Seed production-maize
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Transcript of Seed production-maize
• SCIENTIFIC NAME : Zea mays
• FAMILY :Graminae
• CHROMOSOME NO :20
• ORIGIN :Central America &Mexico
PROTEIN :10%
OIL :4%
CARBOHYDRATES :70%
CRUDE FIBRE :2-3%
QUEEN OF
CEREALS
POPCORN
Maize is a C4 plant
It is a annual plant with about 3 m height
It is a Monoecious plant
Female inflorescence develop into ear/cob
Male inflorescence is called as “tassel”
Zea mays indurata(FLINT CORN)
Zea mays indendata(DENT CORN)
Zea mays saccharata(SWEET CORN)
Zea mays everta(POP CORN)
•Zea mays ceratina(WAXY CORN)
•Zea mays amylacea(SOFT CORN)
•Zea mays tunicata(POD CORN)
• Low price
• Lack of markets
• Non availability of improved cultivars
• Weeds like Echinocloa, Cynodon dactylon
• Pests like rats, termites & diseases like seedling blight and leaf blight
• Water stress or water logging
WORLD•As regards to area and production maize ranks third in world(380 MT from 120MH) following wheat and rice •24% of the total cereal production .•USA,Brazil,China,Mexico,India
INDIA•U.P., Bihar, Rajasthan, MP and Punjab are producing states•AREA : 8782 ha•PRODUCTION : 21759 tonnes•PRODUCTIVITY : 2478 kg/ha
MAHARASHTRA•Very little contribution•AREA : 1170 ha•PRODUCTION:13470 Tonnes•PRODUCTIVITY: 1248 kg/ha
CLIMATE REQUIREMENTS
•Warm weather plant
•21oC- germination
•32oC-growth
•Extreme high temperature and low humidity interfere in crop growth and pollination
•50-70 cm well distributed rain is conductive to proper growth
SOIL REQUREMENT
•Well drained sandy loam to silty loam soil
•Not suited to heavy clays
•Water stagnation is harmful
•Alluvial soils in UP, Bihar, Punjab are well suited
VARIETIES
HYBRIDSGanga 11
Deccan 103Ganga 2
Deccan double hybridHigh starchDeccan 101
Ganga safed 2Vivek 9
Pusa hybrid 1Pusa hybrid 2
COMPOSITESPrabhat 3
NavjotPusa comp2Panchganga
KiranAmar
FODDER VARIETIESAfrican tall
BABY CORN VARIETIES
Golden baby, VL 42 Madhuri
•Seed production of improved varieties•Seed production Synthetics •Seed production Composites•Seed production Hybrid varieties
LAND REQUIREMENT :
Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plants
ISOLATION REQUIREMENT:•Normally cross pollinated by wind so isolation is needed to prevent foreign pollen contamination•Foundation seed =400 m•Certified seed=200 m
LAND PREPARATION:•Presowing irrigation•1 ploughing•2-3 harrowings
TIME OF SOWING•Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon•Second week of june to mid july
SEEDS AND SOWING•Obtain nucleus/breeder/foundation seed from certified agency•Seed rate-16-18 kg/ha•Sown in rows by using maize planter or by dibbling.•Seed treated with bavistin@3g/kg of seed
FERTILIZER APPLICATION•120:60:40 kg npk per ha•40:60:40 basal dose•40kg N 30-35 days after sowing•40 kg N at tasseling stage 50 days after sowing•In Zn deficient soil 25 Kg ZnSO4 per ha
INTERCULTURE•Weed control essential for 30-45 days after sowing•Timely weeding done•Pre emergence application of atrazine (1.5 kg in 1000 lit water per ha
PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES ADOPTED
INSECT CONTROL
STEM BORER&PINK BORER
Quinalphos 25 EC @
2 lit/ha
HAIRYCATTERPILLARS,
ARMY WORMS,HOPPE
RS
10%BHC dust
SHOOT FLYQuinalphos 25
EC @2 lit/ha
DISEASE CONTROL
SEEDLING BLIGHT&
LEAF BLIGHT
Seed treatment with
bavistin@3g/kg of seed
DOWNY MILDEWSpray dithane M [email protected]/500 lit
water
BACTERIALSTALK ROT
Apply bleaching powder 2.5 kg in 800 lit water/ha
PYTHIYUM STALKROT
Provide proper drainage&balanced nutrition,spraythiram or captan
2.5 kg/1000 e
ROUGING •Not much rouging required•Off types, malformed and diseased are rouged out
HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD
•Harvesting At 15% moisture content
•If artificial heated air drying is available we can harvest at 30-35% moisture content.
•Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency
•Average yield: 25 to 30 Qtls
There are 3 steps:
Maintenance of parental lines (inbred lines)
production of single cross
Production of commercial hybrid
Maintenance of inbred lines
LAND REQUIREMENT :
Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plants
ISOLATION REQUIREMENT:•Maize with same kernel colour and texture=400 m•Maize with different kernel colour and texture=600 m
LAND PREPARATION:•Presowing irrigation•1 ploughing•2-3 harrowings
TIME OF SOWING•Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon•Second week of june to mid july
SEEDS AND SOWING•Obtain nucleus/breeder/foundation seed from certified agency•Seed rate-15 kg/ha•Sown in rows by using maize planter or by dibbling.•Seed treated with bavistin@3g/kg of seed
FERTILIZER APPLICATION•120:60:40 kg npk per ha•40:60:40 basal dose•40kg N 30-35 days after sowing•40 kg N at tasseling stage 50 days after sowing•In Zn deficient soil 25 Kg ZnSO4 per ha
INTERCULTURE•Weed control essential for 30-45 days after sowing•Timely weedingdone•Pre emergance application of atrazine (1.5 kg in 1000lit water per ha
ROUGING
•Rigorous rouging is required for off types before pollen shedding
•Rouging is done at preflowering stage for off types;
flowering stage to remove plants differing in tassel or silk characters;
final rouging remove stalk rot affected plants
HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD•Harvesting At 15% moisture content
•If artificial heated air drying is available we can harvest at 30-35% moisture content.
•Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency
•Average yield: 6 to 8 Qtls according to inbred line an region
Single cross production
LAND REQUIREMENT :
Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plants
ISOLATION REQUIREMENT:•Maize with same kernel colour and texture=400 m•Maize with different kernel colour & texture=600 m
PRINCIPLE:
Foundation seed is produced by the cross between inbreds
LAND PREPARATION:•Presowing irrigation•1 ploughing•2-3 harrowings
TIME OF SOWING•Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon•Second week of June to mid July
SEEDS AND SOWING•2 specified inbreds are required( ie, male and female)• planting ratio between male and female rows is kept as 2:4•Seed rate : female parent:10 kg/ha
male parent :5 kg/ha
ROUGING
•Rigorous rouging is required for off types before pollen shedding
•Rouging is done at
preflowering stage for off types;
flowering stage to remove plants differing in tassel or silk characters;
final rouging remove stalk rot affected plants
DETASSELING
•Removal of tassel from female parent to ensure the cross is called as detasseling
•Parent furnish pollen =pollen parent or male parent•Detasseled parent =female parent
HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD•Harvesting At 15% moisture content
•Male rows are harvested first and can be used for commercial use•Female ears used as seed
•Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency
•Average yield: 4 to 6 Qtls per ha
Seed production of commercial hybrids
LAND REQUIREMENT :
Well aerated well drained field free from volunteer maize plants
ISOLATION REQUIREMENT:•Maize with same kernel colour and texture=200 m•Maize with different kernel colour and texture=300 m
Commercial hybrids are 3 way cross,double cross or double top cross hybrids.Seed produced is certified
LAND PREPARATION:•Presowing irrigation•1 ploughing•2-3 harrowings
TIME OF SOWING•Best time- 2 weeks prior to the onset of monsoon•Second week of june to mid july
SEEDS AND SOWING•High yielding single cross used as female•Male parent(pollinator) will be single cross/open pollinated variety/inbred line • planting ratio between male and female rows is kept as 6:2•Seed rate : female parent:12-14 kg/ha
male parent :4-5 kg/ha
ROUGING
•Rigourous rogging is required for offtypes before pollen shedding
•Rouging is done at preflowering stage for off types;
flowering stage to remove plants differing in tassel or silk characters;
final rouging remove stalk rot affected plants
DETASSELING
•Removal of tassel from female parent to ensure the cross is called as detasseling
•Parent furnish pollen =pollen parent or male parent•Detasseled parent =female parent
HARVESTING ,SHELLING &YIELD•Harvesting At 15% moisture content
•Male rows are harvested first and can be used for commercial use•Female ears used as seed
•Sort out damaged ears and shelling is undertaken after the approval of seed certification agency
•Average yield: 10-25 Qtls per ha according to area
REFERENCE
• SEED TECHNOLOGY- R L Agrawal
• Wikipedia encyclopedia and other sites in internet
• MODERN TECHNIQUES OF RAISING FIELD CROPS- Chhidda singh, Prem singh, Rajbir singh
• www.cimmyt.org
• Official website of Directorate of Maize Research, New Delhi