge loced n he other (norl) feld. oever, only henhere compeng mulu preen dd dectvtion of he plvnrncle prodce peromnce defcit Th eimone et l conclded ht thedecivted nceu inteered ih the me or o entonl gting theyhd obered in inferior temporl cel whenever two timi were preentedmulneouly.

her corcl re nvolved n oculomoer control hve, no urpringly,been mplced n he conrol of cover pl tenon (tendng whoueye movement) Thee nlde n ddton to the pulvn nucleu the

poerior priet corex nd he uperior colliculu. (See Goldberg & olby1989 for reve of h ork.) Some of he evdence mplcng thee re clincl. Poner Peteren (10) et tht hle ptent th dmge tony of hee ho defct n hng vul enon here re uble dfference mong hee defc Dge o he pote prel obe reducethe ptent' blty to dengge from n exng foc of tenton o oh ht o o poton oppote o he de of he leon. In conrtleion to the perior collic how hit whether or not ttention wntlly focued. Thlmc (pulvnr) leon eem o redce he ptentbly o minn focued enon. I f he prel lobe frdengge enon fro peen fou, hen he dbrn re c omoe he nde of enton o the re of he rge, nd he pulvnr involved ith reding ot dt from the indeed loction (Poner &Peeren 199028)

Oher re in the octve corex undoubtedly erve electve or ttenonl functon h e loly beng reveled by P ude of blood flodrng vriou cognve t (ee Berge & Buchbm 1990 oner &

eeren 1990; Peeren et l 1988)for exple the ype of ognve kdued erler, n hch a word cn prme or cve emn knoledgetht then cilitte or enhnce the bequent procing of emnticllyreled ord



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736 NA

DICUN

iscoveies in neuoscence e t lst identiyin neu systems tht undelie

ttentionl pocesses studied t the behviol level In muh erler eviewof wor on enon I rue h enon houl no be houh of sinle entity It seems moe useul o ssume tht viety o cognitivemechnisms medite selectivit i inomtion pocessin (Kichl92 Moe ecetly in his cxcelent view o wok on ttention in heAnnual Rvw oNuoscnc Posner conclued tht esech suests tous oble hrrhy of enon yem . . [It] involves the opetion o ere e of neurl re whoe neron wh omn ef yem(eg visul wod form o emn ssocition) he pope ubje o

empicl investigio (osne etesen 0 eul centes in the tectum n hypothlmu eem to modulte spciiccomponents o incomig sensoy inomtion poviding the sot o ieingo elevn nfomn n enhnemen of relevn nformon h heo re be or urely behvorl evdence hve lon suested These eere ren n he onve e of orl reeve fel erbeere (e.. eme e 99; pzer Rhm 990) her e tionl centes involve in hihe-orde modes o selection such s semnticpimin e being idetiied though lteed ptens o ceebl blood ow

duin vious conitive tsks (e ee uchsbum 99 Posne Peeren 99Th revew h el rmrly wh behvorl reerh eelly h on

visul sech nd the diectin o visul ttention A numbe o genel comments my be mde bout ech

ome erh ue em o lm he role of over eye movemen by unhoo reenon or nrun ubje o hol her eye ll (e Enn Rensink 992 othe studes plce no constints on eye movements(eg Teismn to 99 os o he t sppoting eismns etueintegtion theoy o its ltetives wee collected with no constints on eyemovements Since these studies oen involved esponse times s lon o e ubje h mle me o me everl eye movemen Lle

reerh hs been done on the ole o such eye movements This is supisin beue ueon bou he erl veru rllel nue of he erhpocess e ubiuitous in the liteue I o exmple, peceivin the etils or olor efnn tet reure diect ixtion (ovel pocessin the

sech pocess would necessily be seil s the subect shited ixtion omone y element to the next Even f the sitution wee ess exreme h e roen were mly enhnced on the ove the inteply o ovetnd over h of enon houl be omlex I eem rulrly relevn


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ATTNTON 737

to ssess the egee to which fovetion fcilittes the pocessing of tgets o to se smlle stimls ys tht cn e pesente so iey tht eyemoements cnt occu

n most of the serch tetue ecton tme s the most feqently sedndepenent vle jects e nomlly eqested to "espon s pys possile hile voiing eos Cvngh et . polem with thissttegy is tht it les sjects to pefom t point on the spee/ccucy tdeo function whee smll shifts in ero tes e.. %-2% my essocte wth lge shis in men ection time see ce 1986 ch smllshis in eo tes e unlikely to e sttisticlly sgnificnt given the typiclmount of t collecte in tese stuies. hs expeimentes often concluetht shifts in men ection times e not de to spee/cccy tdeoffs if the

inepenent vile hs no significnt effect on eo. his is clely inppopite since one oesn't pove the nllhypothesis nonsignificnce smply mens thee s nsicent evdence to eject it t wold seem seflctly to tce ot some of the speedcccy fnctons fo search p igms of this sort see ce 1986.

the qestions eging isl sech wee ise elie in the ppe esmll ys < 8 seche in the sme wy s lge ones see Pshle987)? Cn extensive pctice gully fltten sec fnctions see teinmn 1987)?

t ttt

he lnce of evdence t ts pont seems to suppo the ide tht sujects cn pily switch ttention on the sis of pece so s to enhnce thepoessing of stimli t the e lotion. nlses of fom slstdies sng the sgnl etecton mesues d' n { hs suppote ths viewhe cues pparently nfluenced oth d n { eerheless the stesinvolve complex pigms in which sjects ae eqied to mintin consiele sensoy infomtion ntil esponse is clle fo o poe hs

citcs cn qestion whethe the sensoy nfomtion initiy vie t thecue loction ws ctully enhnce o whethe it ws pefeentilly encoeinto fom ette site fo etention ntil the poe.

t shoul lso e note tht the ppently sepate ssessment of "sensitivty y d ' nd of esponse cteon y my e mileng o exmpleit is conventonl to tet { s constnt ding long seies of etection tilsSppose it wee ctlly ssin nom vile hen the conventionlmese of wol e n estimte of is epecte le n its vince

wold nluence d n othe wos vlty n sects ecson cteon pamete of the ecision process wo e epesente n d' the sensitivity mesue see Geen wets 966 f pecuing loction could evoke moe stle less vile decision citeion fo tht loction it wol hvehe sme eect on d s eucing sensoy noise. hs intepettion of



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73 NHLA

prcu ct inuncng nory vru dcionmking procrqur cution

vdnc lo ccumuting tht thr r t lt two orm o ntion

cung rpid to m dgr nvunty, utomtic witchng nd wr mr controld rm o wtchng Cu uch uddn light ontr motion nr th cud loctin mot ky t ndc th tmtcorm o ttnton witching

nthr typ o ttnton witching wud m t b invvd n thprprton on omtm m to mk to nhnc th procing o pticul typ timlu For xml, uppo you wr kd to procrpdly th typ o pt hown in Figur 6 Bor th ptt wprntd yu might tivly b rprd t rgniz t X gnd th grond, or vic vr Dt I hv cctd (R Kinchunpubihd obrvtin indct tht mthng lik thi occur nd tht ttk bout on hl cond to witch rom on orm o prprtion to thothr

Priming ubct t ctvt crtn knwldg n mry (mkt mor ccibl r lint m t nhnc t ubct biity t crt timui (compr to othr, nonprim iui in mt b wy cting ttntin n cd th ti rqird tdctivt or unpri knowg n prim r ctivt othr knowdg

it would rprnt th tim rquird t witch t nthr orm o ttntin Inct, it my b pi c o th rthr lngthy nd diicut pcwhrby n witch r ring n ty clx cgnitiv tk(ccting on yor incm tx t nthr (writing pm Thr i cry cnidrb ttu rid dring which knwdg rquird t wrk nch tk i progrivly primd or ctivtd hi i why t i uchmor cnt to wrk on n tk or long tim, or to compltion, th t it witch bck nd th btwn tw tk

In cnclon, thn, it r thr r ny chnm tht mdt

ctivity in humn cgnition, rnging rom yt tht tr th ry ow ny inut t highrrdr citiv tht r civtknowg nd thrby nhnc ubqunt rcing

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