Selection of combustion equipment for Industrial Power ...
Transcript of Selection of combustion equipment for Industrial Power ...
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Selection of combustion equipment for Industrial Power generation and cogeneration
to Suit the fuel propertiesPeter McIntyre21st August 2014
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Fuel Considerations
An accurate, detailed knowledge of the fuel is fundamental for proper boiler selection and design
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Boiler requirements and fuel properties
Items to be considered:• What fuel or fuels to be burned• Boiler load for each fuel• Necessity to co-fire• Boiler load in co-firing mode• Fuel properties• Emission requirements
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Fuel properties
• Size grading• Proximate analysis• Ultimate analysis• Ash analysis
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Fuel properties
Proximate analysis:
• Volatiles• Ash• Moisture• Fixed carbon • Gross calorific value
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Fuel properties
Ultimate analysis:
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen• Sulphur
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Fuel properties
Ash chemistry:
Knowledge of ash constituents gives an idea of the fuel’s propensity for:• Slag formation• Clinker formation• Bed agglomeration• Fouling of heat transfer surfaces• Fuming problems
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
Ash Chemistry, Fouling and Slagging
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Ash Chemistry
These Include:-• SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, P2O5, TiO2, CaO, MgO, • K2O, Na2O, SO3, Cl
The chemical composition of the ash as well as the ratio in which the elements occur gives a indication of the tendency of the ash to form slagging and clinkering as well as fuming and other problems
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Ash Chemistry
Base to Acid Ratio:
Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO + Na2O + K2O
SiO2 + Al2O3, +TiO2
B/A = Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO + Na2O + K2OB/A =
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Ash Chemistry - Indicators
Property IndexSlagging Index
Alkali Index
Fouling Index
Fouling Index
Agglomeration Indices
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Combustion system options
OptionsDump gratePinhole grateVibrating grateContinuous ash discharge (CAD)Bubbling fluidised bedCirculating fluidised bed
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Typical dump grate stoker
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Conversion from pile burning to Dump grate
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Steam Cleaned Pin-Hole Grate
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Continuous Ash Discharge (CAD) Stoker
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Importance of minimising carbon in ash
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Coarse Ash from CAD Stoker
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CEL CTBV CTDS CSAV200 248 302 330
Grate Ratings on Mauritius projects
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
Combustion of cane tops and trashin sugar mill
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
Energy distribution in Sugar mill
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
Cogeneration boiler burning bagasse,coal & cane tops and trash
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• BFB Boiler
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Open bottom BFB
Features
• Easy rock removal• Bed temperature controlled by staging
air flow and FGR• Sub-stoichiometric bed conditions• Low elutriation from bed
• low carbon loss• No need for cinder refiring• No need for MDC• Bag filter acceptable for stack
emission control• Large fuel inventory – tolerant of fuel
quality excursions• Bed agglomeration monitored via
pressure drop• Agglomerations reduced via increased
bed drain
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Declining quality of South African coal
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007
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The solution - CFB Boiler
• Longer residence time• Constant lower temperature
in furnace• Large fuel inventory• Tolerant of fuel quality
variations• High combustion efficiency• Low NOx• Addition of limestone
reduces SO2
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Alternative CFB designs
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Case study – 60 MWe CFB
• Fuel Mine waste coal• GCV 16.7 mJ/kg• Ash 45%• Sulphur 2.0%• Steam flow 250 T/h• Pressure 107 Bar• Temperature 513 deg C
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Mine Dump before and after
1989 2010
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ALSTOM JOHN THOMPSON
MAY 2007Factory Layout
Thank you