Selection and Use Instructional Media in the Classroom by: Roxan A. Consolacion.

Selection and Use Selection and Use Instructional Media Instructional Media in the Classroomin the Classroom

by: by:

Roxan A. ConsolacionRoxan A. Consolacion

1. Audio Recordings1. Audio Recordings

Audio recordings include tapes, records Audio recordings include tapes, records and compact discs. Tapes may be in the and compact discs. Tapes may be in the form of teacher-recorded, student-form of teacher-recorded, student-recorded or ready-made tapes that are recorded or ready-made tapes that are commercially produced. Audio media are commercially produced. Audio media are used by teachers in connection with used by teachers in connection with speech rehearsals, drama, musical speech rehearsals, drama, musical presentation and radio and television presentation and radio and television broadcasting.broadcasting.

AdvantagesAdvantages Improve listening skillImprove listening skill Easy to operateEasy to operate Safe way of storing informationSafe way of storing information Can be used for big or small groupsCan be used for big or small groups Best used to improve speech skillsBest used to improve speech skills Lessen distraction when used with Lessen distraction when used with

headphonesheadphones

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Extended use may bore studentsExtended use may bore students Costly compared to actual oral Costly compared to actual oral

presentation presentation

Guidelines on how to use Guidelines on how to use itit

Preview an outline of important points Preview an outline of important points that will be presented.that will be presented.

Motivate the students to listen carefully to Motivate the students to listen carefully to some important details.some important details.

End with questions, discussions and End with questions, discussions and other forms of evaluation.other forms of evaluation.

2. Overhead Transparencies 2. Overhead Transparencies and Overhead Projector and Overhead Projector

(OHP)(OHP)

By using an overhead projector, a By using an overhead projector, a transparency can show pictures, transparency can show pictures, diagrams and sketches at a time when diagrams and sketches at a time when they are needed in a discussion. Step-by-they are needed in a discussion. Step-by-step instructions, enumerations or any step instructions, enumerations or any sequenced illustrations can easily be sequenced illustrations can easily be presented through transparencies.presented through transparencies.

AdvantagesAdvantages

Transparencies can easily be prepared Transparencies can easily be prepared by the teacher or the students. by the teacher or the students.

The teacher is able to maintain eye The teacher is able to maintain eye contact while the transparency is on.contact while the transparency is on.

Transparencies are reusableTransparencies are reusable OHP presentation can be used with large OHP presentation can be used with large

or small groupsor small groups OHP is easy to operateOHP is easy to operate

DisadvantagesDisadvantages The overhead projector may be costly for The overhead projector may be costly for

some.some. Moving it around needs as much care.Moving it around needs as much care. When over-heated, transparencies can be When over-heated, transparencies can be

damaged.damaged.

GuidelinesGuidelines Make sure the projector is available when needed.Make sure the projector is available when needed. Organize the transparencies according to the Organize the transparencies according to the

proper sequence.proper sequence. Use a pointer to point out important details.Use a pointer to point out important details. Turn the projector off when changing Turn the projector off when changing

transparencies.transparencies.

3. Bulletin Boards3. Bulletin Boards A bulletin board is usually stationary on a A bulletin board is usually stationary on a

wall or it can be movable. The surface is wall or it can be movable. The surface is made of cork or soft wall boards for easy made of cork or soft wall boards for easy attachment of display items. Its contents attachment of display items. Its contents may be used for the duration of a unit may be used for the duration of a unit being studied. The learning materials being studied. The learning materials may be pictures, newspaper clippings, may be pictures, newspaper clippings, real objects or drawings.real objects or drawings.

AdvantagesAdvantagesIt can preview of the lesson to be presented as a It can preview of the lesson to be presented as a

way of motivating the students.way of motivating the students.The attractive displays can add life and color to a The attractive displays can add life and color to a

drab room atmosphere.drab room atmosphere.A display can allow a number of students to A display can allow a number of students to

browse over its contents at the time.browse over its contents at the time.

DisadvantageDisadvantage A good one needs time to plan and execute. If A good one needs time to plan and execute. If

hurried, the display may fail in conveying the hurried, the display may fail in conveying the message desired.message desired.

The items to be displayed must be tastefully The items to be displayed must be tastefully selected.selected.

A well-organized layout of the text and A well-organized layout of the text and materials can convey at once the idea.materials can convey at once the idea.

Prepare a preliminary sketch of what is to be Prepare a preliminary sketch of what is to be included in it, including the materials to be included in it, including the materials to be needed.needed.

Discuss the finished products and how they will Discuss the finished products and how they will be used.be used.

GuidelinesGuidelines

4. Chalkboard4. Chalkboard

This includes not only those with flat and This includes not only those with flat and wide surfaces but also the portable types wide surfaces but also the portable types which can be moved or even serve as which can be moved or even serve as dividers. Using chalk, it is a convenient dividers. Using chalk, it is a convenient writing area where illustrations can writing area where illustrations can instantly be drawn even during a instantly be drawn even during a discussion. An eraser can easily keep it discussion. An eraser can easily keep it clean and ready for continuous use.clean and ready for continuous use.


It is easily availableIt is easily available It is inexpensive and easy to install.It is inexpensive and easy to install. It can accommodate so much writing space It can accommodate so much writing space

and easy to clean. Topic can be listed, deleted and easy to clean. Topic can be listed, deleted or revised to a final form.or revised to a final form.

It is convenient to use both for formally It is convenient to use both for formally prepared lessons or for spontaneous sessions.prepared lessons or for spontaneous sessions.

The attention of the class can easily be held The attention of the class can easily be held and focused, it being located usually in form of and focused, it being located usually in form of the room.the room.


Lessons or writings on the chalkboard are only Lessons or writings on the chalkboard are only for a day’s use, hence temporary and cannot for a day’s use, hence temporary and cannot be saved.be saved.

Chalk dust makes the area messy.Chalk dust makes the area messy. Writing makes one turn his back to the Writing makes one turn his back to the

audience.audience. The teacher’s handwriting and spelling The teacher’s handwriting and spelling

deficiency can cause disruption from the deficiency can cause disruption from the lesson.lesson.

5. Charts5. Charts

Charts may be in the form of maps, Charts may be in the form of maps, graphs, photographs and cut-outs. They graphs, photographs and cut-outs. They may be pre-prepared graphic devices or may be pre-prepared graphic devices or posters.posters.

AdvantagesAdvantages Charts can be used over and over again.Charts can be used over and over again. They can be moved easily form one place to They can be moved easily form one place to

another.another. Colored charts are more attractive.Colored charts are more attractive. Charts can be made by students.Charts can be made by students. DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Charts cannot show motion.Charts cannot show motion. Big charts are cumbersome to handle.Big charts are cumbersome to handle. Charts can be outdated.Charts can be outdated.



Plan well to make sure it fits the lesson.Plan well to make sure it fits the lesson. The parts of the chart must be clear, neat and The parts of the chart must be clear, neat and

detailed enough for vivid viewing.detailed enough for vivid viewing. Avoid crowding the graphics to be shown.Avoid crowding the graphics to be shown. When identifying a portion, use of pointer.When identifying a portion, use of pointer. When you use the chart attach it on the wall When you use the chart attach it on the wall

rather than hold it.rather than hold it. Keep it well when not in use so it does not get Keep it well when not in use so it does not get

torn or soiled.torn or soiled.

6. Mock-ups6. Mock-ups

A mock-up is a replica of an object that A mock-up is a replica of an object that may be larger or smaller in scale. It is may be larger or smaller in scale. It is intended to show the essential parts intended to show the essential parts which are made detachable.which are made detachable.


It can be constructed by the teacher It can be constructed by the teacher since she knows which part should be since she knows which part should be emphasized. In a mock-up structure of a emphasized. In a mock-up structure of a flower the detachable parts could be the flower the detachable parts could be the pistil and the stamen.pistil and the stamen.

It is a way of focusing observations on It is a way of focusing observations on the desired part to be studied as well as the desired part to be studied as well as the functional relationships of the parts.the functional relationships of the parts.


Its construction could be time- Its construction could be time- consuming.consuming.

Since the sizes are exaggerated, the Since the sizes are exaggerated, the students might be confused when faced students might be confused when faced with the real object.with the real object.

It could be costly.It could be costly.


Involve the students in building mock-ups.Involve the students in building mock-ups. Guide the students in the construction of a Guide the students in the construction of a

mock up.mock up. Make sure it truly illustrates the functional Make sure it truly illustrates the functional

relationship of the parts of the real object.relationship of the parts of the real object. Prepare a sketch of the desired scale and Prepare a sketch of the desired scale and

location of the parts before building it.location of the parts before building it.

7. Realia7. Realia

Realia stands for the real things that are Realia stands for the real things that are to be studied like using real insects or to be studied like using real insects or plants. They are plentiful in the plants. They are plentiful in the children’s environment and around the children’s environment and around the school.school.


Real objects are easily available everywhere.Real objects are easily available everywhere. Examining real objects create concrete Examining real objects create concrete

learning experiences for the learner.learning experiences for the learner. Real specimens can be handled and observed Real specimens can be handled and observed

thoroughly.thoroughly. They are inexpensive.They are inexpensive. The children are familiar with the real materials The children are familiar with the real materials

and their interest can easily be focused.and their interest can easily be focused.


Some live animals and plants are Some live animals and plants are potential hazards. Objects like circuits potential hazards. Objects like circuits and heat sources could be dangerous.and heat sources could be dangerous.

Some are expensive.Some are expensive. Problem regarding storage and retrieval Problem regarding storage and retrieval

may arise.may arise.


Fit the real objects with the objectives of the Fit the real objects with the objectives of the lesson.lesson.

Students can bring their own realia from their Students can bring their own realia from their homes.homes.

Students should be encouraged to help in Students should be encouraged to help in locating and acquiring realia for their classroom locating and acquiring realia for their classroom use.use.

Discuss with them rules on retrieval and safe Discuss with them rules on retrieval and safe storage.storage.

8. Video Tape/Films8. Video Tape/Films

Films come in the form of 8 mm and 16 Films come in the form of 8 mm and 16 m type. Video tapes can be purchased m type. Video tapes can be purchased or rented.or rented.


Motion pictures motivate children.Motion pictures motivate children. Movement or sequence of events can be Movement or sequence of events can be

shown clearly.shown clearly. They are adapted to large or small groups.They are adapted to large or small groups. Considering the number of times they can be Considering the number of times they can be

used, they are relatively inexpensive.used, they are relatively inexpensive. They require very little reading skills.They require very little reading skills.


Choosing films with the exact content Choosing films with the exact content desired may be a problem.desired may be a problem.

Projection equipment might be expensive Projection equipment might be expensive for some schools.for some schools.

Mechanical and operational problems Mechanical and operational problems may arise with the projection equipment.may arise with the projection equipment.


In purchasing or renting, allow sufficient time in In purchasing or renting, allow sufficient time in order to have them available when needed.order to have them available when needed.

Preview the film to get thoroughly acquainted Preview the film to get thoroughly acquainted with its content.with its content.

Take down notes for the terms, facts and other Take down notes for the terms, facts and other details that will be needed in the discussion.details that will be needed in the discussion.

Before showing the film, discuss the objectives Before showing the film, discuss the objectives of the film or tapes and provide tips on what to of the film or tapes and provide tips on what to observe carefully. This will prepare make ready observe carefully. This will prepare make ready for the assessment questions after for the assessment questions after

9. Models9. Models

Models are scald replicas of real objects. Models are scald replicas of real objects. When the real things cannot be used due When the real things cannot be used due to their size either large or too small, to their size either large or too small, replicas are used. Examples are globes, replicas are used. Examples are globes, model cars, air-planes or houses and model cars, air-planes or houses and furnitures.furnitures.


Models provide motivation and enhance Models provide motivation and enhance learning.learning.

Oversized objects can be reduced in size and Oversized objects can be reduced in size and can be studied in the classroom.can be studied in the classroom.

Some models can be purchased from Some models can be purchased from commercial firms.commercial firms.

The parts can be built as to scale and can The parts can be built as to scale and can appear exactly like the real object.appear exactly like the real object.


Purchase of models can be costly.Purchase of models can be costly. If models are built as to scale, it could be If models are built as to scale, it could be

time consuming. time consuming.


Emphasize the size of the real object while Emphasize the size of the real object while being used.being used.

Use of moving models can catch attention and Use of moving models can catch attention and interest easily.interest easily.

Encourage students to construct simple models Encourage students to construct simple models with parts in correct proportion.with parts in correct proportion.

Some models can be kept for display for a long Some models can be kept for display for a long time depending on the materials used.time depending on the materials used.

10. Pictures10. Pictures

These include flat, opaque and still These include flat, opaque and still pictures. Photographs or pictures pictures. Photographs or pictures clipped from newspapers and clipped from newspapers and magazines are also used. The concepts magazines are also used. The concepts to be taught could be introduced to be taught could be introduced through pictures.through pictures.


Appropriate pictures that fit the objectives are Appropriate pictures that fit the objectives are easy to obtain.easy to obtain.

They are often free in the form of clippings.They are often free in the form of clippings. In a well chosen picture, the amount of In a well chosen picture, the amount of

information that can be conveyed is information that can be conveyed is tremendous.tremendous.

They are more effective than oral or written They are more effective than oral or written statements.statements.

They are reusable.They are reusable.


Choosing the right picture can be a problem for Choosing the right picture can be a problem for some teachers.some teachers.

Handling of pictures needs so much care.Handling of pictures needs so much care. Sometimes the correct size or perspective if Sometimes the correct size or perspective if

scales in a picture an cause confusion scales in a picture an cause confusion especially if the children are not familiar with especially if the children are not familiar with the object. An airplane and a boat may be the object. An airplane and a boat may be interpreted to be of the same size.interpreted to be of the same size.


Make sure the picture to be used is not Make sure the picture to be used is not outdated.outdated.

Small pictures are difficult to see.Small pictures are difficult to see. Organize the collection of pictures similar to a Organize the collection of pictures similar to a

filing system.filing system. Pictures should be easily seen, attractive and Pictures should be easily seen, attractive and

accurate.accurate. They can be mounted on hard paper or They can be mounted on hard paper or

laminated for ease in handling and protection.laminated for ease in handling and protection. Motivate students to make their own collection Motivate students to make their own collection

form newspaper or magazine clippings for form newspaper or magazine clippings for future reference.future reference.

References:References: Corpus, Brenda B. and Salandanan, Gloria G. Corpus, Brenda B. and Salandanan, Gloria G.

(2007) Principles of Teaching 1. Quezon City: (2007) Principles of Teaching 1. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Garo, Candelaria D. (2004) Educational Technology Garo, Candelaria D. (2004) Educational Technology . Mandaluyong City National Book Store.. Mandaluyong City National Book Store.

Lucido, Paz I. and Borabo (1997) Educational Lucido, Paz I. and Borabo (1997) Educational Technology. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Co., Technology. Quezon City: Katha Publishing Co., Inc.Inc.

Newby, Timothy J, Stepich, Donald A., Lehman, Newby, Timothy J, Stepich, Donald A., Lehman, James D. and Russell James D. (2000) Instructional James D. and Russell James D. (2000) Instructional Technology for Teaching and Learning. New Technology for Teaching and Learning. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Selection and Use Instructional Media in the Classroom by: Roxan A. Consolacion.

Documents

Transcript of Selection and Use Instructional Media in the Classroom by: Roxan A. Consolacion.