Sel plex complete

Sel-Plex in Beef Diets

Dr. Sim o n J. Tim m e rm a ns

Why do beef cattle have trouble maintaining optimum Se status?• Feed ingredients and forages vary in naturally-

occurring Se• Rumen bugs reduce selenite, leaving less than 25%

available to animal

• Inorganic Se can not be stored, leaving animal with tissue reserves

• Classic Se-related deficiencies persist despite supplementation with 0.3 ppm inorganic Se

Symptoms of Selenium Deficiency in Cattle

Animal Symptoms

Newborn and Young Calves

WMD Low Growth RatesUnthriftiness Poor SurvivalWeak Calf Syndrome

Growing Calves

Unthrifitness Weight loss and diarrheaSub-Optimal Performance Decreased immune responseIncreased Susceptibilty to BRD

Cows Retained Placenta Metritis and Cystic OvariesStill born calves Infertility

Early Embryonic Deaths

Bulls Low Sperm Motility

Sel-Plex Benefits for Beef

• Immune function• Reproductive health• Reduced retained placentas• Fertility and sperm quality• Calf health and vitality• Improved meat quality • Less drip loss• Nutritional value of meat

3 Problem Areas on Beef Operations

1. Reproduction2. Immunity3. Viability in

early postnatal life

Se Relationship to Male Fertility is Well Understood

Both Antioxidant and Structural Roles • Selenium is preferentially retained

in testes

• Antioxidant role of PH-GSH-Px• during sperm maturation

• Structural role of insoluble PH-GSH-Px • in sperm mid-piece

• Selenium plays a role in sperm caps enzyme capability

Se deficient

Normal

Replacement Heifer and Cow Fertility

• Sel-Plex increased reproductive performance– Decreased days to first breeding– Decreased calving interval– Less services per conception– Reduced incidences of RP

(Groenewegen et al., 2007)(Qiang et al., 2007)

Selenium and the Pre-Parturient Cow

• At calving tissue reserves at lowest• Se deficiency in dam can lead to poor/weak

calves, depressed immune system, and thyroid problems

• Calf Se status depends on dam:– little inorganic crosses placenta– only organic form of Se (such as Sel-Plex) can be

effectively transferred from cow to calf via colostrum and milk

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

RP (%) Metritis (%) Fever (%) Mastitis (%) Ketosis (%) Endometritis(%)

Inc

iden

ce

(%

)

Inorganic Se

Sel-Plex

Source effects: P>0.10 for all measures

Cerri et al. 2006. J. Dairy Sci. 89(Suppl. 1):53 (Abstr.)

Sel-Plex on Fresh Cow Problems

Serum IgM Content of Cows at Parturition

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cow serum

20 ppm (Selenite)60 ppm (Selenite)120 ppm (Selenite)60 ppm (Sel-Plex)

Awadeh et al,1998 JAS

Maternal Se Status at Calving:Inorganic NaSe vs. Sel-Plex

0.049

0.08

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

Selenite, 6 mg/d

Sel-Plex, 6 mg/d

Se, ug/L

3.68

3.91

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4Selenite, 6 mg/d

Sel-Plex, 6 mg/d

U/ml

Higher GSH-Px activity Higher whole blood Se

Hemken et al., 1998

Plasma Selenium Concentration of Dams

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Pla

sma

Se

( μ

g/L

)

Start Calving

Sel-Plex 0.5 ppm Na-Se 0.5 ppm Na-Se 0.1 ppmGuyot et al., 2006

abMeans differ P < 0.05

Se Concentration in Colostrum and Milk

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Se

( μ

g/L

)

Birth D 75

Sel-Plex 0.5 ppm Na-Se 0.5 ppm Na-Se 0.1 ppm Goyot et al., 2006c


Neonatal Diarrhea Incidence in Calves

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fre

qu

ency

%

Sel-Plex 0.5 Na-Se 0.5 Na-Se 0.1

Odds ratio: 10.2 for Sel-Plex 0.5 versus Na-Se 0.1. Probability of diarrhea almost 10-fold higher in Na-Se 0.1

group vs. Sel-Plex 0.5

Gyot et al., 2006


Average Daily Gain of Calves

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Fre

qu

ency

%


715aa

556bb

510bb

Gyot et al., 2006


Calf Liver Se at Birth

250

500

750

1000

1250

Tis

sue

Se,

ug

/kg

Control

Deposel

Mu-Se

Sodium Selenite

Sel-Plex

Bars with different letters differ (P < 0.05)Davis et al., 2005

Calf Whole Blood Se Over Time

0

50

100

150

200

0 50 100 150 200

Calf Age, d

Blo

od

Se,

ug

/L

Control

Deposel

Mu-Se

Sodium Selenite

Sel-Plex

Davis et al., 2005

Weaning Weight, 205 d

400

410

420

430

440

450

460470

480

490

BW

T, l

bs

Control

Deposel

Mu-Se

Sodium Selenite

Sel-Plex

Davis et al., 2005

Se/Thyroid Responses and Cold Resistance

• Se-deficient calves born in cold weather are more sensitive to cold.

• Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue keeps neonates warm in early life

• Thyroid hormone (T3) stimulates heat production

Stress Increases Incidence of Disease

When a cow is stressed, his body activates a stress adaptation response.

This response causes an increased level of cortisone in the blood, which results in an inhibition of the cow’s immune response which makes him more susceptible to infection.

Blood Se and GSH-Px IncreaseNo Se Selenite Sel-Plex No Se

vs. SeNa Se vs. SP

P Value

Whole Blood Se, ng/mL (cows)

Early December 101 111 122 0.18 0.38

Early February 108 142 174 0.003 0.01

April 93 150 187 0.003 0.03

Whole blood Se, ng.mL (calves)

Birth 105 134 203 0.01 0.02

Late May 51 66 122 0.06 0.05

Sel-Plex Can Improve Immune Function in Calves

Item No Se Na Se Sel-Plex SE

Whole blood Se, ng/ml 54.7a 105.0b 172.0c 8.4

GSH-Px, EU/g Hb1 40.2a 119.1b 143.9b 19.4

Macrophage phagocytosis, % 2 5.0a 4.2a 9.2b 0.83

1EU/g Hb = nanomoles of NADPH oxidized min/gm of hemoglobin.2% of macrophages that phagocytized at least one porcine RBC.abcLS means within rows with differing superscripts differ (P<0.01).

Sel-Plex Improves Active Immune Response in Calves

0123456789

10

Mac

roph

age

Pha

gocy

tosi

s, %

No Se Selenite Sel-Plex

Gunter et al., University of Arkansas

Problems with Receiving Calves

• Stress associated with weaning, transportation• Exposure to several challenges due to co-mingling• Low feed intake during stress• Most common disease: BRD

The Importance of Passive Immune Transfer

An

tib

od

y c

on

cen

trati

on

Time1 d 14 d

Passive immunity (colostrum)

High risk period

Active immunity (immune system)

When and Why Do Calves Die?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Scours Resp Joint Other Unk.

Cause

• 61% scours

• 25% pneumonia

• 14% other/ unknown

• 27% within first week of life

• 21% within second week

• 14% third week

62% of all deaths by 21 days of age.

Thomas, 2006


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fre

qu

ency

%


Neonatal Diarrhea Incidence in Calves

Odds ratio: 10.2 for Sel-Plex 0.5 versus Na-Se 0.1. Probability of diarrhea almost 10-fold higher in Na-Se 0.1 group vs. Sel-Plex 0.5

6aa

21bb

35bb

Gyot et al., 2006

Average Daily Gain of SteersDays 0 – 28, Receiving Period

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

No Se, E Sel-Plex +125 E

Sel-Plex +250 E

Sel-Plex +500 E

Selenite +250 E

Selenite +500 E

lbs/

da

y

Sel-Plex vs. Selenite, P < 0.09

Sel-Plex 125 E vs. Selenite 500 E, P < 0.05

Sel-Plex 250 E vs. Selenite 500 E, P < 0.01

1.9

2.2 2.2

2.0

2.1

1.9

Summary• Current recommendations may be too low for

optimum health, reproductive function and immunity

• Mineral deficiencies can be due to interferences (high iron, sulfur) as well as low levels in feeds and forages

• It is more economical to maintain adequate mineral status than to try to catch up

• Residual effects of a sound mineral program adds value to your calf crop

Move beyond basic to optimum performance

• Better Immunity

• Improved Fertility

• Increased Viability

Aloysius Ibeagha, Jali l Mehrzad, Eveline Ibeagha-Awemu and Xin Zhao

The effect of dietary supplementation of selenium on the immune functions of bovine polymorphornuclear leukocytes

Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Quebec, Canada

• Introduction to Selenium and immune

function

• The question and objective

• Experiment design and Results

• Take-home message

Selenium

• Exists in several inorganic states: Se2− Se4+

Se6+ (selenide, Selenite and Selenate)

• Is a micro or trace Mineral: provided to the animal as: ppm = mg/kg

• Is similar to and replace sulfur in amino acids: selenomethionine, selenocysteine and selenocystine

• Selenium is incorporated as selenocysteine into a wide range of selenoproteins. At least 50 have been identified. Not so many have been identified in bovine.

• This amino acid is specifically coded for in the mRNA of selenoproteins.

• Selenocysteine UGA• Stop codon UGA

Selenocysteine

Selenium Supplementation

• Two forms of Se: inorganic

Se (Selenite and Selenate) and organic Se

• The organic Se shows higher capacity of assimilation and

bioavailability when compared to the inorganic form (Weiss

and Hogan, 2005; Juniper et al., 2006).

• Their metabolisms are also different.

•

Selenium dependent enzymes

• Glutathione peroxidase GSH + H2O2 GSSG + H2O

• Iodothyronine deiodinases

• Thioredoxin Reductase

• Selenophosphate Synthetase

• Selenoprotein P

• Selenoprotein W, etc

Physiological functions Physiological functions of Selenium of Selenium • acts as an antioxidant

• is involved in thyroid hormone metabolism

• participates in redox reactions

• improves immune functions- Improves killing ability of neutrophils

- Reduces the prevalence and severity of mastitis

Selenium Supplementation

• The level of Se supplementation varies from country to country and is determined largely by the Se status in feedstuff as influenced by soil Se status.

• Both sources of Se can be supplemented at 0.3 mg Se/ Kg of DM in Canada and the United States and 0.5 mg Se/Kg of DM in the EU.

Neutrophils form the first line of immune defense against invading pathogens in mammary glands

During intramammary infection, Neutrophils form > 95% milk somatic cells

Dosogneet al., 2003.

Function of neutrophils: Phagocytosis

nucleus

pseudopodia

vacuoles

enzyme sac

bacteria

Neutrophil Bactericidal Functions

Oxygen-dependentOxygen-independent(Degranulation)

Bacterial Killing

Superoxide anionHydrogen peroxideHydroxyl radial

Release ofgranule contents

phagosomes Extracellular environment

(Trowbridge & Emling, 1997)


function




ObservationSel-Plex® reduced somatic cell counts in milk (Harrison et al., 2005)

QuestionHow does Sel-Plex® affect neutrophil functions?

ObjectivesTo compare the effect of supplemented inorganic and organic selenium on neutrophil functions in high producing dairy cows during the periparturient period.

•


function




Experimental Design

Group 1 : Control with no Se supplementation

Group 2 : Low level of organic Se (0.3 mg/DM)Group 3 : High level of organic Se (0.5 mg/Kg DM)Selplex 2000 (Alltech Inc.)

Group 4 : Low level of inorganic Se (0.3 mg/Kg DM)Group 5 : High level of inorganic Se (0.5 mg/Kg DM).sodium selenite as the inorganic form.

The experiment started 4 wks before parturition and finished 4 wks after parturition

This is an on-going trial, the final results are expected in July, 2007.

•

Parameters to be measured

• Milk somatic cell counts (SCC)• Oxidative burst • Apoptosis and necrosis • Phagocytosis• Total protein content of milk• Total fat content of milk• Total milk production • Plasma (cows and calves) Se concentration• Milk (and colostrum) Se concentration• Se content in DM (feed)

Organic Se reduces somatic cell counts (SCC)

Phagocytosis was performed using a Phagotest kit. It uses an opsonized FITC-labeled E. coli bacteria which is applied to heparinized whole blood samples to determine phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis in control samples (top) and treated samples (bottom)

There is no difference among groups for phagocytosis

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Inorganic Se Organic Se

Se supplementation (mg/Kg DM)

Ph

ag

oc

yto

sis

(%

)

Control

0.3

0.5

Oxidative burst was performed using a Bursttest (Phagoburst) kit.

Escherichia coli bacteria was used to activate heparinized whole blood for 10 min at 38.5 ºC followed by incubation with a fluorogenic substrate dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123 at 38.5 ºC for another 10 min.

DHR 123 determines the percentage of phagocytic cells which produce reactive oxidants (conversion of DHR 123 to Rhodamine 123) and their enzymatic activity.

•

•

Oxidative burst

Organic Se increases oxidative burst

Apoptosis and necrosis assays were done by dual-colour FCM procedure using FITC-labeled Annexin V and PI.

Q3

Q1

Q4

Q2

Hypothetical apoptotic and necrotic assay for dual Annexin Vand PI flourochromes showing various quadrants.

Apoptosis and necrosis

Organic Se reduces neutrophil apoptosis

Organic Se increases live cell % in comparison with

inorganic SeInorganic 0.3 81.3

Inorganic 0.5 79.7

Organic 0.3 92

Organic 0.5 96

Control 94


function




Take-home message• Organic Se performed better than inorganic

Se based on its oxidative capacity, apoptosis and cell survival ability. These will lead to more efficient killing of bacteria by neutrophils.

• The precise role of Se in modulating bovine cellular immunity appears to be complex. Only when all the selenoproteins have been identified and characterized can we fully understand the role of Se in host resistance.

• We recommend that Se be supplemented at a level of 0.5 mg/Kg DM to boost the cow’s immune system. Furthermore, organic Se should be used.

We thank Alltech Inc. for sponsoring this project.

Sel plex complete

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