Seed: Ovule and its Contents Testa (Seed Coat) = Ovule Wall Embryo, Endosperm Fruit: Ovary and...
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Transcript of Seed: Ovule and its Contents Testa (Seed Coat) = Ovule Wall Embryo, Endosperm Fruit: Ovary and...
Seed: Ovule and its Contents Testa (Seed Coat) = Ovule Wall Embryo, EndospermFruit: Ovary and anything attached to it Pericarp = Ovary Wall with three layers, Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp Seed(s)
Fruits
septate
axial parietal
marginal axial parietal free central apical
marginal axial parietal free central
basal
Walters and Keil
Ovaries from Fused Carpels
nonseptate
3 Carpellate3 Loculate3 Septa
3 Carpellate1 Loculate0 Septa
A Taxonomy of Fruits
1a. From a Single Ovary 2a. Dry 3a. Indehiscent 4a. One Single-Ovuled Carpel 5a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused Achene [Rosaceae]: Persistent Funiculus 4b. Two (Three) Single-Ovuled Fused Carpels, One Locule, One Seed 6a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused 7a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp Cypsella [Asteraceae only]: Persistent Funiculus, Persistent Sepals. Often called an Achene. Sunflower Samara [Ulmaceae]: Winged Pericarp. Maple, Ash, Elm 7b. Thick, Hard Pericarp Nut [Fagaceae, Polygonacae]: Oak 6b. Testa and Pericarp Fused 8a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp Caryopsis [Poaceae]: Often called a Grain. Corn, Wheat 8b. Thick, Hard Pericarp Nutlet (First Sense) [Cyperaceae]
2a. Dry (Continued) 3b. Dehiscent 9a. Single Carpel, One-Many Seeded 10a. One Line of Dehiscence (One Valve) Follicle [Asclepiaceae]: Milkweed 10b. Two Lines of Dehiscence (Two Valves) Legume [Fabaceae only]: Peanut, Pea 9b. Several Fused Carpels, Many Seed Capsule: Okra, Poppy 9c. Two Fused, Many Seeded, Carpels with Modification Silique/Silicle [Brassicaceae only]: 2b. Fleshy 11a. Flesh from Pericarp 12a. Entire Pericarp Fleshy Berry: Tomato 12b. Thick Exocarp, Fleshy Mesocarp and Endocarp Pepo [Cucurbitaceae]: Cucumber, Pumpkin Hesperidium [Rutaceae]: Orange 12c. Hard or Leathery Endocarp Drupe: Cherry, Avocodo, Coconut
2b. Fleshy (Continued) 11b. Accessory Fruits 12a. Flesh from Hypanthium Pome [Rosaceae]: Apple, Pear 12b. Flesh from Receptacle (in Aggregate Fruits) Expansion of the Axis: Strawberry Envelopment by the Axis, Pseudocarp: Sweetshrub, Papaw 12d. Flesh from Sepals Mullberry (a Multiple Fruit) 11c. Flesh from Inflorescence Axis (in Multiple Fruits) Expansion of the Axis: Pineapple Envelopment by the Axis, Synconium: Fig1b. Several Transiently Fused Carpels Schizocarp: Single-Ovuled Carpels, Splitting apart at Maturity Nutlet (Second Sense): Two-Ovules per Carpel, Two Carpels, Each Ovule in its own compartment. [Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae]1c. From Several Unfused Carpels (Aggregate Fruits) Magnolia, Strawberry1d. From Several Flowers (Multiple Fruits) Pineapple, Ear of Corn
Single-Ovuled, Single Carpellate Ovary
Achene: Testa attached to Pericarp only via Persistent Funiculus
Utricle: An Achene with the Pericarp inflated away from the Testa Sometimes used to describe an inflated fruit of other types
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene
Cypasella: Achene-like with Adnate Calyx (Pappus)
[Asteraceae Only: Sunflower]
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene-like
Samara: Achene-like with Winged Pericarp
[Ulmaceae: Elm, Maple, Ash]
Nut: Hard Pericarp[Fagaceae: Oak]
Involucre (bracts)
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene-like
PericarpTesta
Endosperm
Embryo
Caryopsis or Grain, Testa completely Fused to Pericarp, both Thin[Poaceae Only: Corn, Wheat]
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Caryopsis or Grain
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Nutlet (First Sense), Testa completely Fused to the Pericarp;
Pericarp Thick[Cyperaceae]
Often used to describe small nut-like fruits
Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Follicle
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Follicle: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along One Suture[Asclepiaceae: Milkweed]
Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Legume
Legume: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along Two Sutures[Fabaceae Only: Peanut, Pea]
LomentTardily DehiscentAlong One Suture
Breaks intoSingle-SeededSegments
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Capsule and Silicle/Silique
Multi-Seeded, Syncarpellate Ovaries; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Capsules: Syncarpellate, dehiscing through, between, or above Carpels
SepticidalLoculicidal Poricidal
Denticidal
Circumscissile
Schizocarpic
Silicle Silique Along both sides of Partition (Replum) [Brassicaceae Only]
HesperidiumMesocarp and EndocarpExocarp Oily and a Rind[Rutaceae Only: Orange]
Fleshy FruitsFlesh from Various Tissues
Entire Pericarp
Hypanthium
Mesocarp and EndocarpExocarp a Rind
[Cucurbitaceae: Cucumber]
MesocarpEndocarp attachedto Seed = Pyrene,
Pit
Single Flower with Aggregate of Unfused Carpels on its Receptacle, orMultiple Flowers on a Spath-or Head-like Receptacle
Aggregate Fruits Multiple Fruits
FolliclesMagnolia
DrupeletsRaspberry
Achenes Strawberry
Achenes Rose
Achenes surrounded by Sepals Mulberry
Syconium Fig
Schizocarp: Single Ovule per Carpel, Fused Carpels that break apart at Maturity
Carpels usually called Mericarps; can be Achenes, Drupes, etc.
Samaroid Schizocarp(tardily separating)
Single Ovule per Carpel, Transiently Fused Carpels: Schizocarps
Nutlet: ‘Mericarp’ from a Two Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate, Ovary Develops as 4 Transiently Fused Compartments
Not a true Schizocarp producing true Mericarps[Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae]
Nutlets often used to describe any small Nut-like Fruits
Sepals
Single Seeded Dry Fruits: Nutlet (Second Sense)
Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family
Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
5-Carpellate, 5 Loculate Ovary
Fleshy Hypanthium
Longitudinal Section Transverse Section
Persistent Sepals
Most Cultivars are Genetic Mosaics: Seed is wild-type and Flesh is Mutant.Propagated by grafting shoots onto wild-type rootstock.
Rosales Rosaceae Rose FamilyMalus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
Three tissue layers in plants: L-I epidermis; L-II subepidermal; L-III middle, centralThese rarely mix except in thin structures such as leaf blades
Both Hypanthium and Ovary each have their own L-I, L-II, and L-III
Ovary: L-II Gametophytes and thus Seed in the Apple Fruit (wildtype)
Hypanthium: L-I Color of Apple Fruit (mutant)L-II InsignificantL-III Flesh of Apple Fruit (mutant)
Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family
Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed): 1774 - 1845
Missionary for his own religion; Sold seed and seedlings of cider apples throughout the Northwest Territory. Northwest Ordinance required a land-grantee to plant at least 50 apple or pear trees.These were not eating apples, but “sour enough to set a squirrel's
teeth on edge and make a jay scream” (Thoreau), used only for hard cider. Before refrigeration, store carbohydrate as alchohol. Carry Nation’s axe was for apple trees as
well as bar-rooms. Cider also declined because of Beer Industry by German immigrants.
Read Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-eye View of the WorldApples, Tulips, Marijuana and Potatos