Segregation and part-time work: Obstacles to adequate employment:
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Transcript of Segregation and part-time work: Obstacles to adequate employment:
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Segregation and part-time work:
Obstacles to adequate employment:
Stephanie Steinmetz ([email protected])
Johann Handl ([email protected])
Institute of Sociology,
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) ,Germany
February 2003
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
„Segregation“ in the European and Scientific Context
• Political Argument:
The EU focused on various „gender gaps“:
Sex-specific occupational segregation
important reason for the wage-gap and women‘s lower occupational status.
• Scientific Argument: Various problems as to the quality of data:
Debate on the question of measurement no agreement about the amount of occupational segregation and their historical change over time.
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Theoretical and Methodological Concept
Theoretical concept measured by…used classification
“Segregation": generic term which includes the aspects of…
Sex-typing of occupations
Standardised Index of Dissimilarity (DST)
ISCO88 3-digit
Sex-specific occupational chances
Index of Dissimilarity (D) ISCO88 3-digit
Sex-specific inequalities
Aritmethic mean, variances ISEI 3-digit
Used data-set: European Labour Force Survey (ELFS) for the years 1992-2000.Central variables: “hww”, "country", "sex", “education”, “ISCO88”, “ISEI”.
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Correlation between Dst und D Country-Typology 2000
Regessionslinie
R2 = 0,26
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
Dst (%)
D (
%)
ITGR
ESPT
NLLU
BE
FI
SE
UKFRDE
mean Dst
mean DAT
IEDK
Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Main hypotheses concerning the influence of different variables on the level of sex-typing and the occupational
status of employees
• A reduction of working time increases the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation and reduces the attained occupational status.
• The tendencies described above can also be expected when the educational level is reduced.
• Both of these tendencies are strengthened for women (interaction effects).
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Main effects on the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation; ES, DE, UK and SE; 2000
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Spain Germany UK Sweden
Part-timeSex
ESDE
SE
UK
DE
DE
ES
UK
SE
Marginal-time Edu med. Edu low
UK
ES ES
SESE
SE
DE
DE
ES
UK
UK
Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Main- and interaction effects on the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation; DE and ES; 2000
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
GermanyME GermanyIE SpainME SpainIE
DE/IE
DE/ME
ES/IE
ES/ME
Part-timeSex Marginal-time Edu med. Edu low
Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Differences in occupational status of female working time groups in seven EU-Countries 2000: ISEI3 (arithm. mean)
Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations
25
30
35
40
45
50
55IT
DE
ES
FRNL
UK
SE
marginal-time part-time full-time total
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Main Results I
• Dimension of sex-typing:Part- and marginal-time: In all countries the tendency to work in a „typical“ female occupation is strengthened (except of SE for marginal-time).
Educational level: Division between countries: A reduction in education increases the tendency to work in a „typical“ female occupation in UK and DE, whereas education has nearly no effect in ES and SE.
Sex: In all countries women tend to be more employed in „typical“ female occupations. The interaction effects increase the tendency described above (except of SE and UK for marginal-time)
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FENICs
Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts
Main Results II
• Dimension of sex-specific inequalities:
Part-time: Differentiation between countries: The average
status of female part-timers is close to that of female full-time
workers in DE, ES, FR and NL, whereas big differences exist
between the status of female part- and full-time work in UK
and SE.
Marginal-time: leads in all countries to the lowest
occupational status of women.