Selected applications of polarization interferometry interferometry.pdf · Selected applications of...
Transcript of Selected applications of polarization interferometry interferometry.pdf · Selected applications of...
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Selected applications of polarization
interferometry
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics
Paweł Wierzba
June 2nd, 2017
1
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Outline
2
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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What is polarization interferometry
3
One may read (or hear):
Polarization interferometers are ones in which the two
coherent beams required for interference are produced
from a single source by means of a birefringent beam-
splitter, i.e. use is made of the separation of the E and
O rays.
OR
Polarization interferometry is a branch of optical
interferometry investigating and using interferometers
in which the state of polarization (SOP) of interfering
beams is controlled and stable.
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What is polarization interferometry
4
Polarization interferometry is a branch of optical
interferometry investigating and using interferometers
in which additional information is obtained from the
state of polarization (SOP) of interfering beams.
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What is polarization interferometry
5
First polarization interferometer: Jamin 1868,
First polarization microinterferometer
or polarization microscope: Lebedeff 1930,
Jamin, M. J.; Sur un refracteur differentiel pour la lumiere
polarisee; Comptes Rendus Acad.Sc. Paris,
67, 814 (1868).
Lebedeff, M. A. A.; L’interferometre a polarisation at ses
applications; Revue d’Opt., 9, 385 (1930).
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What is polarization interferometry
6
Polarization interferometry has been the subject of
intense research.
Its scope of applications has steadily increased.
At present the research is concentrated on using
new materials and new states of polarization.
Polarization interferometers employ
several specific birefringent components
and use
dedicated detection setups.
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Outline
7
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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Components
8
Specific birefringent components:
Waveplates (retarders)
Polarizers
Polarization BeamSplitters (PBS)
Prisms (e.g. Wollaston Prism)
... othersPBS
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Components
9
Wollaston Prism Can act as a polarizing beamsplitter (large ε)
Can produce interference fringe field (small ε)
WP
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Outline
10
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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Beware of Polarization
11
Beware of Polarization? Why?
E2
E1
E2E1
E2
E1
Because interference depends on
the SOPs of interfering beams
Always check if there is any
potential for problems in your setup
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Beware of Polarization
12A, B, Δ – Full description of the SOP
SOP – State Of
Polarization
Classical fully polarized wave
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Beware of Polarization
13
Poincare sphere for
visualization
Classical fully polarized wave – Poincare sphere
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Beware of Polarization
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1) SOP changes slowly, compared to the optical
carrier frequency.
2) SOP is constant in the cross-section of a beam.
Classical fully polarized wave
Polarization modes in optical fibers
Vectorial vortex beams
Femtosecond lasers
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Beware of Polarization
Fast-changing SOPLocal SOP fitting
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Beware of Polarization
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Fast-changing SOP Local SOP fitting can
be performed
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Beware of Polarization
17
Fast-changing SOP Local SOP fitting cannot
be performed
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Beware of Polarization
18
Beams with SOP varying in the crossection
Generation of these beams – later
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Beware of Polarization
19
Laguerr-Gauss
vector beams
New Journal of Physics 9(2007) 78
(http://www.njp.org/)
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Beware of Polarization
20
‘Ultimate disaster’ – a full Poincare beam
A Full Poincare Beam,
contains in its cross-
section each SOP on the
Poincare sphere
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Outline
21
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
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1) Liquid Crystals (LCs),
2) Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs),
Reactive Mesogens (RMs)
3) Photo-alignment materials,
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
23
Liquid Crystals (LCs)
LCs consist of anisotropic molecules
electrical anisotropy
optical anisotropy
LCs can be aligned:
using electric or magnetic field
by confining them between pre-treated
surfaces
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
24
Liquid Crystals (LCs) – key textures
planar
homeotropic
splayed
tilted
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
25
LCs can be used to make birefringent optical
components
Waveplates
Wollaston prisms
Main problems
LCs remain liquid (must be confined)
Thicker layers (xx µm) are difficult to align
Liquid Crystal
Glass substrate
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
26
Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs),
Reactive Mesogens (RMs)
Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs) are Liquid
Crystals whose molecules have reactive
(polymerisable) group on both ends
LCPs can be aligned on a pre-treated surface
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
27
Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs),
Reactive Mesogens (RMs)
The same textures as LCs
Under UV illumination polymerization takes place
and a solid birefringent layer is formed
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
28
Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs),
Reactive Mesogens (RMs)
λ/4 Waveplate made from RM
AR Coating
Beamsplitter
No need for confinement
= simpler components
Better integration
of optical setups
is possible
ReactiveMesogen
Glass substrate
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
29
Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs),
Reactive Mesogens (RMs)
Retardation control:
Birefringence adjustment (temperature)
Process adjustment (composition, ω)
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
30
Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs),
Reactive Mesogens (RMs)
Quarter-wave plate
between
crossed polarizers
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
31
Photo-alignment materials (for LCs and LCPs)
Direction of
orientation
corresponds to the
direction of the UV
radiation polarization
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
32
Vector Vortex Waveplates
N. Murakami, Opt. Expr. Vol. 21, no. 6 pp. 7400-7410
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Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials
33
Vector Vortex Waveplates
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Outline
34
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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Polarization interferometers
35
Displacement measurement interferometer
BS – Beamsplitter, WP – Wollaston Prism, L1, L2 – Lens,
DS – detection setup, M1 – Measurement Mirror,
M2 – Reference Mirror.
Beam displacer
can be used
instead of the
Wollaston prism
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Polarization interferometers
36
Displacement measurement interferometer
Twice as sensitive as Michelson interferometer
Can be used for pressure measurement
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Polarization interferometers
37
Wavelength measurement
Problem:
Fast high-resolution measurement of wavelength emitted by
a tunable semiconductor laser
The wavelength is known to some accuracy,
The laser linewidth is narrow,
High absolute accuracy is not always needed,
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Polarization interferometers
38Juncar P and Pinard J, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 53, 939 (1982)
Wavelength measurement: solution
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Polarization interferometers
39
lN 0
0
212
l
2
lN
0
0
22
Wavelength measurement: solution
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Polarization interferometers
40
Wavelength measurement: solution
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Polarization interferometers
41
Problem: λ/8 waveplate
We can make it from LCP
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Polarization interferometers
42
Phase contrast microscopy
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Polarization interferometers
43
Phase contrast microscopy
CCD/
CMOS
detector
array
M. Pluta. Advanced Light Microscopy. Vol. 1-3, Elsevier 1989-93
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Polarization interferometers
44
Phase contrast microscopy
Image of an
LED surface
Laser as a
light source?
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Polarization interferometers
45
… Qualitative Phase Measurement techniques
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Polarization interferometers
46
Vector Vortex coronagraph
N. Murakami, Opt. Expr. Vol. 21, no. 6 pp. 7400-7410
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Outline
47
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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Detection setups
48
Detection Setups
Detection setups convert phase difference of output
beams into one or more intensity signals
Photodetectors convert these signals to electric domain
Electric signals are processed and fed to the output(s)
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Detection setups
49
In many instances we can select
‘the best’ detection setup
Detection Setups or ‘Mix and Match’
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Detection setups
50
BS
w2
WP1
D2
D4
i -D4 iD3
WP2
QWPHWP
i -D2 iD1
D1
D3
wi
w1
wd1 wd2
wd3
wd4
cos2
12 rtSPii WPiDD
sin2
34 ttSPii WPiDD
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Detection setups
51
Detectors
Fringe pattern on detectors
AnalyserA
Beams frominterferometer
Nomarski prismNP
Beam expander
BE
α
This setup can work also with a broadband source
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Detection setups
52
Phase measurement range can cover 100s fringes
Detectors
Fringe pattern on detectors
AnalyserA
Beams frominterferometer
Nomarski prismNP
Beam expander
BE
α
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Outline
53
Introduction,
What is polarization interferometry?
Components,
Beware of Polarization,
Liquid Crystals and Other Exotic Materials,
Polarization interferometers,
Detection setups,
Conclusions,
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Conclusions
Some components, e.g. waveplates, can be reliably
and inexpensively made from Liquid Crystal Polymers
Its scope of application has been expanding, due to
important that this technique provides
Polarization interferometry is a measurement
technique providing high performance solutions
Further research on materials, components and
setups will result in new devices and applications.
54
Price of components specific to this technique limits
its scope of applications
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